Prospective analysis of macular and optic disc changes after non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To prospectively analyse macular and optic disc changes after the occurrence of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and study possible predictors of final visual outcome. METHODS: Patients with NAION underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the macula and optic nerve head. The examination was repeated 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after onset. Final visual prognosis was evaluated by visual field (VF) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the final visit. Data within the NAION group were analysed over the course of the disease and compared to a disease-free control group at each visit. RESULTS: Twenty-two eyes with NAION and 43 eyes from a control group were included. The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) was significantly thicker in NAION eyes than controls at presentation (P=0.00), and significantly decreased during the next 3 months after presentation (P=0.02). The ganglion cell+inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) was thinner in the NAION group throughout the course of the disease (all P<0.05). Although the acute NAION eyes had significantly lower cup/disc ratios and higher neuroretinal and disc sizes (all P=0.00), there were no significant differences between groups from the third month onwards (all P>0.05). The best predictors of BCVA and VF were GCIPL at 3 months of follow-up (r2=0.32; P=0.03) and RNFL at 6 months of follow-up (r2=0.41; P=0.01) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: RNFL and optic disc changes occur during the first 3 months after the onset of NAION, whereas GCIPL is affected soon after the onset of symptoms. GCIPL and RNFL are useful predictors of final visual outcome.

Grosor coroideo macular en la neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica / Macular choroidal thickness in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy

OBJETIVO: Analizar el grosor coroideo macular (GCM) en la neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica (NOIA-NA). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 22 pacientes diagnosticados de NOIA-NA (22 ojos) y 42 sujetos sanos (42 ojos) fueron estudiados usando tomografía de coherencia óptica con técnica Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI-OCT). Se realizó un escáner de una línea horizontal centrado en la fóvea 3 meses después del inicio de NOIA-NA. Se tomaron 3 medidas desde la parte posterior del epitelio pigmentario hasta la unión esclerocoroidea a intervalos de 500 μm en las 1.500 μm centrales de la mácula. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente comparando la media de GCM entre grupos y correlacionando el GCM con otros parámetros oculares y sistémicos. RESULTADOS: Excepto en el error refractivo (p = 0,01), no hubo diferencias significativas en longitud axial (p = 0,53), edad (p = 0,88) ni en otros parámetros oculares ni epidemiológicos entre grupos. La media de GCM en la NOIA-NA y en el grupo control fue 236,21 ± 63,29 μm y 269,13 ± 52,28, respectivamente. La media del GCM fue significativamente más delgada en ojos con NOIA-NA que en sanos (p = 0,03). El adelgazamiento del GCM estuvo asociado con el diagnóstico de NOIA-NA después de ajustar por error refractivo (p = 0,04). CONCLUSIONES: Los ojos afectos con NOIA-NA mostraron un GCM significativamente más adelgazado que en sujetos sanos, después de ajustar por error refractivo

OBJECTIVE: To analyse macular choroidal thickness (MCT) in non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis was made on 22 patients diagnosed with NAION (22 eyes) and 42 healthy controls (42 eyes) using enhanced-depth imaging of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. A horizontal raster scan centred on the fovea was obtained per eye 3 months after the onset of NAION. Three measurements of MCT were obtained from the posterior edge of the retinal pigment epithelium to the choroid-sclera junction at 500 μm intervals. Statistical analysis was used to compare the mean MCT and to correlate MCT with other ocular and systemic parameters. RESULTS: Except for refractive error (P=.01), there were no statistically significant differences between both groups in axial length (P=.53), age (P=.88) and other epidemiological and ocular parameters. Mean MCT in NAION eyes and control group was 236.21 ± 63.29 μm and 269.13 ± 52.28, respectively. Mean MCT was significantly thinner in NAION eyes than in healthy eyes (P=.03). Thinner MCT, adjusted for refractive error, was associated with the diagnosis of NAION (P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: Eyes affected by NAION showed significantly thinner MCT compared with healthy control eyes after adjusting for refractive error

