Carcinoma medular de tiroides asociado a una mutación del protooncogén RET con presentación y evolución poco frecuente / Medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with a RET protooncogene mutation with an infrequent presentation and evolution

El carcinoma medular de tiroides (CMT) es un tumor derivado de las células parafoliculares de la glándula tiroides productoras de calcitonina. Es una neoplasia muy infrecuente en niños y adolescentes. La calcitonina es un marcador tumoral fundamental en el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de estos tumores. Sin embargo, se han descrito algunos casos de CMT no productores de calcitonina, hecho que dificulta el manejo de estos pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un CMT en una paciente portadora de una mutación en el protooncogén RET de riesgo moderado, según la clasificación de la Asociación Americana de Tiroides de 2015. Se trata de una presentación más precoz y agresiva de lo que cabría esperar, con la peculiaridad añadida de que los marcadores tumorales estaban dentro de los límites de la normalidad. Además, realizamos una revisión del tema y analizamos las posibles causas descritas para este caso, así como formas alternativas para el manejo de estos pacientes

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumor of the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, which produces calcitonin (CT). It's very infrequent in children and adolescents. CT is a well-recognized tool in the diagnosis and the follow up of these tumors. However, few cases of CT-negative MTCs have been reported in literature. This fact makes more difficult to manage these patients. We present a patient with a moderate risk mutation in RET protoncogene, according to the ATA classification of 2015 who develops a MCT. This case is more precocious and aggressive than what we would normally expect, and it has the peculiarity that tumor markers were between normal limits. We review the literature and analyze possible causes for this event. We also show alternative ways to manage these kind of patients

Osteopetrosis autosómica dominante: a propósito de 3 casos y una mutación / Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis: A presentation of 3 cases and a new gene mutation

La osteopetrosis (OP) es una rara enfermedad ósea congénita producida por una alteración funcional en los osteoclastos con incapacidad para la reabsorción ósea normal, produciéndose un aumento de la densidad mineral ósea y esclerosis ósea. Puede clasificarse en autosómica recesiva (OPTB) o autosómica dominante (OPTA1-2). Existe una gran variabilidad clínica de la enfermedad, desde asintomática a letal en los primeros meses de vida, con expresividad variable en los miembros de una familia. Su diagnóstico es principalmente clínico con confirmación genética, y el tratamiento es sintomático. Se presentan una serie de casos de OP, con el hallazgo de una nueva mutación en el gen LRP5 causante de OPTA1 en uno de ellos

Osteopetrosis (OP) is a congenital bone disease which is caused by a functional disorder in osteoclasts with inability for normal bone resorption, leading to increased bone mineral density and bone sclerosis. It can be classified into different groups according to their clinical and their genetic characteristics: autosomal recessive with several subtypes (OPTB) or autosomal dominant type 1 or 2 (OPTA1-2). There is a wide clinical variability of the disease, from asymptomatic to lethal in the first months of life, with variable expressivity in the family members. Diagnosis is mainly clinical with genetic confirmation of the OP, and treatment is symptomatic. Three cases of OP are presented, with the discovery of a new gene mutation in LRP5 which caused OPTA1 in one of them

[Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis: a presentation of 3 cases and a new gene mutation]. / Osteopetrosis autosómica dominante: a propósito de 3 casos y una mutación.

Osteopetrosis (OP) is a congenital bone disease which is caused by a functional disorder in osteoclasts with inability for normal bone resorption, leading to increased bone mineral density and bone sclerosis. It can be classified into different groups according to their clinical and their genetic characteristics: autosomal recessive with several subtypes (OPTB) or autosomal dominant type 1 or 2 (OPTA1-2). There is a wide clinical variability of the disease, from asymptomatic to lethal in the first months of life, with variable expressivity in the family members. Diagnosis is mainly clinical with genetic confirmation of the OP, and treatment is symptomatic. Three cases of OP are presented, with the discovery of a new gene mutation in LRP5 which caused OPTA1 in one of them.

Novel (60%) and recurrent (40%) androgen receptor gene mutations in a series of 59 patients with a 46,XY disorder of sex development.

