RESUMO
In this work, the leaves of K. tomentosa were macerated with hexane, chloroform, and methanol, respectively. The phytochemical profiles of hexane and chloroform extracts were unveiled using GC/MS, whereas the chemical composition of the methanol extract was analyzed using UPLC/MS/MS. The antibacterial activity of extracts was determined against gram-positive and gram-negative strains through the minimal inhibitory concentration assay, and in silico studies were implemented to analyze the interaction of phytoconstituents with bacterial peptides. The antioxidant property of extracts was assessed by evaluating their capacity to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 radicals. The toxicity of the extracts was recorded against Artemia salina nauplii and Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Results demonstrate that the hexane and chloroform extracts contain phytosterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids, whereas the methanol extract possesses glycosidic derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol together with sesquiterpene lactones. The antibacterial performance of extracts against the cultured strains was appraised as weak due to their MIC90 values (>500 µg/mL). As antioxidants, treatment with extracts executed high and moderate antioxidant activities within the range of 50-300 µg/mL. Extracts did not decrease the viability of A. salina, but they exerted a high toxic effect against C. elegans during exposure to treatment. Through in silico modeling, it was recorded that the flavonoids contained in the methanol extract can hamper the interaction of the NAM/NAG peptide, which is of great interest since it determines the formation of the peptide wall of gram-positive bacteria. This study reports for the first time the biological activities and phytochemical content of extracts from K. tomentosa and proposes a possible antibacterial mechanism of glycosidic derivatives of flavonoids against gram-positive bacteria.
RESUMO
In this work, the hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts from Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi were utilized to green-synthesize silver nanoparticles (Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs). The Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs were characterized by spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was studied against bacteria strains, utilizing the microdilution assay. The DPPH and H2O2 assays were considered to assess the antioxidant activity of AgNPs. The results revealed that Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs exhibit an average diameter of 39.9, 111, and 42 nm, respectively. The calculated ζ-potential of Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs were -20.5, -10.6, and -7.9 mV, respectively. The UV-vis analysis of the three samples demonstrated characteristic absorption bands within the range of 350-450 nm, which confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The FTIR analysis of AgNPs exhibited a series of bands from 3500 to 750 cm-1, related to the presence of extracts on their surfaces. SEM observations unveiled that Kf1- and Kf2-AgNPs adopted structural arrangements related to nano-popcorns and nanoflowers, whereas Kf3-AgNPs were spherical in shape. It was determined that treatment with Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs was demonstrated to inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa in a dose-dependent manner (50-300 µg/mL). Within the same range, treatment with Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs decreased the generation of DPPH (IC50 57.02-2.09 µg/mL) and H2O2 (IC50 3.15-3.45 µg/mL) radicals. This study highlights the importance of using inorganic nanomaterials to improve the biological performance of plant extracts as an efficient nanotechnological approach.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Antioxidantes , Química Verde , Kalanchoe , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais , Prata , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Prata/química , Prata/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Kalanchoe/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/síntese química , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Picratos/química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peróxido de HidrogênioRESUMO
The constant emergence of severe health threats, such as antibacterial resistance or highly transmissible viruses, necessitates the investigation of novel therapeutic approaches for discovering and developing new antimicrobials, which will be critical in combating resistance and ensuring available options. Due to the richness and structural variety of natural compounds, techniques centered on obtaining novel active principles from natural sources have yielded promising results. This review describes natural products and extracts from Latin America with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant strains, as well as classes and subclasses of plant secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity and the structures of promising compounds for combating drug-resistant pathogenic microbes. The main mechanisms of action of the plant antimicrobial compounds found in medicinal plants are discussed, and extracts of plants with activity against pathogenic fungi and antiviral properties and their possible mechanisms of action are also summarized. For example, the secondary metabolites obtained from Isatis indigotica that show activity against SARS-CoV are aloe-emodin, ß-sitosterol, hesperetin, indigo, and sinigrin. The structures of the plant antimicrobial compounds found in medicinal plants from Latin America are discussed. Most relevant studies, reviewed in the present work, have focused on evaluating different types of extracts with several classes and subclasses of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. More studies on structure-activity relationships are needed.