Macular choroidal thickness in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. / Grosor coroideo macular en la neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse macular choroidal thickness (MCT) in non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis was made on 22 patients diagnosed with NAION (22 eyes) and 42 healthy controls (42 eyes) using enhanced-depth imaging of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. A horizontal raster scan centred on the fovea was obtained per eye 3 months after the onset of NAION. Three measurements of MCT were obtained from the posterior edge of the retinal pigment epithelium to the choroid-sclera junction at 500µm intervals. Statistical analysis was used to compare the mean MCT and to correlate MCT with other ocular and systemic parameters. RESULTS: Except for refractive error (P=.01), there were no statistically significant differences between both groups in axial length (P=.53), age (P=.88) and other epidemiological and ocular parameters. Mean MCT in NAION eyes and control group was 236.21±63.29µm and 269.13±52.28, respectively. Mean MCT was significantly thinner in NAION eyes than in healthy eyes (P=.03). Thinner MCT, adjusted for refractive error, was associated with the diagnosis of NAION (P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: Eyes affected by NAION showed significantly thinner MCT compared with healthy control eyes after adjusting for refractive error.

Relationship between paravascular abnormalities and foveoschisis in highly myopic patients.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence of paravascular abnormalities in highly myopic patients and its relationship with myopic foveoschisis (MF). METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 250 highly myopic eyes. All of the patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination that included optical coherence tomography . RESULTS: Optical coherence tomography images showed 170 eyes (68%) with paravascular microfolds (PM), 121 eyes (48.4%) presented paravascular retinal cysts (PC), and 35 eyes (14%) with paravascular lamellar holes . All the eyes with PCs had PMs. Out of the 250 eyes, 48 (19.2%) had paravascular retinoschisis (PR). All the eyes (100%) with PR had paravascular cysts and PMs. Sixteen eyes (6.4%) had foveoschis. The spherical equivalent (P<0.00), PR (P=0.01), and the presence of tractional structures (P<0.00) were associated with increased risk for foveoschsis in the multivariate study. CONCLUSIONS: PMs were the lesions most often observed in the paravascular area in highly myopic eyes. MF would be a result of the action of different forces (intra- and extra-ocular forces), specially tractional structures, on precursor lesions (paravascular cyst and paravascular restinoschisis). Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Cholestasis induced by total parenteral nutrition; effects of the addition of Taurine (Tauramin®) on hepatic function parameters; possible synergistic action of structured lipids (SMOFlipid®) / Colestasis inducida por nutrición parenteral total; efecto de la adición de Taurina (Tauramin®) sobre los parámetros de función hepática; posible acción sinérgica de lípidos estructurados (SMOFlipid®)

Objective: Assess the hepatoprotective effect of Taurine (Tau) in cases of hepatic cholestasis induced by Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Methods: We describe a retrospective series of 54 patients who received TPN, in which cholestasis was detected at an (Intermediate) point that separates the duration of TPN into 2 Phases. From this moment -Phase 2- on, and according to clinical criteria, some patients (Group A, n = 27) received amino acids with Tau (22.41 ± 3.57 mg/kg/day)(Tauramin®), while the rest (Group B, n = 27) received the standard solution without Tau. The mean TPN durations were 39.2 ± 17.1 and 36.4 ± 18.1 days respectively, with the Intermediate points on days 19.56 ± 10.51 and 17.89 ± 11.14. They all received diets that were homogeneous in terms of kcal and macronutrients. In Phase 2, 21 patients from Group A received structured lipids (SMOFlipid®); while 20 from Group B received soy MCT/LCT [Medium Chain Triglycerides/Long Chain Triglycerides] (physical or structured mixture). In a retrospective study, differences could not be avoided. The analytical parameters from three periods (Initial, Intermediate, and Final) were obtained from Nutridata® and Servolab®. We compared interperiod values using the Wilcoxon test SPSS® (p < 0.05). Results: After introducing Taurine AST, ALT, and GGT were significantly reduced; Bilirubin was also reduced, but not significantly. The values obtained for GGT in Group A were (Mean(σ)/median): Initial 48.6 (23.1)/46; Intermediate 473.7 (276.2)/438, and Final 328.9 (190.4)/305. We stress that the mean GGT value is reduced by 30.56% after adding Taurine, while in its absence all parameters are elevated, and mean GGT increases 45.36%. Conclusion: These results show Taurine's hepatoprotective effect and support its use in cases of TPN-induced cholestasis. We acknowledge the possibility that the differences between SMOF and the MCT/LCT mixtures also may have influenced the results in a combined effect with taurine (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar el papel hepatoprotector de Taurina (Tau) en situación de colestasis hepática inducida por Nutrición Parenteral Total (NPT). Métodos: Se describe una serie retrospectiva de 54 pacientes, que recibieron NPT, detectándose colestasis en un momento (Intermedio) que separa en 2 Fases la duración de la NPT. A partir de este momento - Fase 2- y según criterios clínicos, unos -grupo A, n = 27- recibieron aminoácidos con Tau -22,41 ± 3,57 mg/kg/día (Tauramin®), mientras otros -grupo B, n = 27- recibieron solución estándar sin Tau. La duración media de NPT fue de 39,2 ± 17,1 y 36,4 ± 18,1 días respectivamente; con el punto Intermedio en día 19,56 ± 10,51 y 17,89 ± 11,14. Todos recibieron dietas homogéneas en kcal y macronutrientes. En la Fase 2, 21 pacientes del grupo A recibieron lípidos estructurados (SMOFlipid®); mientras que 20 del grupo B recibieron MCT/LCT soja (mezcla física o estructurada). Las diferencias no se han podido obviar en un estudio retrospectivo. Se rescataron de Nutridata® y Servolab® los parámetros analíticos en tres momentos (Inicio, Intermedio y Final). Utilizando SPSS®se compararon según Test de Wilcoxon para valores intermomentos (p < 0,05). Resultados: Hubo disminución significativa de AST, ALT y GGT tras la introducción de Taurina; Bilirrubina desciende sin significación. Los valores obtenidos para GGT en el Grupo A fueron (Media(σ)/mediana): Inicio 48,6 (23,1)/46; Intermedio 473,7 (276,2)/438 y Final 328,9 (190,4)/305. Destacamos que el valor medio de GGT disminuye un 30,56% tras adición de Taurina; mientras en su ausencia se elevan de todos los parámetros, aumentando un 45,36% la media de GGT. Conclusión: Estos resultados abundan en el papel hepatoprotector de la Taurina, y apoyan su utilización en situación de colestasis inducida por NPT. Asumimos la posibilidad de que la diferencia de perfil entre SMOF y las mezclas MCT/LCT haya influido como efecto combinado utilizado junto a taurina (AU)

