Prevalência de genótipos em portadores crônicos do vírus da hepatite C / Prevalence of genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus

Objetivo: Conhecer a prevalência dos genótipos do vírus da hepatite C, comparando-a com os dados de trabalhos semelhantes realizados no país. Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo retrospectivo, no qual foi analisado o banco de dados do Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Espírito Santo, para verificação de exames realizados no período de dezembro de 2004 a dezembro de 2012. Resultados: Foram analisados 1.649 registros de pacientes anti-HCV positivos submetidos à detecção da quantificação do RNA do vírus da hepatite C e genotipagem. O RNA viral foi detectado em 72,71% dos pacientes analisados. O genótipo mais prevalente foi o 1, com 79,10%, seguido do 3, com 16,70%, do 2, com 3,24% e do 4, com 0,96%. Não tiveram sua genotipagem descrita 151 portadores do vírus. Os subgenótipos mais frequente dentre os examinados foram os tipos 1a e 1b, apresentando, inclusive, um genótipo duplo 2a/2c. Conclusão: Os dados refletiram a situação epidemiológica em relação aos portadores crônicos e prevalência de genótipos.

Objective: To know the prevalence of genotypes of hepatitis C virus, comparing it with data from similar studies conducted in Brazil. Methods: Retrospective descriptive observational study in which we analyzed the database of the Central Public Health Laboratory of the state of Espirito Santo, to check the exams performed from December 2004 to December 2012. Results: The records of 1649 patients who were anti-HCV-positive and underwent HCV RNA detection and genotypingwere analyzed. The viral RNA was detected in 72.71 % of these patients. The most prevalent genotype was genotype 1 with 79.10 %, followed by 16.70% with genotype 3, 3.24 % with genotype 2, and 0.96 % with genotype 4. The genotyping of 151 carriers of the virus was not described. The most common subgenotypes were types 1a and 1b, even with a double 2a/2c genotype. Conclusions: Data reflect the epidemiological situation regarding chronic carriers and prevalence of genotypes.

Low bone mass prevalence, therapy type, and clinical risk factors in an HIV-infected Brazilian population.

Low bone mineral density (BMD) has been described in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, but data on associated factors are still unclear, and to our knowledge, no reports are available in Brazil. Our goal was to evaluate BMD in HIV patients attending an outpatient clinic in Vitoria, Brazil. A sectional study was performed in 300 HIV-infected patients to measure BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Age, gender, anthropometric parameters, nadir and current CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, smoking habit, and current antiretroviral therapy (ART) associations were investigated by multivariable analysis. Based on World Health Organization T-score ranges, low BMD (T-score <-1.0 standard deviation [SD] in postmenopausal women and men aged 50 and older or Z-score <- 2.0 SD in premenopausal women and men below the age of 50) was detected in 54.7% (95% confidence interval: 49.1-60.3%) of the 300 enrolled patients. The observed median age was 46 yr (interquartile range: 39-52), 58% were male, 88.5% were on ART, and 21.4% smoked. The following factors were identified, by multiple logistic modeling, as being independently associated with low BMD: (1) male gender (4.6 [1.28-16.39]), (2) body mass index lower than 25 kg/m(2) (2.9 [1.31-6.49]), (3) menopause (13.4 [2.53-71.12]), and (4) HIV-1 undetectable viral load (7.9 [1.96-32.25]). Conversely, zidovudine (0.2 [0.04-0.85]) and nevirapine (0.1 [0.02-0.38]) use were inversely associated with low BMD. Low BMD was frequently found in our cohort of about 300 Brazilian HIV-infected subjects. This study supports the need for periodic DXA testing in HIV outpatient clinics.

Abdômen agudo por citomegalovírus na síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. Relato de caso / Acute abdomen by cytomegalovirus in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O diagnóstico diferencial da dor abdominal em pacientes com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA) merece especial importância dentre a variedade de etiologias envolvidas. A infecção por citomegalovírus (CMV) tem expressiva relevância, em especial quando a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ está abaixo de 50 cel/mm3, visto que a sua soroprevalência pode chegar a 100% na população adulta de países em desenvolvimento. O quadro clínico da enterite por CMV pode variarde diarreia leve com cólicas abdominais até perfuração intestinal, com abdômen agudo e potencial risco de morte. Sendo assim, frente a evidências clínicas de abdômen agudo por CMV, o tratamento antiviral específico deve ser iniciado, mesmo sem a confirmação diagnóstica uma vez que há boa resposta clínica ao tratamento e seu atraso pode agravar o prognóstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi alertar para se incluir a suspeita de infecção por citomegalovirus como possível diagnóstico diferencial de etiologia de abdômen agudo em paciente com SIDA e imunodeficiência grave, possibilitando tratamento específico precoce e melhorado prognóstico. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 42 anos, portador do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) comcontagem de linfócitos T CD4+ = 32 cel/mm3 e quadro de dor abdominal com sinais de irritação peritoneal, compatível com abdômen agudo foi submetido à laparotomia de emergência. À cirurgia havia sinais de isquemia e perfuração intestinal, e procedeu-se a enterectomia com ileostomia e colostomia. O quadro foi atribuído à infecção pelo CMV e prontamente prescrito terapia com ganciclovir havendo boa resposta clínica. O resultado do exame histopatológico mostrou-se compatível com infecção por CMV. CONCLUSÃO: Em paciente portador de SIDA com quadro de abdômen agudo, dentre outras etiologias possíveis, deve-se pensar em citomegalovírus quando houver suspeita clínica ou laboratorial de imunodepressão grave.

