Fifty ways to improve presentations in urology. / Cincuenta consejos para mejorar las presentaciones en urología.

BACKGROUND: Our profession permanently demands intercommunication of medical knowledge among colleagues; either in small environments such as hospitals or at larger ones such as congresses or academic courses. New technologies such as PowerPoint® are not developed enough to provide good presentations, and its employment does not always grant effective results. OBJECTIVE: In order to improve our academic presentations, we present several tools that may help us avoid the most common mistakes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar. We have divided the analysis into 3 sections: structure of the presentation, slide design, presentation to the audience. Each section includes a list of 50 short tips. RESULTS: Fifty tips following the study objectives. CONCLUSIONS: The scientific evidence that supports the information on how to improve presentations is mostly based on expert opinions. However, almost every work agrees that presentations must use simple structures which does not make them less scientific; their content must be developed for a specific audience, and it must be the speaker, not the slides, who captures the audience attention. Making a simple and didactic presentation of complex content supported by multimedia tools is one of the speaker's highest intellectual challenges of these days.

Factores predictivos de recidiva bioquímica temprana, intermedia y tardía tras prostatectomía radical mínimamente invasiva en una cohorte unicéntrica con seguimiento medio de 8 años / Predictors of early, intermediate and late biochemical recurrence after minimally invasive radical prostatectomy in a single-centre cohort with a mean follow-up of 8 years

Objetivo: Determinar factores predictivos de recidiva bioquímica (RB) temprana, intermedia y tardía después de prostatectomía radical mínimamente invasiva en pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 6.195 pacientes con cáncer de próstata cT1-3N0M0 intervenidos mediante prostatectomía radical laparoscópica (PRL) y robótica en nuestra institución entre 2000 y 2016. Ninguno recibió tratamiento adyuvante. La RB se definió como PSA ≥ 0,2 ng/dl. El tiempo hasta RB se dividió en terciles para identificar variables asociadas con recidiva temprana (< 12 meses), intermedia (12-36 meses) y tardía (> 36 meses). Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo asociados en cada intervalo. Resultados: Se identificaron 1.148 (18,3%) pacientes con RB. La mediana de tiempo hasta la RB fue de 24 meses (RIQ: 0,98-53,18). El análisis multivariable mostró que el PSA preoperatorio, la invasión ganglionar, los márgenes positivos y la PRL se asociaron con recidiva precoz (todos p ≤ 0,029). La cirugía laparoscópica fue el único predictor de recidiva intermedia (p = 0,001). Los predictores de recidiva tardía incluyeron un score de Gleason patológico ≥7, estadio ≥pT3, márgenes positivos y PRL (todos con p ≤ 0,02). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con cáncer de próstata de alto riesgo pueden desarrollar recurrencia tardía y precisar un seguimiento a largo plazo. La identificación de pacientes con mayor PSA e invasión ganglionar tiene un importante papel predictivo en el primer año tras la cirugía. La asociación entre PRL y RB merece una evaluación adicional

Objective: To determine the predictors of early, intermediate and late biochemical recurrence (BR) following minimally invasive radical prostatectomy in patients with localised prostate cancer (PC). Material and methods: We included 6195 patients with cT1-3N0M0 prostate cancer treated using radical laparoscopic prostatectomy (RLP) and radical robot-assisted prostatectomy at our institution between 2000 and 2016. None of the patients underwent adjuvant therapy. BR is defined as PSA levels ≥0.2 ng/dL. The time to BR is divided into terciles to identify the variables associated with early (< 12 months), intermediate (12-36 months) and late (> 36 months) recurrence. We employed logistic regression models to determine the risk factors associated with each interval. Results: We identified 1148 (18.3%) patients with BR. The mdian time to BR was 24 months (IQR, 0.98-53.18). The multivariate analysis showed that preoperative PSA levels, lymph node invasion, positive margins and RLP are associated with early recurrence (P≤ .029 for all). Laparoscopic surgery was the only predictor of intermediate recurrence (P = .001). The predictors of late recurrence included a pathological Gleason score ≥ 7, stage ≥ pT3, positive margins and RLP (P≤.02 for all). Conclusions: The patients with high-risk prostate cancer can develop late recurrence and require long-term follow-up. Identifying patients with higher PSA levels and lymph node invasion has an important predictive role in the first year after surgery. The association between RLP and BR warrants further assessment