Cholestasis induced by total parenteral nutrition: effects of the addition of Taurine (Tauramin®) on hepatic function parameters; possible synergistic action of structured lipids (SMOFlipid®).

OBJECTIVE: Assess the hepatoprotective effect of Taurine (Tau) in cases of hepatic cholestasis induced by Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). METHODS: We describe a retrospective series of 54 patients who received TPN, in which cholestasis was detected at an (Intermediate) point that separates the duration of TPN into 2 Phases. From this moment -Phase 2- on, and according to clinical criteria, some patients (Group A, n = 27) received amino acids with Tau (22.41 ± 3.57 mg/kg/day)(Tauramin®), while the rest (Group B, n = 27) received the standard solution without Tau. The mean TPN durations were 39.2 ± 17.1 and 36.4 ± 18.1 days respectively, with the Intermediate points on days 19.56 ± 10.51 and 17.89 ± 11.14. They all received diets that were homogeneous in terms of kcal and macronutrients. In Phase 2, 21 patients from Group A received structured lipids (SMOFlipid®); while 20 from Group B received soy MCT/LCT [ Medium Chain Triglycerides/Long Chain Triglycerides ] (physical or structured mixture). In a retrospective study, differences could not be avoided. The analytical parameters from three periods (Initial, Intermediate, and Final) were obtained from Nutridata® and Servolab®. We compared interperiod values using the Wilcoxon test SPSS® (p < 0.05). RESULTS: After introducing Taurine AST, ALT, and GGT were significantly reduced; Bilirubin was also reduced, but not significantly. The values obtained for GGT in Group A were (Mean(σ)/median): Initial 48.6 (23.1)/46; Intermediate 473.7 (276.2)/438, and Final 328.9 (190.4)/305. We stress that the mean GGT value is reduced by 30.56% after adding Taurine, while in its absence all parameters are elevated, and mean GGT increases 45.36%. CONCLUSION: These results show Taurine's hepatoprotective effect and support its use in cases of TPN-induced cholestasis. We acknowledge the possibility that the differences between SMOF and the MCT/LCT mixtures also may have influenced the results in a combined effect with taurine.

Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin partially reduces photoaging and photocarcinogenesis in chronically UVB-irradiated Skh-1 hairless mice.

Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids with potent antioxidant properties protecting the skin from acute photodamage. This study extended the investigation to chronic photodamage and photocarcinogenesis. Mice received either a lutein/zeaxanthin-supplemented diet or a standard nonsupplemented diet. Dorsal skin of female Skh-1 hairless mice was exposed to UVB radiation with a cumulative dose of 16,000 mJ/cm(2) for photoaging and 30,200 mJ/cm(2) for photocarcinogenesis. Clinical evaluations were performed weekly, and the animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last UVB exposure. For photoaging experiments, skin fold thickness, suprapapillary plate thickness, mast cell counts and dermal desmosine content were evaluated. For photocarcinogenesis, samples of tumors larger than 2 mm were analyzed for histological characterization, hyperproliferation index, tumor multiplicity, total tumor volume and tumor-free survival time. Results of the photoaging experiment revealed that skin fold thickness and number of infiltrating mast cells following UVB irradiation were significantly less in lutein/zeaxanthin-treated mice when compared to irradiated animals fed the standard diet. The results of the photocarcinogenesis experiment were increased tumor-free survival time, reduced tumor multiplicity and total tumor volume in lutein/zeaxanthin-treated mice in comparison with control irradiated animals fed the standard diet. These data demonstrate that dietary lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation protects the skin against UVB-induced photoaging and photocarcinogenesis.

Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow-band UVB and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The first choice treatment for vitiligo vulgaris is narrow-band UVB (NB-UVB), but no satisfactory treatment exists. OBJECTIVES: To investigate if Polypodium leucotomos, an antioxidative and immunomodulatory plant extract, improves NB-UVB-induced repigmentation. METHODS: Fifty patients with vitiligo vulgaris randomly received 250 mg oral P. leucotomos or placebo three times daily, combined with NB-UVB twice weekly for 25-26 weeks. RESULTS: Repigmentation was higher in the P. leucotomos group vs. placebo in the head and neck area (44% vs. 27%, P = 0.06). Small repigmentation increases (P = n.s.) were observed for the trunk (6% increased repigmentation), extremities (4%), and hands and feet (5%) in the P. leucotomos group vs. placebo. Patients attending more than 80% of required NB-UVB sessions showed increased repigmentation in the head and neck area in the P. leucotomos group vs. placebo (50% vs. 19%, P < 0.002); no significant differences were seen in the other body areas. Patients with skin types 2 and 3 showed more repigmentation in the head and neck area in the P. leucotomos group vs. placebo (47% vs. 21%, P = 0.01), and no significant differences were seen in the other body areas. No conclusions could be drawn on skin types 4 and 5 due to low patient numbers. CONCLUSION: There is a clear trend towards an increase in repigmentation of vitiligo vulgaris affecting the head and neck area when NB-UVB phototherapy is combined with oral P. leucotomos. This effect may be more pronounced in light skin types.

[Primary vesicoureteral reflux and extravesical ureteral reimplantation in chidren]. / Reflujo vesicoureteral esencial y reimplantación ureteral extravesical en niños.

PURPOSE: to assess the results of the Lich-Gregoire procedure in the treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a 2.5-year period, 141 children with primary VUR underwent a vesicoureteral reimplantation using the Lich-Gregoire procedure in 101 patients (158 ureters) and the Cohen procedure in 48 patients (68 ureters). Patients were evaluated retrospectively in a non randomized fashion and data were recorded about: age, indications for surgery, days with the bladder catheter, length of stay, and short and long-term complications. RESULTS: The control average time was 1.71 years (from 8 months to 3.5 years). A) Early complications. No obstruction was seen in this series. Five children (8.6 of the bilaterally simultaneously operated) showed urinary retention, but only three needed replacement of the bladder catheter and only one of them needed temporary clean intermittent catheterization. Nausea, vomiting, pain and hematuria were sporadic and limited in time. B) Late complications. The long-term results were good (95%). Seven ureters (4.4%) had persistent VUR and 3 children (6.7% of the unilateral cases) had contralateral VUR. Only 3 ureters needed a new surgical treatment (2%) for persistent ipsilateral VUR. Short and long-term complications, days with bladder catheter and length of stay in the hospital were significantly smaller in the group of patients operated with Lich-Gregoire procedure than in patients operated with the Cohen technique. CONCLUSIONS: The Lich-Gregoire procedure is a technique associated with shorter postoperative hospitalization and less discomfort, pain and hematuria than the intravesical technique. Both techniques were effective in correcting VUR. Extravesical reimplantation can cause transitory bladder dysfunction in a small percentage of the bilateral cases.

