Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential to suppress HIV replication, preserve immune competence, and ensure quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS. This is a cross-sectional study to assess adherence to ART in HIV-infected adults and its associated factors in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, from June 2018 to January 2019. Standardized interviews were conducted covering demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics and instruments to assess compliance to treatment (CEAT-VIH), HIV/AIDS-targeted quality of life (HAT-QoL), and self-efficacy expectations of adherence (SEA-ART). Each variable was analyzed for association with adherence to ART, by refilling at least 90% of the prescribed doses in the 6 months before the interview date. The study consisted of 220 participants, with a mean age of 43 years, 60.5% male, and 24.5% men who have sex with men. Previous consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs was reported by 44.1% of participants and current or previous smoking by 34.1%. The most common regimen was two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors combined with one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (37.3%). The adherence to ART was 62%, and the factors associated with it were living alone [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.79], not having an active sexual life (aOR 0.43), not being a smoker (aOR 0.36), having a CD4 count ≥350 cells/mm3 (aOR 2.50), and having a SEA-ART Score >100 (aOR 1.94). The fear of disclosing HIV status could make adherence to treatment difficult. This could be the reason that living alone and not having an active sexual life have been associated with better adherence. Encouraging healthy lifestyle habits and promoting self-efficacy tools can also improve adherence.

Retraction notice to "Use of ivermectin in the treatment of Covid-19: A pilot trial" [Toxicol. Rep. 8 (2021) 505-510].

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.003.].

Case Report: Calcified Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Associated with Perilesional Edema in People Living with HIV/AIDS: Case Series of a Presentation Mimicking Neurocysticercosis.

Perilesional edema, associated or not with neurological manifestations, is a well-characterized finding in cases of calcified neurocysticercosis. There are no previous reports of HIV-related calcified toxoplasmosis that mimics this presentation of neurocysticercosis. We report on five patients, four of them with new-onset neurological manifestations, who showed brain calcifications associated with perilesional edema. All cases had a history of HIV-related toxoplasmosis and current virological and immunological control of HIV infection. Similar to neurocysticercosis, brain calcified toxoplasmosis may cause perilesional edema and symptoms in people living with HIV/AIDS.

Use of ivermectin in the treatment of Covid-19: A pilot trial.

OBJECTIVES: In this randomized open-label trial pilot study we assessed the antiviral effects and safety of various doses of ivermectin in patients with mild clinical symptoms of COVID-19. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive standard of care (SOC) treatment at hospital admission; SOC plus ivermectin 100 mcg/kg; SOC plus ivermectin 200 mcg/kg; or SOC plus ivermectin 400 mcg/kg. The primary assessed endpoint was the proportion of patients who achieved two consecutive negative SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR tests within 7 days of the start of the dosing period. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04431466). RESULTS: A total of 32 patients were enrolled and randomized to treatment. SOC treatment together with ivermectin did not result in any serious adverse events. All patients exhibited a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load within 7 days; however, those who received ivermectin had a more consistent decrease as compared to the SOC alone group, characterized by a shorter time for obtaining two consecutive negative SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR tests. CONCLUSIONS: Ivermectin is safe in patients with SARS-CoV-2, reducing symptomatology and the SARS-CoV-2 viral load. This antiviral effect appears to depend on the dose used, and if confirmed in future studies, it suggests that ivermectin may be a useful adjuvant to the SOC treatment in patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms.

Delirium in the elderly: A systematic review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.

