Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Coated Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside-Beared Nanonutriosomes Suppress Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatocytes Injury.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is classified as an anthocyanin (ACN) and is recognized for its remarkable antioxidant properties. Yet, the inadequate physicochemical stability of C3G restricts its potential for various biological applications. Thus, in this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)-coated nanonutriosomes (NS) were synthesized as a novel carrier for encapsulating C3G (CMC-C3G-NS) to improve C3G stability. CMC-C3G-NS exhibited a diameter of less than 200 nm along with an encouraging encapsulation efficiency exceeding 90%. Notably, the formulated CMC-C3G-NS possessed better stability under various pH, ionic, and oxygen conditions, improved controlled release properties, and higher hepatocellular uptake than uncoated particles (C3G-NS), indicating a longer retention time of C3G in a physiological environment. Of utmost significance, CMC-C3G-NS demonstrated superior alleviating effects against palmitic acid (PA)-induced oxidative hepatic damage compared to C3G-NS. Our study provided promising nanocarriers with the potential to deliver hydrophilic ACNs and controlled release properties for PA-induced hepatotoxicity alleviation.

Plant-based proteins: advanced extraction technologies, interactions, physicochemical and functional properties, food and related applications, and health benefits.

Even though plant proteins are more plentiful and affordable than animal proteins in comparison, direct usage of plant-based proteins (PBPs) is still limited because PBPs are fed to animals as feed to produce animal-based proteins. Thus, this work has comprehensively reviewed the effects of various factors such as pH, temperature, pressure, and ionic strength on PBP properties, as well as describes the protein interactions, and extraction methods to know the optimal conditions for preparing PBP-based products with high functional properties and health benefits. According to the cited studies in the current work, the environmental factors, particularly pH and ionic strength significantly affected on physicochemical and functional properties of PBPs, especially solubility was 76.0% to 83.9% at pH = 2, while at pH = 5.0 reduced from 5.3% to 9.6%, emulsifying ability was the lowest at pH = 5.8 and the highest at pH 8.0, and foaming capacity was lowest at pH 5.0 and the highest at pH = 7.0. Electrostatic interactions are the main way for protein interactions, which can be used to create protein/polysaccharide complexes for food industrial purposes. The extraction yield of proteins can be reached up to 86-95% with high functional properties using sustainable and efficient routes, including enzymatic, ultrasound-, microwave-, pulsed electric field-, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. Nondairy alternative products, especially yogurt, 3D food printing and meat analogs, synthesis of nanoparticles, and bioplastics and packaging films are the best available PBPs-based products. Moreover, PBPs particularly those that contain pigments and their products showed good bioactivities, especially antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial.

Green synthesis of nanolipo-fibersomes using Nutriose® FB 06 for delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside delivery: Characterization, physicochemical properties, and application.

Anthocyanins are potential bioactive compounds with less bioavailability due to instability in physicochemical and physiological harsh environments. This study synthesized a "nanolipo-fibersomes (NLFS)" using Lipoid® S75 and Nutriose® FB 06 (dextrinization of wheat starch) through a self-assembly technique with probe sonication. We aimed to encapsulate delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (D3S) successfully and evaluate physicochemical and controlled release properties with improved antioxidant activity on palmitic acid (PA)-induced colonic cells (Caco-2 cells). D3S-loaded nanolipo-fibersomes (D3S-NLFS) were nanosized (<150 nm), spherical shaped, and homogenously dispersed in solution with promising encapsulation efficiency (~ 89.31 to 97.31 %). Particles formation was further verified by FTIR. NLFS were well-stable in thermal, storage, and gastrointestinal mimic environments. NLFS exhibited better-controlled release and mucoadhesive properties compared to nanoliposomes (NL). The NLFS showed better cellular uptake than NL, which was correlated to higher mucoadhesive properties. Furthermore, D3S-NLFS exhibited promising protective effects against PA-induced cytotoxicity, O2•- radicals generation, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and GSH depletion, while the free D3S was ineffective. Among D3S-loaded nanoparticles, D3S-NLFS 3 was the most efficient nanocarrier followed by D3S-NLFS 2, D3S-NLFS 1, and D3S-NL, respectively. The above data suggest that nanolipo-fibersomes can be considered as promising nanovesicles for improving colonic delivery of hydrophilic compounds with controlled release properties and greater antioxidant activity.