Reflujo vesicoureteral esencial y reimplantación ureteral extravesical en niños / Primary vesicoureteral reflux and extravesical ureteral reimplantation in children

Objetivos: Conocer los resultados de la reimplantación extravesical de Lich-Gregoire en el tratamiento quirúrgico del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) primario. Material y Métodos: En un período de 2,5 años se realizó un estudio retrospectivo no randomizado de 141 niños con RVU esencial sometidos a reimplante ureteral: 101 niños (158 uréteres refluyentes) por la técnica de Lich-Gregoire y 40 (68 uréteres) por la de Cohen. Se analizan los datos de los reimplantes extravesicales y se valoran: edad, indicaciones cirugía, días con sonda vesical, estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones a corto y largo plazo. Resultados: El tiempo medio de control ha sido de 1,71 años (Rango 8 meses a 3,5 años). A) Complicaciones precoces. No hubo ningún caso de obstrucción ureterovesical. Cinco niños (8,6% de los operados bilateralmente de forma simultánea) presentaron retención urinaria pero sólo tres necesitaron recolocación de sonda vesical y uno sólo de sondaje intermitente temporal. Las nauseas y vómitos, el dolor y la hematuria fueron escasos. B) Complicaciones tardías. Los resultados a largo plazo son buenos en el 95%. Se observó RVU persistente en 7 uréteres (4,4%) y RVU contralateral en 3 niños (6,7% de los casos unilaterales). Sólo precisaron nuevo tratamiento quirúrgico 3 uréteres (2%) con RVU ipsilateral persistente. Se compararon los resultados de la técnica de Lich-Gregoire con la de Cohen y se observó que en la extravesical eran significativamente menores el número de complicaciones, dolor, hematuria, días con sonda vesical y estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones: La técnica de Lich-Gregoire es un procedimiento de corta estancia hospitalaria, efectivo para la corrección del RVU, que origina menos molestias, dolor, hematuria y días de ingreso que las técnicas intravesicales. No obstante puede ocasionar disfunción vesical transitoria en los casos bilaterales

Purpose: to assess the results of the Lich-Gregoire procedure in the treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Materials and methods: In a 2.5-year period, 141 children with primary VUR underwent a vesicoureteral reimplantation using the Lich-Gregoire procedure in 101 patients (158 ureters) and the Cohen procedure in 48 patients (68 ureters). Patients were evaluated retrospectively in a non randomized fashion and data were recorded about: age, indications for surgery, days with the bladder catheter, length of stay, and short and long-term complications. Results: The control average time was 1.71 years (from 8 months to 3.5 years). A) Early complications. No obstruction was seen in this series. Five children (8.6 of the bilaterally simultaneously operated) showed urinary retention, but only three needed replacement of the bladder catheter and only one of them needed temporary clean intermittent catheterization. Nausea, vomiting, pain and hematuria were sporadic and limited in time. B) Late complications. The long-term results were good (95%). Seven ureters (4.4%) had persistent VUR and 3 children (6.7% of the unilateral cases) had contralateral VUR. Only 3 ureters needed a new surgical treatment (2%) for persistent ipsilateral VUR. Short and long-term complications, days with bladder catheter and length of stay in the hospital were significantly smaller in the group of patients operated with Lich-Gregoire procedure than in patients operated with the Cohen technique. Conclusions: The Lich-Gregoire procedure is a technique associated with shorter postoperative hospitalization and less discomfort, pain and hematuria than the intravesical technique. Both techniques were effective in correcting VUR. Extravesical reimplantation can cause transitory bladder dysfunction in a small percentage of the bilateral cases

Repercusiones del síndrome de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas del sueño sobre el rendimiento físico / Effects of obstructive sleepapnoea-hypopnoea syndrome on physical performance