Delirium is a common disorder associated with poor prognosis, especially in the elderly. The impact of different treatment approaches for delirium on morbimortality and long-term welfare is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in elderly patients with delirium. METHODS: This systematic review compared pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in patients over 60 years old with delirium. Databases used were: MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL and LILACS from inception to January 6th, 2016. RESULTS: A total of ten articles were selected. The six non-pharmacological intervention studies showed no impact on duration of delirium, mortality or institutionalization, but a decrease in severity of delirium and improvement in medium-term cognitive function were observed. The most commonly used interventions were temporal-spatial orientation, orientation to self and others, early mobilization and sleep hygiene. The four studies with pharmacological interventions found that rivastigmine reduced the duration of delirium, improved cognitive function and reduced caregiver burden; olanzapine and haloperidol decreased the severity of delirium; droperidol reduced length of hospitalization and improved delirium remission rate. CONCLUSION: Although the pharmacological approach has been used in the treatment of delirium among elderly, there have been few studies assessing its efficacy, involving a small number of patients. However, the improvements in delirium duration and severity suggest these drugs are effective in treating the condition. Once delirium has developed, non-pharmacological treatment seems less effective in controlling symptoms, and there is a lack of studies describing different non-pharmacological interventions.

Delirium é uma condição comum associada com prognóstico pobre, especialmente em idosos. O impacto das diferentes abordagens de tratamento na morbi-mortalidade e bem-estar de longo prazo não é completamente compreendido. OBJETIVO: Determinar a eficácia dos tratamentos farmacológico e não-farmacológico em pacientes idosos com delirium. MÉTODOS: Esta revisão sistemática comparou tratamentos farmacológicos e não-farmacológicos em pacientes com idade superior a 60 anos com delirium. As bases de dados usadas foram: MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Central e LILACS do início até 6 de janeiro de 2016. RESULTADOS: Dez artigos foram selecionados. Seis estudos com intervenções não farmacológicas não mostraram impacto na duração, mortalidade ou institucionalização, mas houve redução na gravidade do delirium e memlhora na função cognitive de médio prazo. As intervenções mais comumente utilizadas foram orientação temporo-espacial, orientação para si e outros, mobilização precoce e higiene do sono. Os quarto estudos com intervenções farmacológicos acharam que a rivastigmina reduziu a duração, melhorou a função cognitive e reduziu a sobrecarga do cuidador, olanzapine e haloperidol diminuíram a gravidade de delirium e o droperidol diminuiu a duração da hospitalização e na taxa de remissão. CONCLUSÃO: Embora a abordagem farmacológica tem sido usada no tratamento de delirium em idosos, há estudos que avaliam sua eficácia com limitado número de pacientes. Todavia, a melhora na duração e gravidade sugerem que estas drogas são efetivas no tratamento desta condição. Uma vez que o delirium esteja instalado, o tratamento não farmacológico parece ser menos efetivo no controle dos sintomas, há uma falta de estudos que discriminem as diferentes intervenções não-farmacológicas.

Hepatitis B status in hemodialysis patients / Situação da hepatite B em pacientes em hemodiálise