Predictors of early, intermediate and late biochemical recurrence after minimally invasive radical prostatectomy in a single-centre cohort with a mean follow-up of 8 years. / Factores predictivos de recidiva bioquímica temprana, intermedia y tardía tras prostatectomía radical mínimamente invasiva en una cohorte unicéntrica con seguimiento medio de 8 años.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictors of early, intermediate and late biochemical recurrence (BR) following minimally invasive radical prostatectomy in patients with localised prostate cancer (PC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 6195 patients with cT1-3N0M0 prostate cancer treated using radical laparoscopic prostatectomy (RLP) and radical robot-assisted prostatectomy at our institution between 2000 and 2016. None of the patients underwent adjuvant therapy. BR is defined as PSA levels ≥0.2 ng/dL. The time to BR is divided into terciles to identify the variables associated with early (<12 months), intermediate (12-36 months) and late (>36 months) recurrence. We employed logistic regression models to determine the risk factors associated with each interval. RESULTS: We identified 1148 (18.3%) patients with BR. The median time to BR was 24 months (IQR, 0.98-53.18). The multivariate analysis showed that preoperative PSA levels, lymph node invasion, positive margins and RLP are associated with early recurrence (P≤.029 for all). Laparoscopic surgery was the only predictor of intermediate recurrence (P=.001). The predictors of late recurrence included a pathological Gleason score ≥7, stage ≥pT3, positive margins and RLP (P≤.02 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The patients with high-risk prostate cancer can develop late recurrence and require long-term follow-up. Identifying patients with higher PSA levels and lymph node invasion has an important predictive role in the first year after surgery. The association between RLP and BR warrants further assessment.

Clinical performance of transperineal template guided mapping biopsy for therapeutic decision making in low risk prostate cancer. / Rendimiento clínico de biopsia de mapeo guiada por plantilla transperineal para la toma de decisiones terapéuticas en el cáncer de próstata de bajo riesgo.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of Transperineal Template guided Mapping Biopsy (TTMB) in determining the management strategy in patients with low risk prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: We retroscpectively evaluated 169 patients who underwent TTMB at our institution from February 2008 to June 2011. Ninety eight of them harbored indolent PCa defined as: Prostate Specific Antigen<10ng/ml, Gleason score 6 or less, clinical stage T2a or less, unilateral disease and a maximum of one third positive cores at first biopsy and<50% of the core involved. TTMB results were analyzed for Gleason score upgrading and upstaging as compared to initial TransRectal UltraSound (TRUS) biopsies and its influence on the change in the treatment decisions. RESULTS: TTMB detected cancer in 64 (65%) patients. The upgrade, upstage and both were noted in 33% (n=21), 12% (n=8) and 7% (n=5) respectively of the detected cancers. The disease characteristics was similar to initial TRUS in 30 (48%) patients and TTMB was negative in 34 (35%) patients. Prostate volume was significantly smaller in patients with upgrade and/or upstage noted at TTMB (45.4 vs 37.9; P=.03). TTMB results influenced 73.5% of upgraded and/or upstaged patients to receive radical treatment while 81% of the patients with unmodified stage and/or grade continued active surveillance or focal therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with low risk PCa diagnosed by TRUS, subsequent TTMB demonstrated cancer upgrade and/or upstage in about one-third of the patients and resulted in eventual change in treatment decision.

[Urachal adenocarcinoma treated with robotic assisted laparoscopy partial cystectomy]. / Cistectomóa parcial laparoscópica asistida por robot Da Vinci para el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma de uraco.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of urachal adenocarcinoma treated with robotic assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy and en-bloc exeresis of urachus and umbilicus and bibliographic review. METHODS: A 63 year-old man with hematuria and hypogastric pain. He was diagnosed of urachal adenocarcinoma by transurethral resection and axial tomography. We performed a robotic assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy using a da Vinci® S HD (Intuitive Surgical System) device. We describe the surgical technique and examine total length of time for surgery and for console, pathology report, margin status, postoperative outcome and oncological status 7 months after surgery. RESULTS: 4 ports were used for robotic arms and one additional for the assistant. Cystoscopy was performed during surgery to mark tumor margins. Bladder was closed using a running suture with Poliglactin 0. Total length time for surgery was 2hs 28 minutes, console time was 1h54'. Two days later patient was discharged and no complication was reported. After two weeks Foley cathether was removed and bladder volume was 300ml. Pathology report informed undifferentiated urachal adenocarcinoma with perivesical tissue infiltration with margins free from tumor, corresponding to Sheldon IIIB and Ontario III classification. Seven months later patient was fee from recurrence. CONCLUSION: Robotic assisted laparoscopy partial cystectomy with en-bloc exeresis of urachal and umbilicus is feasible.