Longitudinal comparison between plasma and seminal HIV-1 viral loads during antiretroviral treatment

This study was designed to investigate the impact of anti-retroviral therapy on both plasma and seminal HIV-1 viral loads and the correlation between viral loads in these compartments after treatment. Viral load, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts were evaluated in paired plasma and semen samples from 36 antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients at baseline and on days 45, 90, and 180 of treatment. Slopes for blood and seminal viral loads in all treated patients were similar (p = 0.21). Median HIV-1 RNA titers in plasma and semen at baseline were 4.95 log10 and 4.48 log10 copies/ml, respectively. After 180 days of therapy, the median viral load declined to 3.15 log10 copies/ml (plasma) and 3.2 log10 copies/ml (semen). At this timepoint 22 patients presented HIV-1 viral load below 400 copies/ml in either plasma or semen, but only 9 had viral loads below 400 copies/ml in both compartments.

Longitudinal comparison between plasma and seminal HIV-1 viral loads during antiretroviral treatment.

This study was designed to investigate the impact of anti-retroviral therapy on both plasma and seminal HIV-1 viral loads and the correlation between viral loads in these compartments after treatment. Viral load, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts were evaluated in paired plasma and semen samples from 36 antiretroviral therapy-naive patients at baseline and on days 45, 90, and 180 of treatment. Slopes for blood and seminal viral loads in all treated patients were similar (p = 0.21). Median HIV-1 RNA titers in plasma and semen at baseline were 4.95 log10 and 4.48 log10 copies/ml, respectively. After 180 days of therapy, the median viral load declined to 3.15 log10 copies/ml (plasma) and 3.2 log10 copies/ml (semen). At this timepoint 22 patients presented HIV-1 viral load below 400 copies/ml in either plasma or semen, but only 9 had viral loads below 400 copies/ml in both compartments.

Lack of correlation between seminal and plasma HIV-1 viral loads is associated with CD4 T cell depletion in therapy-naïve HIV-1+ patients.

The present study was conducted to investigate a possible correlation between plasma (PVL) and seminal viral load (SVL) on treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients in Vitória, ES, Brazil. We also evaluated whether the progressive immunosuppression associated with HIV disease (as evidenced by declining CD4 T cell counts) has any impact on the correlation between PVL and SVL HIV-1. Viral load on paired blood and semen samples from 56 consecutive treatment-naïve patients were evaluated and compared to CD4 cell counts. Viral load and T cell counts (cells/microl) were determined by NASBA and by flow cytometry, respectively. Overall, a strong positive correlation between PVL and SVL (rho = 0.438, p = 0.001) was observed. However, when patients were grouped according to their CD4 counts, this correlation was only significant among patients with CD4 counts > 200 cells/microl. Results presented here demonstrate the existence of a strong correlation between PVL and SVL on patients with CD4 cell counts > 200 cells/microl, suggesting that this association may correlate with disease progression.

Lack of correlation between seminal and plasma HIV-1 viral loads is associated with CD4T cell depletion in therapy-naïve HIV-1+ patients

The present study was conducted to investigate a possible correlation between plasma (PVL) and seminal viral load (SVL) on treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients in Vitória, ES, Brazil. We also evaluated whether the progressive immunosuppression associated with HIV disease (as evidenced by declining CD4 T cell counts) has any impact on the correlation between PVL and SVL HIV-1. Viral load on paired blood and semen samples from 56 consecutive treatment-naïve patients were evaluated and compared to CD4 cell counts. Viral load and T cell counts (cells/æl) were determined by NASBA and by flow cytometry, respectively. Overall, a strong positive correlation between PVL and SVL (rho = 0.438, p = 0.001) was observed. However, when patients were grouped according to their CD4 counts, this correlation was only significant among patients with CD4 counts > 200 cells/æl. Results presented here demonstrate the existence of a strong correlation between PVL and SVL on patients with CD4 cell counts > 200 cells/æl, suggesting that this association may correlate with disease progression