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Patients on chronic dialysis present a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection. Despite infection-control practices, surveillance of serological markers, and hepatitis B vaccination, there are still outbreaks of the disease in dialysis centers. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the serologic and vaccination status for hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study assessed serologic markers and hepatitis B vaccination status of chronic kidney disease patients on regular dialysis program in São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Patients without information about hepatitis B status (anti-HBc, HBsAg and anti-HBs) were referred for testing. Individuals with uncertain or incomplete immunization status and without serological conversion (anti-HBs <10mIU/mL) were referred to vaccination, with adverse effects monitored. RESULTS: The study included 130 from a total of 181 dialysis patients. The majority were male (63.8%), mean age 53.9 years. All patients were already screened and negative for HBsAg, and 73.8% were vaccinated against hepatitis B (59.2% complete and 14.6% incomplete schedule), with a seroconversion rate of 75.3%. Only 11 (8.5%) patients had prior dosage of anti-HBc (negative). Among the 47 patients referred for anti-HBc testing, four were anti-HBc positive and one indeterminate. Of the total of patients referred to immunization, 34 have actually received HBV vaccine; among them five had mild adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Despite the benefit of dosing of anti-HBc and anti-HBs before admission to dialysis, economic constraints have reduced the screening to only HBsAg. Since occult HBV infection has already been demonstrated in hemodialysis patients, the measure of anti-HBc should be encouraged.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Pacientes cronicamente em diálise apresentam alta prevalência de infecção por vírus da hepatite B. Apesar de práticas de controle de infecção, vigilância de marcadores sorológicos e vacinação contra a hepatite B, ainda há surtos da doença em centros de diálise. OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o estado sorológico e a vacinação contra hepatite B em pacientes em hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal avaliando marcadores sorológicos e vacinação contra a hepatite B em pacientes com doença renal crônica em programa regular de hemodiálise em São Carlos, SP, Brasil. Pacientes sem marcadores sorológicos para hepatite B disponíveis (anti-HBc, HBsAg e anti-HBs) foram encaminhados para testagem. Em caso de situação vacinal desconhecida, incompleta ou sem resposta vacinal (anti-HBs <10mIU/mL), os pacientes foram encaminhados para vacinação, sendo os efeitos adversos monitorados. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu 130 de um total de 181 pacientes em diálise. A maioria era do sexo masculino (63,8%), com idade média de 53,9 anos. Todos os pacientes já haviam sido rastreados e eram negativos para HBsAg, e 73,8% foram vacinados contra a hepatite B (59,2% esquema completo e 14,6% esquema incompleto), com uma taxa de soroconversão de 75,3%. Apenas 11 (8,5%) pacientes dispunham de dosagem prévia de anti-HBc (negativo). Entre os 47 pacientes encaminhados para testagem anti-HBc, quatro eram anti-HBc reagentes e um indeterminado. Do total de pacientes encaminhados à imunização, 34 receberam efetivamente a vacina contra o HBV; entre eles, cinco tiveram efeitos adversos leves. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do benefício da dosagem de anti-HBc e anti-HBs antes da admissão à diálise, restrições econômicas reduziram o rastreio apenas à dosagem de HBsAg. Como a infecção oculta por HBV já foi demonstrada em pacientes em hemodiálise, a dosagem de anti-HBc deve ser incentivada.

Delirium in the elderly: A systematic review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments / Delirium em idosos: revisão sistemática de tratamentos farmacológicos e não-farmacológicos

ABSTRACT Delirium is a common disorder associated with poor prognosis, especially in the elderly. The impact of different treatment approaches for delirium on morbimortality and long-term welfare is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in elderly patients with delirium. METHODS: This systematic review compared pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in patients over 60 years old with delirium. Databases used were: MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL and LILACS from inception to January 6th, 2016. RESULTS: A total of ten articles were selected. The six non-pharmacological intervention studies showed no impact on duration of delirium, mortality or institutionalization, but a decrease in severity of delirium and improvement in medium-term cognitive function were observed. The most commonly used interventions were temporal-spatial orientation, orientation to self and others, early mobilization and sleep hygiene. The four studies with pharmacological interventions found that rivastigmine reduced the duration of delirium, improved cognitive function and reduced caregiver burden; olanzapine and haloperidol decreased the severity of delirium; droperidol reduced length of hospitalization and improved delirium remission rate. CONCLUSION: Although the pharmacological approach has been used in the treatment of delirium among elderly, there have been few studies assessing its efficacy, involving a small number of patients. However, the improvements in delirium duration and severity suggest these drugs are effective in treating the condition. Once delirium has developed, non-pharmacological treatment seems less effective in controlling symptoms, and there is a lack of studies describing different non-pharmacological interventions.