BACKGROUND: Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations are the most frequent cause of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) and are associated with a variety of phenotypes, ranging from phenotypic women [complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)] to milder degrees of undervirilization (partial form or PAIS) or men with only infertility (mild form or MAIS). OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to characterize the contribution of the AR gene to the molecular cause of 46,XY DSD in a series of Spanish patients. SETTING: We studied a series of 133 index patients with 46,XY DSD in whom gonads were differentiated as testes, with phenotypes including varying degrees of undervirilization, and in whom the AR gene was the first candidate for a molecular analysis. METHODS: The AR gene was sequenced (exons 1 to 8 with intronic flanking regions) in all patients and in family members of 61% of AR-mutated gene patients. RESULTS: AR gene mutations were found in 59 individuals (44.4% of index patients), of whom 46 (78%) were CAIS and 13 (22%) PAIS. Fifty-seven different mutations were found: 21.0% located in exon 1, 15.8% in exons 2 and 3, 57.9% in exons 4-8, and 5.3% intronic. Twenty-three mutations (40.4%) had been previously described and 34 (59.6%) were novel. CONCLUSIONS: AR gene mutation is the most frequent cause of 46,XY DSD, with a clearly higher frequency in the complete phenotype. Mutations spread along the whole coding sequence, including exon 1. This series shows that 60% of mutations detected during the period 2002-2009 were novel.

Mutation update for the CSB/ERCC6 and CSA/ERCC8 genes involved in Cockayne syndrome.

Cockayne syndrome is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder characterized principally by neurological and sensory impairment, cachectic dwarfism, and photosensitivity. This rare disease is linked to mutations in the CSB/ERCC6 and CSA/ERCC8 genes encoding proteins involved in the transcription-coupled DNA repair pathway. The clinical spectrum of Cockayne syndrome encompasses a wide range of severity from severe prenatal forms to mild and late-onset presentations. We have reviewed the 45 published mutations in CSA and CSB to date and we report 43 new mutations in these genes together with the corresponding clinical data. Among the 84 reported kindreds, 52 (62%) have mutations in the CSB gene. Many types of mutations are scattered along the whole coding sequence of both genes, but clusters of missense mutations can be recognized and highlight the role of particular motifs in the proteins. Genotype-phenotype correlation hypotheses are considered with regard to these new molecular and clinical data. Additional cases of molecular prenatal diagnosis are reported and the strategy for prenatal testing is discussed. Two web-based locus-specific databases have been created to list all identified variants and to allow the inclusion of future reports (www.umd.be/CSA/ and www.umd.be/CSB/).

Déficit del cofactor molibdeno como causa de encefalopatía epiléptica precoz / Molybdenum cofactor deficiency as a cause of early epileptic encephalopathy

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Carcinoma suprarrenal virilizante en la infancia. Revisión de la bibliografía / Virilizing adrenal carcinoma in infancy. Review of the literature

Presentamos a una niña de 10 meses remitida al hospital por presentar signos evidentes de virilización (vello pubiano y aumento marcado del tamaño del clítoris). No presentaba otros signos puberales. En la exploración física se palpaba una masa abdominal bien delimitada. Los resultados de laboratorio mostraron unos 17-cetosteroides urinarios muy elevados y una testosterona en plasma elevada. La ecografía abdominal puso de manifiesto una masa hiperecogénica de tamaño 8 6 4 cm, independiente del riñón y el bazo que correspondía a la zona suprarrenal. A los 10 días de su ingreso fue intervenida, y se le extirpó una masa grande bien delimitada en la zona suprarrenal, con el diagnóstico de presunción de carcinoma suprarrenal virilizante, que fue posteriormente confirmado por el estudio anatomo-patológico. Sin otro tratamiento que el quirúrgico, su evolución fue favorable, con un crecimiento longitudinal y un desarrollo puberal normales. En la actualidad tiene una edad cronológica de 20 años y una talla de170,5 cm. Se discuten y revisan otras opciones terapéuticas del carcinoma suprarrenal, cuya entidad es muy poco frecuente en la infancia (AU)

A 10-month-old girl was referred to hospital because of obvious signs of virilization (pubic hair and marked increasein the size of the clitoris). There were no others signs of puberty. On examination, a well-defined abdominal mass was palpable. The results of laboratory investigations showed markedly elevate durinary 17-ketosteroid levels and elevated plasma testosterone. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a hyper echogenic mass measuring 8 x 6 x 4cm, independent of the kidney and spleen which corresponded to the adrenal area. The patient underwent surgery 10 days after admission. A large, well-defined mass was removed from the adrenal area. The presumptive diagnosis was virilizing adrenal carcinoma, which was subsequently confirmed by pathological analysis. No further treatments were administered and outcome was favorable with normal growth and puberal development. Currently, the patient has a chronological age of 20 years and a height of 170.5 cm. Other therapeutic options for adrenal carcinoma, a very rare entity in infancy, are reviewed (AU)

Congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Ie. A new patient.