RESUMO
In this work, bulb extracts of Tigridia vanhouttei were obtained by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The extracts were evaluated against a panel of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against two cell lines (THP-1 and A549) using the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated in THP-1 cells by measuring the secretion of pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines by ELISA. The chemical composition of the extracts was recorded by FTIR spectroscopy, and their chemical profiles were evaluated using GC-MS. The results revealed that only hexane extract inhibited the growth of the clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 200 µg/mL. Against THP-1 cells, hexane and chloroform extracts were moderately cytotoxic, as they exhibited LC50 values of 90.16, and 46.42 µg/mL, respectively. Treatment with methanol extract was weakly cytotoxic at LC50 443.12 µg/mL against the same cell line. Against the A549 cell line, hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts were weakly cytotoxic because of their LC50 values: 294.77, 1472.37, and 843.12 µg/mL. The FTIR analysis suggested the presence of natural products were confirmed by carboxylic acids, ketones, hydroxyl groups, or esters. The GC-MS profile of extracts revealed the presence of phytosterols, tetracyclic triterpenes, multiple fatty acids, and sugars. This report confirms the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of T. vanhouttei.
RESUMO
In this study, the leaves of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi were consecutively macerated with hexane, chloroform, and methanol. These extracts were used to assess the bioactivities of the plant. The antimicrobial activity was tested against a panel of Gram-positive and -negative pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the microdilution method. The cytotoxicity of K. fedtschenkoi extracts was investigated using human-derived macrophage THP-1 cells through the MTT assay. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts was studied using the same cell line by measuring the secretion of IL-10 and IL-6. The phytoconstituents of hexane and chloroform extracts were evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the phytochemical content of methanol extract. The total flavonoid content (TFC) of methanol extract is also reported. The chemical composition of K. fedtschenkoi extracts was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results revealed that the chloroform extract inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 150 µg/mL. At the same concentration, methanol extract inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Regarding their cytotoxicity, the three extracts were highly cytotoxic against the tested cell line at IC50 < 3 µg/mL. In addition, the chloroform extract significantly stimulated the secretion of IL-10 at 50 µg/mL (p < 0.01). GC/MS analyses revealed that hexane and chloroform extracts contain fatty acids, sterols, vitamin E, and triterpenes. The HPLC analysis demonstrated that methanol extract was constituted by quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. This is the first report in which the bioactivities and chemical profiles of K. fedtschenkoi are assessed for non-polar and polar extracts.
RESUMO
Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field where nanostructured objects are applied to treat or diagnose disease. Nanoparticles (NPs) are a special class of materials at nanometric scale that can be prepared from lipids, polymers, or noble metals through bottom-up approaches. Biological synthesis is a reliable, sustainable, and non-toxic bottom-up method that uses phytochemicals, microorganisms, and enzymes to induce the reduction of metal ions into NPs. Silver (Ag) NPs exhibit potent therapeutic properties that can be exploited to overcome the limitations of current treatment modalities for human health issues such as lung cancer (LC). Here, we review the preparation of AgNPs using biological synthesis and their application against LC using in vitro and in vivo models. An overview of the staging, diagnosis, genetic mutations, and treatment of LC, as well as its main subtypes, is presented. A summary of the reaction mechanisms of AgNPs using microbial cell cultures, plant extracts, phytochemicals, and amino acids is included. The use of capping agents in the biosynthesis of AgNPs with anticancer activity is also detailed. The history and biological activities of metal-based nanostructures synthesized with gold, copper, palladium, and platinum are considered. The possible anticancer mechanisms of AgNPs against LC models are covered. Our perspective about the future of AgNPs in LC treatment and nanomedicine is added.