RESUMO Delirium é uma condição comum associada com prognóstico pobre, especialmente em idosos. O impacto das diferentes abordagens de tratamento na morbi-mortalidade e bem-estar de longo prazo não é completamente compreendido. OBJETIVO: Determinar a eficácia dos tratamentos farmacológico e não-farmacológico em pacientes idosos com delirium. MÉTODOS: Esta revisão sistemática comparou tratamentos farmacológicos e não-farmacológicos em pacientes com idade superior a 60 anos com delirium. As bases de dados usadas foram: MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Central e LILACS do início até 6 de janeiro de 2016. RESULTADOS: Dez artigos foram selecionados. Seis estudos com intervenções não farmacológicas não mostraram impacto na duração, mortalidade ou institucionalização, mas houve redução na gravidade do delirium e memlhora na função cognitive de médio prazo. As intervenções mais comumente utilizadas foram orientação temporo-espacial, orientação para si e outros, mobilização precoce e higiene do sono. Os quarto estudos com intervenções farmacológicos acharam que a rivastigmina reduziu a duração, melhorou a função cognitive e reduziu a sobrecarga do cuidador, olanzapine e haloperidol diminuíram a gravidade de delirium e o droperidol diminuiu a duração da hospitalização e na taxa de remissão. CONCLUSÃO: Embora a abordagem farmacológica tem sido usada no tratamento de delirium em idosos, há estudos que avaliam sua eficácia com limitado número de pacientes. Todavia, a melhora na duração e gravidade sugerem que estas drogas são efetivas no tratamento desta condição. Uma vez que o delirium esteja instalado, o tratamento não farmacológico parece ser menos efetivo no controle dos sintomas, há uma falta de estudos que discriminem as diferentes intervenções não-farmacológicas.

Hepatitis B status in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients on chronic dialysis present a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection. Despite infection-control practices, surveillance of serological markers, and hepatitis B vaccination, there are still outbreaks of the disease in dialysis centers. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the serologic and vaccination status for hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study assessed serologic markers and hepatitis B vaccination status of chronic kidney disease patients on regular dialysis program in São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Patients without information about hepatitis B status (anti-HBc, HBsAg and anti-HBs) were referred for testing. Individuals with uncertain or incomplete immunization status and without serological conversion (anti-HBs <10mIU/mL) were referred to vaccination, with adverse effects monitored. RESULTS: The study included 130 from a total of 181 dialysis patients. The majority were male (63.8%), mean age 53.9 years. All patients were already screened and negative for HBsAg, and 73.8% were vaccinated against hepatitis B (59.2% complete and 14.6% incomplete schedule), with a seroconversion rate of 75.3%. Only 11 (8.5%) patients had prior dosage of anti-HBc (negative). Among the 47 patients referred for anti-HBc testing, four were anti-HBc positive and one indeterminate. Of the total of patients referred to immunization, 34 have actually received HBV vaccine; among them five had mild adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Despite the benefit of dosing of anti-HBc and anti-HBs before admission to dialysis, economic constraints have reduced the screening to only HBsAg. Since occult HBV infection has already been demonstrated in hemodialysis patients, the measure of anti-HBc should be encouraged.

Sepsis in AIDS patients: clinical, etiological and inflammatory characteristics.

INTRODUCTION: Intensive care mortality of HIV-positive patients has progressively decreased. However, critically ill HIV-positive patients with sepsis present a worse prognosis. To better understand this condition, we propose a study comparing clinical, etiological and inflammatory data, and the hospital course of HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. METHODS: A prospective observational study enrolling patients with severe sepsis or septic shock associated or not with HIV infection, and admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Clinical, microbiological and inflammatory parameters were assessed, including C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and TNF-α. Outcome measures were in-hospital and six-month mortality. RESULTS: The study included 58 patients with severe sepsis/septic shock admitted to ICU, 36 HIV-positive and 22 HIV-negative. All HIV-positive patients met the criteria for AIDS (CDC/2008). The main foci of infection in HIV-positive patients were pulmonary and abdominal (p=0.001). Fungi and mycobacteria were identified in 44.4% and 16.7% of HIV-positive patients, respectively. In contrast, the main etiologies for sepsis in HIV-negative patients were Gram-negative bacilli (36.4%) and Gram-positive cocci (36.4%) (p=0.001). CRP and PCT admission concentrations were lower in HIV-positive patients (130 vs. 168 mg/dL p=0.005, and 1.19 vs. 4.06 ng/mL p=0.04, respectively), with a progressive decrease in surviving patients. Initial IL-10 concentrations were higher in HIV-positive patients (4.4 pg/mL vs. 1.0 pg/mL, p=0.005), with moderate accuracy for predicting death (area under receiver-operating characteristic curve =0.74). In-hospital and six-month mortality were higher in HIV-positive patients (55.6 vs. 27.3% p=0.03, and 58.3 vs. 27.3% p=0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The course of sepsis was more severe in HIV-positive patients, with distinct clinical, etiological and inflammatory characteristics.