Identification of a novel α-glucosidase inhibitor from Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. fruits and its effect on regulating postprandial blood glucose.

Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. (MDL) extracts have shown potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, suggesting MDL might be a good source of α-glucosidase inhibitors. The aim of the study was to identify compounds in MDL extracts with α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and evaluate their effect on postprandial blood glucose as well as elucidating the underlying mechanisms of inhibition. A total of 34 polyphenols were identified in MDL fruits, among which 10 anthocyanins and three proanthocyanidin derivatives were discovered for the first time. Dosing mice with MDL extracts (100 mg/kg body weight, by gavage) was associated with a significantly decrease in postprandial blood glucose concentrations after oral administration of maltose. The most potent α-glucosidase inhibitor was identified as casuarictin (IC50 of 0.21 µg/mL). Casuarictin bound competitively to α-glucosidase, occupying not only the catalytic site but also forming strong hydrogen bonds with α-glucosidase residues. Therefore, casuarictin derived from MDL fruits might be used as novel α-glucosidase inhibitor in functional foods or other dietary products.

Potential micro-/nano-encapsulation systems for improving stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins: An updated review.

Anthocyanins (ACNs) are notable hydrophilic compounds that belong to the flavonoid family, which are available in plants. They have excellent antioxidants, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer activity, and so on. Furthermore, ACNs can be used as a natural dye in the food industry (food colorant). On the other hand, the stability of ACNs can be affected by processing and storage conditions, for example, pH, temperature, light, oxygen, enzymes, and so on. These factors further reduce the bioavailability (BA) and biological efficacy of ACNs, as well as limit ACNs application in both food and pharmaceutics field. The stability and BA of ACNs can be improved via loading them in encapsulation systems including nanoemulsions, liposomes, niosomes, biopolymer-based nanoparticles, nanogel, complex coacervates, and tocosomes. Among all systems, biopolymer-based nanoparticles, nanohydrogels, and complex coacervates are comparatively suitable for improving the stability and BA of ACNs. These three systems have excellent functional properties such as high encapsulation efficiency and well-stable against unfavorable conditions. Furthermore, these carrier systems can be used for coating of other encapsulation systems (such as liposome). Additionally, tocosomes are a new system that can be used for encapsulating ACNs. ACNs-loaded encapsulation systems can improve the stability and BA of ACNs. However, further studies regarding stability, BA, and in vivo work of ACNs-loaded micro/nano-encapsulation systems could shed a light to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy including physicochemical stability, target mechanisms, cellular internalization, and release kinetics.

An updated and comprehensive review on the potential health effects of curcumin-encapsulated micro/nanoparticles.

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural hydrophobic compound, which is available in turmeric rhizome. It has several bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and other activities. Despite its medical and biological benefits, it is using in limitations because of its hydrophobicity and sensitivity. These unfavorable conditions further reduced the bioavailability (BA) and biological efficacy of CUR. This review summarizes the stability and BA of free- and encapsulated-CUR, as well as comprehensively discusses the potential biological activity of CUR-loaded various micro-/nano-encapsulation systems. The stability and BA of CUR can be improved via loading in different encapsulation systems, including nanoemulsions, liposomes, niosomes, biopolymer-based nanoparticles, nano-hydrogel, and others. Biopolymer-based nanoparticles (especially poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), zein, and chitosan) and nano-gels are the best carriers for encapsulating and delivering CUR. Both delivery systems are suitable because of their excellent functional properties such as high encapsulation efficiency, well-stability against unfavorable conditions, and can be coated using other encapsulation systems. Based on available evidences, encapsulated-CUR exerted greater biological activities especially anticancer (breast cancer), antioxidant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects.

Synthesis and potential applications of cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks: a review.

Metal-organic frameworks are porous polymeric materials formed by linking metal ions with organic bridging ligands. Metal-organic frameworks are used as sensors, catalysts for organic transformations, biomass conversion, photovoltaics, electrochemical applications, gas storage and separation, and photocatalysis. Nonetheless, many actual metal-organic frameworks present limitations such as toxicity of preparation reagents and components, which make frameworks unusable for food and pharmaceutical applications. Here, we review the structure, synthesis and properties of cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks that could be used in bioapplications. Synthetic methods include vapor diffusion, microwave-assisted, hydro/solvothermal, and ultrasound techniques. The vapor diffusion method can produce cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework crystals with particle sizes ranging from 200 nm to 400 µm. Applications comprise food packaging, drug delivery, sensors, adsorbents, gas separation, and membranes. Cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks showed loading efficacy of the bioactive compounds ranging from 3.29 to 97.80%.