OBJETIVOS: comprobar si el Síndrome de apneas/hipopneas del sueño (SAOS) provoca un bajo rendimiento físico y si éste mejora con el tratamiento con CPAP nasal y objetivar si existe correlación entre dicho deterioro y los parámetros de severidad del mismo. MÉTODOS: Incluimos 32 pacientes diagnosticados de SAOS (24 severos con un índice apneas/hipopneas (IAH)≥50 y 8 moderados con un IAH entre 27 y 49), a los que se les realizó hemograma, proteínograma, gasometría arterial y prueba de ejercicio sobre tapiz rodante hasta esfuerzo máximo con determinación del consumo de oxígeno, antes y después de 30 días de tratamiento con CPAPn. RESULTADOS: La potencia máxima alcanzada fue en severos de 191,83±54 vatios antes y 215±57 después del tratamiento (p<0,001) y en moderados de 136,75±54 y 145,87±65 (p<0,05) respectivamente, el consumo de oxígeno máximo pasó de 2.851±575 ml/min a 3.220±569 (p<0,001) en severos y de 2.199±727 a 2.330±678 en moderados (p<0,05), el consumo de oxígeno en el umbral anaerobio de 1.647±277 ml/min a 2.012±328 (p<0,001) y de 1.316±489 a 1.432±602 (p<0,05) respectivamente, y la ventilación minuto máxima de 85,83±19 litros a 92,25±22 (p<0,05) en los severos, no siendo significativa en los moderados. La PaO2 aumentó de 84,87±8,4 a 93,31±6,5 (p<0,05) en severos y de 79,97±8,6 a 87,8±8,1 (p<0,001) en moderados, la PaCO2 disminuyó de 43,33±2,1 a 40,77±2,7 (p<0,05) y de 44,38±3,5 a 42,73±3,4 (p<0,05) respectivamente, la hemoglobina lo hizo en un 8,41% (p<0,001) en los severos y el hematocrito en un 3,55% (p<0,001) en los severos. No hemos encontrado correlaciones lineales entre los parámetros de severidad del SAOS y los deterioros y mejorías objetivadas. CONCLUSIONES: En los pacientes estudiados, tras un mes de tratamiento con CPAP, mejoraron su rendimiento físico, pero ninguno de los parámetros ergométricos se correlacionó con la gravedad del SAOS (AU)

OBJECTIVES: to determine if Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS) is a cause of low physical performance, if physical performance is improved with nasal CPAP treatment and to study if there is a relationship between deterioration in physical performance and increased severity parameters of SAHS . METHODS: we conducted 32 patients diagnosed with SAHS (24 patients with severe SAHS measured as an apnea-hypopnea index –AHI- of ? 50 and 8 with moderate SAHS with AHI between 27-49) to undergo an exercise test on a treadmill up to maximum force before and after 30 days of treatment with nasal CPAP. Blood samples were taken at each test (haemogram, proteinogram, arterial gasometry) and measure of oxygen consumption was registered, before and after treatment. RESULTS: patients with severe SAHS reached a maximum potential of 191,83 ± 54 Watts before and 215 ± 57 Watts after treatment (p<0.001), while moderate SAHS patients reached 136,75 ± 54 and 145,87 ± 65 (p<0.05) respectively. Maximun oxygen consumption ranged from 2.851 ± 575 ml/min to 3.220 ± 569 (p<0.001) in patients with severe SAHS and from 2.199± 727 ml/min to 2.330 ± 678 (p<0.05) in moderate SAHS patients. Oxygen consumption in the anaerobic threshold varied from 1,647±277 ml/min to 2,012±328 (p<0.001) and from 1,316±489 to 1,432±602 (p<0.05) respectively, and the maximum ventilation per minute from 85.83±19 litres to 92.25±22 (p<0.05) in the severe and with no significant change in the moderates. The PaO2 increased from 84.87±8.4 to 93.31±6.5 (p<0.05) in the severe and from 79.97±8.6 to 87.8±8.1 (p<0.001) in the moderates, the PaCO2 reduced from 43.33±2.1 to 40.77±2.7 (p<0.05) and from 44.38±3.5 to 42.73±3.4 (p<0.05) respectively, the haemoglobin was 8.41% (p<0.001) and the haematocrit 3.55% (p<0.001) in the severe. No lineal correlations were found between the SAHS severity parameters and the objective deteriorations and improvements. CONCLUSIONS: In our patients, after a month of treatment with CPAP, improvement in physical performance was observed, but no correlation between the the ergometric parameters and severity of SAHS was found (AU)

Both alleles of the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene can be a risk factor for myocardial infarction.