Letalidade e complicações osteomusculares e cardiovasculares no tétano / Lethality and osteomuscular and cardiovascular complications in tetanus

OBJETIVO: A despeito do declínio em sua incidência, o tétano ainda é uma doença negligenciada nos países em desenvolvimento, permanecendo como causa importante de morbidade e mortalidade. Atualmente, com o aperfeiçoamento dos cuidados de terapia intensiva, torna-se importante conhecer melhor as complicações dessa grave condição. Este estudo visa avaliar a letalidade e complicações cardiovasculares e osteomusculares de pacientes com diagnóstico de tétano internados em unidade de terapia intensiva e os fatores associados ao pior prognóstico. MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo realizado por meio da análise de prontuários médicos de pacientes com diagnóstico de tétano admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva, de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2001. Foram colhidas informações demográficas, clínicas e laboratoriais por meio de um questionário padrão. São descritas as variáveis relacionadas à letalidade, complicações cardiovasculares e osteomusculares. RESULTADOS: No período do estudo foram internados 22 pacientes com tétano, sendo 81,8 por cento homens, com média de idade de 47,8 anos. O tétano era associado a atividades profissionais em 54,5 por cento dos casos. A maioria dos pacientes desenvolveu a forma generalizada da doença (20 pacientes); em 81 por cento dos casos, os pacientes nunca haviam recebido vacina antitetânica ou desconheciam sua situação vacinal. Após o ferimento, nenhum paciente recebeu profilaxia passiva apropriada e apenas dois foram submetidos a debridamento cirúrgico do foco, enquanto seis pacientes receberam antibioticoterapia. Onze pacientes (52,4 por cento) desenvolveram alguma complicação cardiovascular. Úlcera de pressão foi a complicação cardiovascular mais freqüente (38,1 por cento), seguida por arritmias (28,6 por cento). Dois pacientes desenvolveram fraturas ósseas secundárias ao espasmo tetânico, correspondendo a 9,6 por cento da amostra. A letalidade do tétano foi de 9,1 por cento. Escore de APACHE II alto e forma gravíssima na classificação de tétano de Veronesi se associaram a maior risco de óbito (p=0,04 e 0,03, respectivamente). A classificação de Veronesi também se associou ao risco de complicações cardiovasculares (p=0,013) assim como a um maior tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva (p=0,009). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo demonstra falha na atenção primária à saúde em termos de cobertura vacinal e profilaxia do tétano pós-traumático em adultos. Apesar do aprimoramento do suporte intensivo, as complicações cardiovasculares ainda são freqüentes nesses pacientes. Indivíduos com alto escore APACHE II e forma clínica gravíssima precisam ser cuidadosamente monitorizados devido ao maior risco de óbito e de complicações cardiovasculares.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the decline in the incidence of tetanus, this disease is still neglected in the developing world and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. With improvements in intensive care, it is important to better understand the complications of this serious condition. We aim to evaluate 1) the lethality and osteomuscular and cardiovascular complications of patients with tetanus who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 2) the risk factors associated with a poor prognosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that analyzed the medical records of all of the patients diagnosed with tetanus who were admitted to an infectious diseases ICU between January 2000 and December 2001. A standardized form that included demographic, clinical and laboratory data was completed. The clinical variables that were related to lethality and osteomuscular and cardiovascular complications were described. RESULTS: A total of 22 tetanus patients were admitted (81.8 percent male, mean age of 47.8 years).The tetanus infection was associated with professional activities in 54.5 percent of cases. The majority of patients (20 patients) presented with the generalized form of disease. Eighty-one percent of the patients had never received a tetanus vaccine or were unaware of their vaccine status. Following the injury, none had received appropriated passive prophylaxis, only two patients had received surgical debridement of wound and six patients received antibiotic therapy. Eleven patients (52.4 percent) experienced some cardiovascular complication. A pressure ulcer was the most frequent cardiovascular complication (38.1 percent), followed by arrhythmias (28.6 percent). Two of the patients developed bone fractures secondary to tetanus spasms, corresponding to 9.6 percent of sample. The tetanus lethality rate was 9.1 percent. Higher APACHE II severity scores and very severe status based on the Veronesi tetanus classification were significantly associated with the risk of death (p=0.04 and 0.03, respectively). The Veronesi classification was also associated with the risk of cardiovascular complications (p=0.013) and the length of the ICU stay (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the failure of primary medical care in vaccination and post-traumatic tetanus prophylaxis. Despite improvements in intensive care support, cardiovascular complications are still frequent in these patients. Individuals exhibiting high APACHE II scores and severe clinical forms of tetanus should be monitored closely due to a risk of death and cardiovascular complications.