RESUMO
Nanotechnology is a fast-evolving field focused on fabricating nanoscale objects for industrial, cosmetic, and therapeutic applications. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled nanoparticles whose intrinsic properties, such as heterogeneity, and highly ordered structural organization are exploited to prepare vaccines; imaging agents; construct nanobioreactors; cancer treatment approaches; or deliver drugs, genes, and enzymes. However, depending upon the intrinsic features of the native virus from which they are produced, the therapeutic performance of VLPs can vary. This review compiles the recent scientific literature about the fundamentals of VLPs with biomedical applications. We consulted different databases to present a general scenario about viruses and how VLPs are produced in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell lines to entrap therapeutic cargo. Moreover, the structural classification, morphology, and methods to functionalize the surface of VLPs are discussed. Finally, different characterization techniques required to examine the size, charge, aggregation, and composition of VLPs are described.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas , Vírus , NanotecnologiaRESUMO
The new labdane [(3R*,4aR*,7S*,10aS*,10bR*)-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,10a-tetramethyl-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho-[2,1-b]-pyran-7-yl]-methylbenzoate together with other 7 labdanes were isolated from the aerial parts of Buddleja marrubiifolia. Compound structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Some compounds showed moderate to weak antimicrobial activity towards a panel of bacterial and fungal pathogens. In addition, trans-biformene (2) and ribenol acetate (8) showed to be highly cytotoxic with LC50 < 1 µg/mL, the other compounds showed moderate cytotoxic effect with a LC50 range of 6.008-15.26 µg/mL. For all isolated compounds, no inflammatory response was observed.
Assuntos
Buddleja , Diterpenos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Buddleja/química , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Células THP-1RESUMO
Lopezia racemosa Cav. (Onagraceae) has been used in Mexican traditional medicine to alleviate stomachache, biliary colic, urine retention, stomach cancer, and skin, dental, buccal, and urinary infections. The objective of this study was to determine the bioactivities of specific parts of the plant to scientifically confirm its traditional use. Aerial parts and flowers were macerated and subsequently extracted with hexane, chloroform, and methanol. This study was focused on the analysis of polar components, and thus the methanolic fractions were selected for further investigations. These fractions were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using a panel of bacterial Gram-positive and -negative strains, as well as fungal strains, including filamentous fungi and yeasts. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the extract was assessed by MTT using the human-derived monocytic THP-1 and the normal human fibroblast cell lines. Various fractions showed antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, although the most relevant were against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. No inhibition of yeasts was recorded. Only four fractions showed cytotoxic effects when the human-derived THP-1 and fibroblast cells were assessed. The four flavonoids isolated from the extract were luteolin, luteolin-6-C-hexoside, luteolin-8-C-hexoside, and hyperoside. The biological activities presented in this study validate some traditional uses of the plant.
Assuntos
Flavonoides/farmacologia , Onagraceae/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Luteolina/farmacologia , Medicina Tradicional , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Células THP-1 , Leveduras/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
AIM OF THE STUDY: Pleopeltis polylepis (Polypodaceae) is a fern used in the traditional Mexican medicine to treat fever, bleeding, typhoid, cough, pertussis, chest pain, and renal and hepatic diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the bioactivities of different extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from this species to scientifically validate its medicinal applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aerial parts of P. polylepis were macerated and extracted consecutively with hexane, chloroform, and methanol. These extracts were subsequently fractionated and compounds from hexane and methanol extracts were purified. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using a panel of eight Gram-positive and -negative bacterial and four fungal strains. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed by flow cytometry using propidium iodide and the human-derived monocytic cell line THP-1. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 and IL-10 using also the cell line THP-1. RESULTS: Various extracts, fractions and compounds obtained from this plant showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative strains. Antifungal activity was confirmed only in Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes. Two fractions and two isolated compounds (butyl myristate and ß-sitosterol) showed no significant cytotoxicity and were further evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. All four samples tested showed an anti-inflammatory activity similar to prednisone used as a control. CONCLUSIONS: The benefit of P. polylepis as a traditional plant related to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities was confirmed by in vitro assays. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the isolation and bioactivities of extracts, fractions or isolated compounds from P. polylepis.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polypodiaceae/química , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Linhagem Celular , Citotoxinas/química , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Medicina Tradicional , México , Ácido Mirístico/química , Ácido Mirístico/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Sitosteroides/química , Sitosteroides/farmacologiaRESUMO