We have studied the role of three polymorphic genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as independent risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI) and their correlation with three of the major coronary risk factors: serum cholesterol (CH), hypertension (HT) and smoking (SM). A population of 392 men was genotyped for the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, the insertion/deletion of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and the all66c of the angiotensin-II type 1 receptor (AT1R), by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme analysis. It was observed that the T allele frequency increased significantly in the MI with HT, CH, and SM subgroup (0.58 vs 0.31) (p<0.01). In contrast, the M allele frequency was higher in the MI without HT, CH, and SM (0.69 vs 0.42) (p<0.01). A strong association between the MM genotype and MI (p<0.001, odds ratio=4.29, confidence interval=1.95-9.42) was found when age-matched MM control subjects were compared to MI individuals with none of the other known major coronary risk factors. Futhermore, subjects with the MM genotype showed a significantly higher plasma renin activity (PRA) profile than those with the TT genotype (p<0.001). It can be concluded that the M allele is an independent risk factor for MI and the T allele modified the risk when other major risk factors are present.

Complicaciones de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina / Complications of retinal detachment surgery

Objetivo: Se analizan retrospectivamente las complicaciones observadas en los 350 casos de desprendimiento de retina intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Hospital Universitario de Málaga. Métodos: Se estudian todos los pacientes atendidos en nuestro servicio de urgencias, sometidos a un procedimiento quirúrgico tras el diagnóstico de desprendimiento de retina, sin establecer criterios de admisión ni preselección de casos. Resultados: De los 317 enfermos estudiados, 130 eran miopes (41 por ciento); el 32,1 por ciento tenía antecedentes de intervención de cataratas. Se consiguió la reaplicación retiniana tras primer procedimiento en el 67,9 por ciento, en el 80,8 por ciento tras segundo y en el 82,8 por ciento tras tercero. Apareció un desprendimiento recidivante en 112 casos (32 por ciento), de los que fueron reintervenidos 62, objetivándose en el 20 por ciento de ellos un nuevo desgarro como causa de la recidiva. En un caso (0,3 por ciento) se presentó colapso permanente de la arteria central de la retina tras la inyección intravítrea de gas. Conclusiones: La no preselección de casos ni el establecimiento de criterios de admisión contribuye de forma notable a una menor tasa inicial de éxitos tras un primer procedimiento. Sólo en el 16,1 por ciento de los desprendimientos recidivantes reintervenidos se implicó la filtración persistente del desgarro tratado como causa de la recidiva. Se destaca por su gravedad y dramatismo un caso de ceguera completa tras inyección intravítrea de gas (AU)

[Complications of retinal detachment surgery]. / Complicaciones de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina.

PURPOSE: The complications observed after 350 surgically treated retinal detachment in the Hospital Universitario de Málaga are retrospectively estudied. METHODS: All the patients attended in our emergency service, surgically treated after retinal detachment diagnosis, are studied. Neither admission requirement nor preselection of patients was established for this study. RESULTS: From the whole of 317 patients, 130 were myopic (41%); previous cataract surgery was present in 32.1%. Retinal reattachment was achieved in 67.9% after the first procedure, in 80.8% after a second and in 82.8% after the third. A relapsed detachment was observed in 112 cases (32%), 62 of which were retreated, observing in 20% a new tear as relapse cause. In one case (0.3%), a permanent central retinal artery after intravitreus gas injection was present. CONCLUSIONS: Neither a prior selection of cases nor the establishment of admission criteria does contribute to a lower success rate after a first procedure. Only in 16.1% of retreated relapse detachment the persistent filtration of the treated tear could be involved as relapse cause. A case of complete blindness after intravitreous injection is worth-noting for its severity and dramatism.

[Intermittent catheterization as the basis for treatment of neurogenic bladder during childhood]. / El sondaje intermitente como base del tratamiento de la vejiga neurógena durante la infancia.