Aging and HIV infection.

INTRODUCTION: Population aging has become a global phenomenon, and HIV infection among older individuals is also increasing. Because age can affect the progression of HIV infection, we aimed to evaluate the present knowledge on HIV infection in older patients. METHODS: Literature review of the last 20 years. RESULTS: Older HIV-infected patients have lower CD4(+) T cell counts, higher viral load and are more frequently symptomatic at diagnosis. The infection progresses more rapidly, with higher morbidity and lethality rates. However, older patients are more compliant to antiretroviral treatment; they experience a better virologic response, and treatment represents a positive clinical impact. Aging affects the complex interaction between HIV infection and the immune system. Both conditions contribute to the dysfunction of immune cells, including a decrease in the phagocytes' microbicidal capability, natural killer cells' cytolytic function, expression of toll-like receptors and production of interleukin-12. Chronic immune activation responsible for the depletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in HIV infection appears to worsen with senescence. Older patients also exhibit a less robust humoral response, with the production of less avid and specific antibodies. CONCLUSION: Both HIV and aging contribute to immune dysfunction, morbidity and mortality. However, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is beneficial for older patients, and treatment of older patients should not be discouraged.

Lethality and osteomuscular and cardiovascular complications in tetanus. / Letalidade e complicações osteomusculares e cardiovasculares no tétano.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the decline in the incidence of tetanus, this disease is still neglected in the developing world and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. With improvements in intensive care, it is important to better understand the complications of this serious condition. We aim to evaluate 1) the lethality and osteomuscular and cardiovascular complications of patients with tetanus who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 2) the risk factors associated with a poor prognosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that analyzed the medical records of all of the patients diagnosed with tetanus who were admitted to an infectious diseases ICU between January 2000 and December 2001. A standardized form that included demographic, clinical and laboratory data was completed. The clinical variables that were related to lethality and osteomuscular and cardiovascular complications were described. RESULTS: A total of 22 tetanus patients were admitted (81.8% male, mean age of 47.8 years).The tetanus infection was associated with professional activities in 54.5% of cases. The majority of patients (20 patients) presented with the generalized form of disease. Eighty-one percent of the patients had never received a tetanus vaccine or were unaware of their vaccine status. Following the injury, none had received appropriated passive prophylaxis, only two patients had received surgical debridement of wound and six patients received antibiotic therapy. Eleven patients (52.4%) experienced some cardiovascular complication. A pressure ulcer was the most frequent cardiovascular complication (38.1%), followed by arrhythmias (28.6%). Two of the patients developed bone fractures secondary to tetanus spasms, corresponding to 9.6% of sample. The tetanus lethality rate was 9.1%. Higher APACHE II severity scores and very severe status based on the Veronesi tetanus classification were significantly associated with the risk of death (p=0.04 and 0.03, respectively). The Veronesi classification was also associated with the risk of cardiovascular complications (p=0.013) and the length of the ICU stay (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the failure of primary medical care in vaccination and post-traumatic tetanus prophylaxis. Despite improvements in intensive care support, cardiovascular complications are still frequent in these patients. Individuals exhibiting high APACHE II scores and severe clinical forms of tetanus should be monitored closely due to a risk of death and cardiovascular complications.