CDG Ie is caused by a deficiency of dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase 1 (DPM1), an enzyme involved in N-glycan assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Three proteins are known to be part of the synthase complex: DPM 1, DPM2 and DPM3. Only mutations in DPM1, the catalytic subunit, have been described in three families. One was homozygous for the c274C>G (R92G) mutation in DPM1 and two others were compound heterozygous for R92G and a c628delC deletion or a c331-343del13, respectively. Clinical features were a severe infantile encephalopathy, early intractable seizures, acquired microcephaly, and some dysmorphic features. We report a patient with milder symptoms: microcephaly, dysmorphic features, developmental delay, optic atrophy, and cerebellar dysfunction without cerebellar atrophy. The patient is homozygous for a new mutation in exon 9 of the DPM1 gene (c742T>C (S248P)). Our findings extend the spectrum of CDG Ie.

Displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica: una causa de fiebre de origen desconocido / Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a cause of fever of unknown origin

Bajo el término de displasia ectodérmica se agrupa una gran variedad de cuadros clínicos que comparten unos rasgos comunes como la afectación de uno o varios componentes derivados del ectodermo y su origen congénito. En la actualidad se han descrito 154 tipos diferentes que se han distribuido en 11 grupos distintos (clasificación de Freire Maia, 1994). De todos ellos, el cuadro más frecuente es la displasia ectodérmica hipo/anhidrótica (síndrome de Christ-Siemens-Touraine). Se trata de un trastorno genético, cuya característica más sobresaliente es la ausencia, o más frecuentemente la disminución, de las glándulas sudoríparas, lo que ocasiona un aumento de la temperatura corporal, junto con otras alteraciones de la epidermis y sus anejos (pelo y uñas). Se presenta un nuevo caso de displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica en un varón prematuro de 18 meses de edad que fue remitido al servicio de dermatología por presentar desde su nacimiento una piel llamativamente seca con brotes repetidos de lesiones eccematosas y liquenificadas que se resolvían con tratamiento con corticoides tópicos. En su aspecto externo resaltaba una alopecia difusa en cuero cabelludo con un pelo rubio, ralo y fino además de la ausencia de los alveolos dentarios. Junto con todo esto, la madre había apreciado una escasa sudoración y episodios de fiebre sin sintomatología acompañante preferentemente en la época estival. Con todo lo anterior creemos importante considerar el diagnóstico de displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica ante un paciente que presente episodios de fiebre de origen desconocido (AU)

[Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: A cause of fever of unknown origin]. / Displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica: una causa de fiebre de origen desconocido.

The term ectodermal dysplasias includes many disorders that share some clinical features such as involvement of one or several ectodermal structures and congenital origin. Currently, 154 different types divided into 11 clinical subgroups (Freire Maia classification 1994) have been described. The most frequent entity is hypo- or anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome). This is a rare hereditary disease whose main characteristic is the absence, or more often the reduction, of sweat glands, leading to an increase in body temperature together with anomalies of the epidermis and its appendages (hair and nails). We present a case of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in a premature 18-month-old boy who was referred to our department because of markedly dry skin since birth and recurrent eczematous and lichenification lesions that had been successfully treated with topical corticosteroids. Physical examination revealed mild alopecia with sparse and fine blonde hair and the absence of dental alveoli. The boy's mother had noticed slight sweating and episodes of fever without clinical symptoms, which were more frequent in summer. Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia should be included in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin.

[Permanent neonatal diabetes associated with other anomalies]. / Diabetes neonatal permanente asociada ahipotiroidismo, sordera y rasgos dismórficos.