Cistectomía parcial laparoscópica asistida por robot da Vinci para el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma de uraco / Urachal adenocarcinoma treated with robotic assisted laparoscopy partial cystectomy

OBJETIVO: Describir un caso de adenocarcinoma de uraco tratado con cistectomía parcial con extracción en bloque del uraco y ombligo por vía laparoscópica asistida por robot y hacer una revisión de la literatura. MÉTODOS: Varón de 63 años que consultó por hematuria y dolor durante la micción en hipogastrio diagnosticado de adenocarcinoma localizado de uraco mediante resección transuretral de vejiga y tomografía axial computada (TAC). Se realizó una cistectomía parcial laparoscópica asistida por robot utilizando una unidad da Vinci® (Intuitive Surgical System) modelo S HD de cuatro brazos. Describimos la técnica quirúrgica y evaluamos el tiempo de consola, tiempo quirúrgico total, sangrado introperatorio, anatomía patológica, márgenes quirúrgicos, evolución postoperatoria y su situación clínica tras 5 meses de seguimiento. RESULTADOS: Se dispusieron 4 trocares robóticos y uno adicional para la aspiración. Se demarco el limite vesical por vía endoscópica para asegurar márgenes negativos.. El tiempo de consola fue de 1:54hs, tiempo total de cirugía de 2:48hs con un sangrado de 100ml. Evolucionó sin complicaciones con alta a las 48hs. La sonda vesical fue retirada a los 15 días permaneciendo con una capacidad vesical de 300ml al mes de la cirugía. La anatomía patológica informó un adenocarcinoma de uraco pobremente diferenciado con infiltración del tejido fibroadiposo perivesical y márgenes quirúrgicos libres de tumor. Clasificación de Sheldon IIIB y Ontario III. Sin signos de recidiva a los 7 meses de seguimiento. CONCLUSIÓN: La cistectomía parcial con extracción en bloque del uraco y ombligo realizada por vía laparoscópica asistida por robot es factible (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of urachal adenocarcinoma treated with robotic assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy and en-bloc exeresis of urachus and umbilicus and bibliographic review. METHODS: A 63 year-old man with hematuria and hypogastric pain. He was diagnosed of urachal adenocarcinoma by transurethral resection and axial tomography. We performed a robotic assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy using a da Vinci® S HD (Intuitive Surgical System) device. We describe the surgical technique and examine total length of time for surgery and for console, pathology report, margin status, postoperative outcome and oncological status 7 months after surgery. RESULTS: 4 ports were used for robotic arms and one additional for the assistant. Cystoscopy was performed during surgery to mark tumor margins. Bladder was closedusing a running suture with Poliglactin 0. Total length time for surgery was 2hs 28 minutes, console time was 1h54`. Two days later patient was discharged and no complication was reported. After two weeks Foley cathether was removed and bladder volume was 300ml. Pathology report informed undifferentiated urachal adenocarcinoma with perivesical tissue infiltration with margins free from tumor, corresponding to Sheldon IIIB and Ontario III classification. Seven months later patient was fee from recurrence. CONCLUSION: Robotic assisted laparoscopy partial cystectomy with en-bloc exeresis of urachal and umbilicus is feasible (AU)

[Primary laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ-cell testis tumor]. / Linfadenectomía retroperitoneal laparoscópica primaria para el tumor testicular de células germinales no seminomatoso en estadio clínico I.

INTRODUCTION: this report is intended to retrospectively assess cancer control and morbidity of primary laparoscopic reproperitoneal lymphadenectomy (L-RPLND) in patients with clinical Stage I non seminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: one hundred and sixty-four patients with clinical Stage I NSGCT underwent primary diagnostic LRPLND between 1993 and 2006. Patients were operated unilaterally limiting the dissection to templates. Kaplan Meier curves were generated estimating time to recurrence. RESULTS: of the 164 patients, 82 (48%) had embryonal components and 35 (20%) lymphovascular invasion in the orchiectomy specimen. The median (IQR) age, operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss and number of lymph nodes retrieved was 28 years (24-33), 135 minutes. (120- 180), 48 hours (24-48), 50 cc (20-100) and 14 (10-18) nodes, respectively. All patients had negative serum markers preoperatively. Presence of lymph node metastasis was identified in 32 (19.5%) patients. Follow-up was available in 15 of these. Fourteen received adjuvant chemotherapy and 2 of them had recurrence at 3 and 64 months. Absence of lymph node metastasis was diagnosed in 132 (80.5%) patients. Follow-up was available in 80 of these. Among them 7 recurred (5 retroperitoneum, 2 lung), one of them 33 months after L-RPLND. Median follow-up for patients without recurrence was 14 months (IQR:4-35). The cumulative 3-year recurrence free rate was 82% (95%CI: 64-91). Seventeen (10%) of 164 patients had intra or perioperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: this is the largest series of L-RPLND performed in a single institution. Both morbidity and oncologic safety of this technique needs to be prospectively evaluated in randomized trials.