A new phenolic derivative, 2,8-dihydroxy-7H-furo[2,3-f]chromen-7-one (1), together with isoquercitrin (2), was isolated from the aerial parts of Tibouchina paratropica. Compound structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Both compounds show antimicrobial activity towards a panel of bacterial and fungal pathogens, and compound 1 displayed potent anti-parasitic activity against Leishmania donovani (IC50 = 0.809 µg/mL). In addition, an 85% reduction in the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was recorded when macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide were exposed to compound 1, but no effect on the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was observed. Compound 2 showed neither anti-parasitic nor anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, no cytotoxic activities were observed against the human-derived macrophage THP-1 cells.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Furocumarinas/isolamento & purificação , Furocumarinas/farmacologia , Leishmania donovani/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Melastomataceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Argentina , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Furocumarinas/química , Humanos , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Lipopolissacarídeos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fenóis/farmacologia , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Quercetina/isolamento & purificação , Quercetina/farmacologiaRESUMO
In this study, the insecticidal and antifeedant activities of compounds from the leaves of Hymenoxys robusta on Spodoptera exigua, also known as armyworm, are reported. The methanol extract possessed suppressive activity, as well as a high antifeedant activity, suggesting that this extract has toxic effects on larvae. Compounds isolated from the plant show that a derivative of inositol and hymenolides stimulate the feeding, while vermeerin shows a high antifeedant effect. In addition, the methanol extract inhibited oviposition, whereas consumption of the n-hexane extract and hymenolides produced infertile eggs. These findings suggest that compounds extracted from H. robusta have potential for the development of products for pest control.
Assuntos
Asteraceae/química , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Inseticidas/química , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
The present study investigates the potential benefits of the Mexican medicinal plant Lopezia racemosa (Onagraceae). Extracts and fractions from aerial parts of this plant were assessed to determine their antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities in vitro. Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Extracts and fractions were tested against a panel of nine bacterial and four fungal species. The antiparasitic activity was tested against Leishmania donovani, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was determined by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 from human-derived macrophages. The same macrophage cell line was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of the compounds. Various extracts and fractions showed antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The hexanic fraction HF 11-14b was the most interesting fraction with antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. The benefit of L. racemosa as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed as shown by its antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the biological activities of L. racemosa, including antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos/efeitos dos fármacos , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Fungos/fisiologia , Leishmania donovani/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Onagraceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Medicinais/química , SobrevidaRESUMO
Six compounds from the aerial parts of the Argentinean plant Hymenoxys robusta (Rusby) Parker were isolated and their structures elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analyses. These compounds comprise two inositol derivatives and four 3,4-seco-pseudoguaianolides, including vermeerin. Bioactivity assays of these compounds against bacterial and fungal pathogens showed that only vermeerin possessed antimicrobial activity specific against Staphylococcus aureus, and showed no toxicity when exposed to human-derived macrophages.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Asteraceae/química , Inositol/farmacologia , Lactonas/farmacologia , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus niger/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inositol/química , Inositol/isolamento & purificação , Lactonas/química , Lactonas/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Trichophyton/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: To study the potential benefit of the traditional Mexican medicinal plant Galium mexicanum Kunth (Rubiaceae). Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts as well as various fractions from these extracts were tested to determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed on nine bacterial and four fungal strains. Leishmania donovani was used as a protozoan strain for antiparasitic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 when macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide. RESULTS: Various extracts and fractions obtained from this plant exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Of special interest was the hexane fraction HE 14 b, which show antibacterial (ranging between 67 and 666 µg/ml) and antifungal (at concentrations of 333 µg/ml) activities. Also the hexane fraction HE 5 exhibited antiparasitic activity (at concentrations of 260 µg/ml), whereas the methanol fraction ME 13-15 showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to dexamethasone. Chemical analyses of the chloroform extract show the presence of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and glucosides, but no tannins were detected in the assayed extract. CONCLUSIONS: The benefit of Galium mexicanum as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed using antibacterial and antifungal assays in vitro. We also report for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.