OBJECTIVE: Neurogenic bladder (NB) frequently causes incomplete bladder emptying, which can lead to deterioration of the upper urinary tract (UUT), vesico-renal reflux (VRR) and incontinence. The aim of this study is to determine the degree of acceptance, performance and results of treatment of NB in children by intermittent catheterization (IC). METHODS: Of 121 children (50 girls and 38 boys) with NB, 88 were managed by intermittent catheterization. The mean age at treatment was 5.2 years (range 20 days-13 years). PVC catheters were employed and reutilized for 3 or 4 weeks. Catheters were aseptic but not sterile. Antimicrobial prophylactic therapy was not administered except in patients with VRR. The statistical study was descriptive and results were compared using the Pearson chi square test. RESULTS: 90% had 4 or more catheterizations daily. Family and patient cooperation was good in 90% of the cases. Patients were managed by IC for a mean period of 4 years (range 1 month-14 years). Only two cases (2%) showed mild, transient complications (urethral pain and cystitis). Normal UUT remained normal in 85%; 45% with compromised UUT improved and 7% became worse. Of the children with no VRR, 94% did not develop this complication; VRR resolved in 72% of the cases (24% by IC alone and 48% with drugs or surgery). Only 12% were continent for more than 3 hours, which increased to 77% (64% by IC alone and 86% with drug therapy or surgery). Urethral sphincter urodynamics was the most important prognostic factor: patients with a lower urethral resistance showed better results for the UUT (p = 0.00373) and VRR (p = 0.00943). The results were also better in patients with normal UUT (p = 0.0003) and no VRR (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: IC is not limited by patient age, sex or sociocultural level. It preserves normal TUS and prevents VRR when instituted early, on demonstrating residual urine and high urethral resistance. IC alone or in combination with other treatments is the basic therapy in NB.

[Postnatal differential diagnosis of fetal ureteropelvic dilatation]. / Diagnóstico diferencial postnatal de la dilatación pielocalicial fetal.

UNLABELLED: A clinical study of 51 children with prenatal diagnosis of pielocaliceal dilatation with 65 kidney affected is done. The objective was to assess the accuracy of the postnatal diagnostic studies practiced in order to an early differentiation between obstructive and non obstructive dilatation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were evaluated ultrasonography (US), intravenous pielography and diuretic isotopic renogram. The data were statistically analyzed with SPSS program. A regression logistic analysis was carried out between all the significant variables in order to identify the obstruction risk factors. Also the probabilities calculated index and the sensibility and specificity were studied. RESULTS: The obstruction risk factors were: grade III dilatation or greater in the US, differential renal function less of 40%, and half time more than 21 minutes. The probabilities calculated index showed that the probabilties of obstruction are different according to the number of obstruction risk factors presented in every patient. Risk factors have a high sensibility and specificity as diagnostic test.

[Newborn infants diagnosed prenatally with uropathies]. / Estudio de los recién nacidos diagnosticados prenatalmente de uropatías.

UNLABELLED: A clinical study of 111 newborns (NB) with prenatal diagnosis (PD) of urinary tract pathology was performed. The weight and size at birth, physical examination, incidence of uropathies, associated malformations and postnatal diagnostic studies were analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All data corresponding to 111 neonates with PD of urinary tract pathology were submitted to the Student's t and Chi square tests and contingency tables. RESULTS: Uropathies were more frequent in male NB (69%) and on the left side (2/1). Pyelocaliceal dilatation (PCD) was present in 46% of the patients. The mean weight and size was normal. However, NB with PCD had a mean weight of 249 grams below that observed in the remaining group (p = 0.016). Thirteen newborns (12%) had associated anomalies. An abdominal mass was present in 17 neonates with obstructive uropathies (15%). Serum urea and creatinine were normal in 101 neonates (91%). SUMMARY: 1) PCD is the most frequent uropathy diagnosed prenatally. 2) The incidence of fetal uropathies, diagnosed prenatally, is higher in males. 3) The left side is more frequently involved. 4) The mean weight and size of NB with uropathies is normal. 5) The mean weight of NB with DCP is 249 grams lower than the rest of the group. 6) Serum urea and creatinine were found elevated only in severe bilateral obstructive uropathies.

Comparative trial of doxycycline plus streptomycin versus doxycycline plus rifampin for the therapy of human brucellosis.

Effectiveness and therapeutic value of the doxycycline plus streptomycin and doxycycline plus rifampin schedules of treatment of human brucellosis have been assessed by carrying out a prospective study on 111 patients randomly distributed into two groups. Patients in group A were treated with doxycycline plus streptomycin sulphate and those in group B with doxycycline plus rifampin. The temperature of all patients reverted to normal, and 54 patients from group A (91.6%) and 45 from group B (86.5%) achieved total recovery with a single therapeutic cycle. Two therapeutic failures and 3 relapses in group A (8.4%) and 7 relapses in group B (13.46%) were observed. The tolerance to both regimens was good. Although the combination doxycycline plus rifampin offers a more convenient oral administration, in the light of these results, until more extensive research is carried out, it should be considered as an alternative rather than a first choice in the treatment of human brucellosis.