Linfadenectomía retroperitoneal laparoscópica primaria para el tumor testicular de células germinales no seminomatoso en estadio clínico I / Primary laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ-cell testis tumor

Introducción: el propósito de este informe es evaluar retrospectivamente el seguimiento de cáncer y la mortalidad en linfadenectomía retroperitoneal laparoscópica (LRL) primaria en pacientes con tumor de células germinales no seminomatoso (TCGNS) es estadio clínico I. Materiales y métodos: ciento sesenta y cuatro pacientes con TCGNS en estadio clínico I se sometieron a LRL diagnóstica primaria entre 1993 y 2006. Los pacientes fueron operados unilateralmente limitando la disección a áreas. Se generaron curvas Kaplan Meier estimando el período de recurrencia. Resultados: de los 164 pacientes 82 (48%) tenían componentes embrionarios y 35 (20%) invasión linfovascular en la muestra de orquiectomía. La edad media (RI), tiempo operatorio, estancia en el hospital, pérdida de sangre y número de ganglios linfáticos recuperados fueron 28 años (24-33), 135 minutos (120-180), 48 horas (24-48), 50 cc (20-100) y 14 (10-18) ganglios linfáticos, respectivamente. Todos los pacientes tenían marcador sérico negativo antes de la intervención. La presencia de metástasis en ganglios linfáticos se identificó en 32 (19,5%) pacientes. Se hizo un seguimiento en 15 de ellos. Catorce recibieron quimioterapia adyuvante y dos de ellos sufrieron recurrencia a los 3 y 64 meses. La ausencia de metástasis en ganglios linfáticos se diagnosticó en 132 (80,5%) pacientes. Se hizo un seguimiento en 80 de ellos. Entre ellos 7 sufrieron recurrencia (5 retroperitoneo, 2 pulmonar), uno de ellos a los 33 meses de la LRL. El seguimiento medio de los pacientes sin recurrencia fue de 14 meses (RI: 4-35). La tasa acumulada de supervivencia libre de enfermedad a los tres años fue del 82% (IC 95%: 64-91). Diecisiete de 164 (10%) padecieron complicaciones intra o perioperatorias. Conclusiones: ésta es la serie más larga de LRL llevada a cabo en una única institución. Tanto la mortalidad como la seguridad oncológica de esta técnica deben ser evaluadas prospectivamente en ensayos aleatorios (AU)

Introduction: this report is intended to retrospectively assess cancer control and morbidity of primary laparoscopic reproperitoneal lymphadenectomy (L-RPLND) in patients with clinical Stage I non seminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT). Materials and methods: one hundred and sixty-four patients with clinical Stage I NSGCT underwent primary diagnostic LRPLND between 1993 and 2006. Patients were operated unilaterally limiting the dissection to templates. Kaplan Meier curves were generated estimating time to recurrence. Results: of the 164 patients, 82 (48%) had embryonal components and 35 (20%) lymphovascular invasion in the orchiectomy specimen. The median (IQR) age, operative time, length of hospital stay, blood loss and number of lymph nodes retrieved was 28 years (24-33), 135 minutes. (120- 180), 48 hours (24-48), 50 cc (20-100) and 14 (10-18) nodes, respectively. All patients had negative serum markers preoperatively. Presence of lymph node metastasis was identified in 32 (19.5%) patients. Follow-up was available in 15 of these. Fourteen received adjuvant chemotherapy and 2 of them had recurrence at 3 and 64 months. Absence of lymph node metastasis was diagnosed in 132 (80.5%) patients. Follow-up was available in 80 of these. Among them 7 recurred (5 retroperitoneum, 2 lung), one of them 33 months after L-RPLND. Median follow-up for patients without recurrence was 14 months (IQR:4-35). The cumulative 3-year recurrence free rate was 82% (95%CI: 64-91). Seventeen (10%) of 164 patients had intra or perioperative complications. Conclusions: this is the largest series of L-RPLND performed in a single institution. Both morbidity and oncologic safety of this technique needs to be prospectively evaluated in randomized trials (AU)

Duplex Doppler ultrasound assessment of clitoral hemodynamics after topical administration of alprostadil in women with arousal and orgasmic disorders.