Chemical composition, quality attributes and antioxidant activity of stirred-type yogurt enriched with Melastoma dodecandrum Lour fruit powder.

This study for the first time used Melastoma dodecandrum Lour fruit powder (MDLP) as a novel functional ingredient for improving the quality of stirred-type yogurt (STY). Physicochemical properties, polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, textural analysis, fat globules, microstructure, and sensorial properties of MDLP-fortified STY were evaluated during storage (at 4 °C). The results indicated that MDLP significantly (p < 0.05) improved the total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins, as well as increased the antioxidant activity of fortified yogurts compared to an STY-control. Interstitially, MDLP altered the structure of STY, making it firmer and more cohesive, increased its viscosity index, and significantly reduced whey and fat globule release compared to the STY-control during cold storage. Among all MDLP concentrations, 1% MDLP-fortified STY showed the best results followed by 0.5%. This study concluded that MDLP can be used as a potential nutritious ingredient and as a natural stabilizer for yogurt and related products.

Suppression of palmitic acid-induced hepatic oxidative injury by neohesperidin-loaded pectin-chitosan decorated nanoliposomes.

The biological activity of neohesperidin (NH, a flavanone glycoside) is limited due to instability in the physiological environment. Thus, the current study aimed to explore the protective effect of NH-loaded pectin-chitosan decorated liposomes (P-CH-NH-NL) against palmitic acid (PA)-induced hepatic oxidative injury in L02 cells. The particles were characterized using DLS, TEM, HPLC, DSC, and cellular uptake study. Then, the protective effect of NH-loaded liposomal systems (NH-NLs) against PA-induced oxidative injury was evaluated in terms of cell viability study, intracellular ROS, superoxide ions (O2-), MMP, and cellular GSH determination. Our results exhibited that NH-NLs significantly lessened the PA-induced hepatic oxidative injury in L02 cells via decreasing ROS and O2- generation, reducing MMP collapse, and attenuating GSH reduction, whereas the free NH samples were ineffective. Furthermore, the coated NH-NLs were more effective than that of uncoated nanoliposome. Overall, our study confirmed that P-CH-NH-NL was capable of reducing PA-induced hepatic oxidative injury. Therefore, the pectin-chitosan decorated nanoliposome can be considered as an efficient delivery system for enhancing cellular uptake of lipophilic compound with controlled release and greater biological activity.

Colonic delivery of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside using pectin-chitosan-nanoliposome: Transport mechanism and bioactivity retention.

Colon-targeted delivery is an active area of research as it can improve drug stability, bioactivity, and lessen the systematic toxicity. In this study, the colon-specific delivery of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (P3G) was investigated using pectin (P)/chitosan (CH)-functionalized nanoliposome (NL). The food simulant stability, transport mechanism, and bioactivity retention potential of carrier systems were studied. Results showed that polymer-coated nanoliposomes (P-CH-NL and CH-NL) improved the thermal and food simulant stability as well as enhanced the P3G retention during the in vitro digestion. The maximum P3G retention after enzymatic and non-enzymatic digestion was observed by P-CH-NL and the values were 47.5% and 57.5%, respectively. However, all nanoliposomal carriers followed Fickian diffusion mechanism both in in vitro food simulants and in vitro digestion models. Digested functionalized nanoliposomes revealed higher antioxidant properties after gastric digestion. Following by simulated intestinal fluid digestion, ABTS antioxidant activity of P-CH-P3G-NL was 12.52% and 6.31% higher than that of P3G-NL and CH-P3G-NL, respectively, while DPPH scavenging capacity of P-CH-P3G-NL was 5.57% and 1.86% greater than that of P3G-NL and CH-P3G-NL, respectively. Therefore, the developed functionalized nanoliposome can be useful for colon-targeted delivery and applicable in functional foods and/or beverages.