Neonatal diabetes mellitus is defined as hyperglycemia detected in the first month of life of more than 2 weeks' duration, requiring insulin treatment. It is extremely uncommon (1/500,000 neonates) and is permanent in only 30% of cases. Several hypotheses concerning its etiology have been postulated, such as pancreatic immaturity, paternal uniparental isidisomy of chromosome 6, and the existence of a gene located in the 6 q 22-23 chromosome region subjected to imprinting and exclusively of paternal expression. The management of these patients is usually difficult. These neonates are underweight for their gestational age, and neither anti-insulin antibodies nor anti-islets are detected. We studied a neonate hospitalized because of low weight for his gestational age with dimorphic features and hyperglycemia since the 17 th day of life. Clinical and anatomical follow-up has been periodically performed to the present date. The child presents permanent neonatal diabetes with negative antibodies. Although various insulin patterns have been used since the onset of the syndrome, management remains difficult. The child presents hypothyroidism, bilateral neurosensory deafness, bilateral congenital cataract, myopia, dimorphic features, congenital stridor and slow weight-stature curve. The results of muscle biopsy and metabolic studies were normal. Wolfram's syndrome and mitochondrial diabetes were ruled out. This is an exceptional case of permanent neonatal diabetes associated with other malformations corresponding to no known syndromic patterns.

Diabetes neonatal permanente asociada ahipotiroidismo, sordera y rasgos dismórficos / Permanent neonatal diabetes associated with other anomalies

La diabetes mellitus neonatal se define como una hiperglucemia detectada durante el primer mes de vida, de más de 2 semanas de duración, que precisa tratamiento con insulina. Es muy rara (1/500.000 recién nacidos) y sólo el 30% de los casos es permanente. Se han postulado varias hipótesis sobre su etiología, tales como inmadurez pancreática, isodisomía del cromosoma 6 paterno o la existencia de un gen localizado en la región cromosómica 6 q 22-23 sometido a impregnación y de expresión exclusivamente paterna. Se caracterizan por ser pacientes de difícil tratamiento, bajo peso para su edad gestacional y no se detectan anticuerpos antiinsulina ni antiislotes. Se ha estudiado un recién nacido ingresado por bajo peso para la edad gestacional con rasgos dismórficos e hiperglucemia desde el día 17 de vida. Se realiza el seguimiento clínico y analítico periódico hasta la actualidad, en el que se ha observado se trata de una diabetes neonatal permanente con anticuerpos negativos, y de difícil tratamiento a pesar de utilizar diversas pautas insulínicas desde el inicio del cuadro, hipotiroidismo, sordera neurosensorial bilateral, catarata congénita bilateral, miopía, rasgos dismórficos, estridor congénito y curva ponderostatural lenta. El estudio de biopsia muscular y metabólico fue normal. Se descartó un síndrome de Wolfram y una diabetes mitocondrial. Se trata de un caso excepcional de diabetes neonatal permanente asociado a otras malformaciones no encuadrable dentro de un patrón sindrómico conocido (AU)

[Perineal bag versus urethral catheterization of suprapubic aspiration for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in infants in emergency units]. / Bolsa perineal versus sondaje uretral o punción suprapúbica para el diagnóstico de infección urinaria en el lactante en las unidades de urgencias.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the utility of urine cultures collected by sterile perineal bags as a method of diagnosis of urinary tract infection in infants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients, aged 0 to 27 months, were diagnosed with urinary tract infections based on the growth of more than 100,000 colonies/ml in two urine cultures collected by sterile bags. Confirmation of the infection was done by urine cultures obtained by suprapubic aspiration or urethral catheterization. A urinalysis was simultaneously performed. RESULTS: Urinary tract infection was confirmed in only 6 out of 42 patients. The positive predictive value of the sterile bag was 14%, increasing to 42% combined with an abnormal urinalysis. CONCLUSIONS: The sterile perineal bag is not an accurate method to collect urine for diagnosis of urinary tract infections in febrile infants or those who need prompt diagnosis and treatment.

[WAGR syndrome: a case report]. / Síndrome de WAGR. A propósito de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: WAGR syndrome is a rare syndrome which involves microdeletions of the short arm of chromosome 11 at band 11p13. The clinical features are Wilms' tumor, amiridia, genitourinary abnormalities and mental retardation. There are very few reported cases. We report a new case of WAGR syndrome and review the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Chromosome preparations were obtained from lymphocyte cultures of peripheral blood. For chromosome analysis GTG banding and fluorescent "in situ" hybridization (FISH) were used. RESULTS: Chromosomal analysis revealed deletion of p12-p13 bands. Our patient had bilateral aniridia, Wilms' tumor and cryptorquidia. CONCLUSIONS: The karyotype was 46, XY, del (11)(p12-p13). The p13 band deletion was the cause of the WAGR syndrome.