There are limited hemodynamic data in women with arousal or orgasmic disorders and even fewer normative control hemodynamic data in women without sexual dysfunction. In addition, there is limited experience with topical vasoactive agents (used to maximize genital smooth muscle relaxation) applied to the external genitalia during hemodynamic evaluations. The aim of this study was to report duplex Doppler ultrasound clitoral cavernosal arterial changes before and after topical PGE-1 (Alprostadil) administration in control women and in patients with arousal and orgasmic sexual disorders. We found that women with sexual arousal and orgasmic disorders had significantly (p < 0.05) diminished clitoral peak systolic and end diastolic velocity responses compared to controls. Further research is needed to establish the diagnostic role of topical vasoactive agents in the hemodynamic evaluation of women with sexual dysfunction.

Incidence and nature of the most common rugby injuries sustained in Argentina (1991-1997).

OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of the most commonly sustained injuries in Argentine rugby and analyse them according to type, position and age of the players, and phase and time of play. METHODS: A prospective registry of injuries was constructed in different provincial unions of Argentina. Data were collected during a whole weekend each year from 1991 to 1997. Chi2 with Yates correction test, contingency tables, odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated (Epi Info Version 6.04a). RESULTS: A total of 924 injuries were registered in 1296 rugby games, involving 38 933 players. The mean (SD) incidence per weekend was 2.4 (0.2)% (95% CI 2.22 to 2.53), and the number of injuries per season was 24,188. Overall, senior players suffered more injuries than those in younger divisions (OR = 1.53; 95% CI 1.34 to 1.76; p<0.0001). The most common type of injury was pulled muscles of the lower limbs (11.7%, p<0.0001). Overall, the knee was the most susceptible to injury (14.1%, p<0.0001). Senior players suffered more pulled muscles of the lower limbs (OR = 2.99; 95% CI 2.01 to 4.46; p<0.0001), ankle ligament distension (OR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.53; p = 0.01), knee trauma (OR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.68; p = 0.02), bleeding wounds on the face (OR = 3.86; 95% CI 2.24 to 6.70; p<0.0001), and knee ligament distension (OR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.16 to 3.96; p = 0.01). Younger players had a greater risk of suffering muscular or ligament injuries of the cervical column (OR = 3.0; 95% CI 1.05 to 10.08; p = 0.04). The forwards had a higher risk of injury (OR = 1.41; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.61; p<0.0001). The most commonly injured player was the flanker (15.5%, p<0.01), and the most common mechanism was in open play (33%). More injuries were sustained in the second half (OR = 1.17; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.34; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Injuries are the cause of significant morbidity among rugby players in Argentina. A more thorough investigation and a greater understanding of the mechanisms are crucial in order to update the rugby laws and reduce this high injury incidence.

Disabling injuries of the cervical spine in Argentine rugby over the last 20 years.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of disabling injuries to the cervical spine in rugby in Argentina. METHODS: A retrospective review of all cases reported to the Medical Committee of the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) and Rugby Amistad Foundation was carried out including a follow up by phone. Cumulative binomial distribution, chi 2 test, Fisher test, and comparison of proportions were used to analyse relative incidence and risk of injury by position and by phase of play (Epi Info 6, Version 6.04a). RESULTS: Eighteen cases of disabling injury to the cervical spine were recorded from 1977 to 1997 (0.9 cases per year). The forwards (14 cases) were more prone to disabling injury of the cervical spine than the backs (four cases) (p = 0.03). Hookers (9/18) were at highest risk of injury (p < 0.01). The most frequent cervical injuries occurred at the 4th, 5th, and 6th vertebrae. Seventeen of the injuries occurred during match play. Set scrums were responsible for most of the injuries (11/18) but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.44). The mean age of the injured players was 22. Tetraplegia was initially found in all cases. Physical rehabilitation has been limited to the proximal muscles of the upper limbs, except for two cases of complete recovery. One death, on the seventh day after injury, was reported. CONCLUSIONS: The forwards suffered a higher number of injuries than the backs and this difference was statistically significant. The chance of injury for hookers was statistically higher than for the rest of the players and it was particularly linked to scrummaging. However, the number of injuries incurred in scrums was not statistically different from the number incurred in other phases of play.