Oral sensorimotor function for feeding in patients with tetanus.

Tetanus still remains a significant health problem in developing countries; it is a serious disease with a high mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to characterize the oral sensorimotor function for feeding in patients with tetanus. Thirteen patients clinically diagnosed with tetanus and admitted to an intensive care unit between December of 2005 and May of 2007 underwent a screening tool for dysphagia, involving the assessment of clinical features and 2 swallowing tests. Results indicate that the oral sensorimotor function for feeding in these patients is severely compromised, with the exception for the clinical feature of palate elevation and performance in the saliva swallowing test. The factor analysis indicated that the evaluation of tongue movement change in the oromotor examination is important in predicting alterations of cough/voice in the water swallowing test, thus suggesting that oral feeding might be unsafe. When looking at developing countries, the prolonged intensive medical and nursing care required by many patients with tetanus places extra demands on an already stretched healthcare budget. Intervention by a speech pathologist could mean that time in the ICU would be reduced as well as the number of re-admissions due to complications.

Seroprevalence of antibodies against varicella-zoster virus and response to the varicella vaccine in pediatric renal transplant patients.

The severity of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in immunocompromised children, especially in those receiving renal transplants, is well known. However, the use of live attenuated virus vaccine in this population is controversial. This study aimed to: (i) assess the immunization status of pediatric renal transplant recipients at our center; (ii) determine the anti-VZV antibody titers in such patients; (iii) evaluate the response to VZV vaccine in seronegative children and in those who present low antibody titers (defined as <500 mAU/mL). Vaccinated children were monitored for adverse effects for 8 wk after vaccination. Fifty patients with a mean age of 13.7 yr (range, 3-17 yr) were enrolled. In 49, blood samples were collected and antibodies were screened using ELISA. Seropositivity to VZV was found in 43 (88%), and antibody titers were >/=500 mAU/mL in 37 (75.5%). Of the 12 children who were eligible for vaccination and had antibody titers <500 mAU/mL, one developed varicella before vaccination, two did not meet the inclusion criteria, and three parents refused the vaccination. In the six vaccinated children, there were no adverse reactions to the vaccine, and four (66.6%) responded with anti-VZV titers >/=500 mAU/mL 6-8 wk after vaccination. In conclusion, after renal transplantation, varicella vaccine is safe with a 66% rate of conversion to high antibody titers.

Sindrome Lipodistrofica em HIV/Aids / Lipodystrophy Sindrome and HIV/Aids

A sobrevida dos pacientes infectados pelo HIV/Aids aumentou de forma significativa nos ultimos anos com a introducao da terapia anti-retroviral altamente potente (HAART), como consequencia, muitos efeitos colaterais anteriormente nao previstos ganharam importancia cada vez maior, entre eles a lipodistrofia. A sindrome de lipodistrofia e um conjunto de alteracoes anatomicas e metabolicas cuja a definicao, patogenia e tratamento ainda nao estao bem definidos. Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisao da literatura abordando os conceitos mais bem aceitos atualmente na definicao e patogenia, assim como o quadro clinico e as possibilidade terapeuticas da sindrome

Osteomielite por Salmonella enteritidis e hemoglobinopatia sc: relato de caso e revisao de literatura / Salmonella enteritidis osteomyelitis and Sickle cell hemoglobiriopathy: case report and review

A osteomielite por Salmonella e uma doenca rara, usualmente associada a anemia falciforme e outras hemoglobinopatias, assim como outros estados morbidos. Neste caso, a osteomielite foi causada aparentemente por uma disseminacao hematogenica de uma infeccao enterica por S. enteritidis. O comprometimento osseo, localizado em corpos vertebrais, evoluiu para cura com tratamento clinico prolongado. Sao discutidos os aspectos da patogenia assim como sao comparados os achados deste caso com os relatos existentes na literatura