Current and Projected Mortality and Hospitalization Rates Associated With Conditional Cash Transfer, Social Pension, and Primary Health Care Programs in Brazil, 2000-2030.

Importance: The health outcomes of increased poverty and inequalities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have been substantially amplified as a consequence of converging multiple crises. Brazil has some of the world's largest conditional cash transfer (Programa Bolsa Família [PBF]), social pension (Beneficio de Prestacão Continuada [BPC]), and primary health care (Estratégia de Saúde da Família [ESF]) programs that could act as mitigating interventions during the current polycrisis era of increasing poverty, slow or contracting economic growth, and conflicts. Objective: To evaluate the combined association of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer, social pension, and primary health care programs with the reduction of morbidity and mortality over the last 2 decades and forecast their potential mitigation of the current global polycrisis and beyond. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used a longitudinal ecological design with multivariable negative binomial regression models (adjusted for relevant socioeconomic, demographic, and health care variables) integrating the retrospective analysis from 2000 to 2019, with dynamic microsimulation models to forecast potential child mortality scenarios up to 2030. Participants included a cohort of 2548 Brazilian municipalities from 2004 to 2019, projected from 2020 to 2030. Data analysis was performed from September 2022 to February 2023. Exposure: PBF coverage of the target population (those who were poorest) was categorized into 4 levels: low (0%-29.9%), intermediate (30.0%-69.9%), high (70.0%-99.9%), and consolidated (≥100%). ESF coverage was categorized as null (0), low (0.1%-29.9%), intermediate (30.0%-69.9%), and consolidated (70.0%-100%). BPC coverage was categorized by terciles. Main outcomes and measures: Age-standardized, all-cause mortality and hospitalization rates calculated for the entire population and by age group (<5 years, 5-29 years, 30-69 years, and ≥70 years). Results: Among the 2548 Brazilian municipalities studied from 2004 to 2019, the mean (SD) age-standardized mortality rate decreased by 16.64% (from 6.73 [1.14] to 5.61 [0.94] deaths per 1000 population). Consolidated coverages of social welfare programs studied were all associated with reductions in overall mortality rates (PBF: rate ratio [RR], 0.95 [95% CI, 0.94-0.96]; ESF: RR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.93-0.94]; BPC: RR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.91-0.92]), having all together prevented an estimated 1 462 626 (95% CI, 1 332 128-1 596 924) deaths over the period 2004 to 2019. The results were higher on mortality for the group younger than age 5 years (PBF: RR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.85-0.90]; ESF: RR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.87-0.93]; BPC: RR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.82-0.86]), on mortality for the group aged 70 years and older, and on hospitalizations. Considering a shorter scenario of economic crisis, a mitigation strategy that will increase the coverage of PBF, BPC, and ESF to proportionally cover the newly poor and at-risk individuals was projected to avert 1 305 359 (95% CI, 1 163 659-1 449 256) deaths and 6 593 224 (95% CI, 5 534 591-7 651 327) hospitalizations up to 2030, compared with fiscal austerity scenarios that would reduce the coverage of these interventions. Conclusions and relevance: This cohort study's results suggest that combined expansion of conditional cash transfers, social pensions, and primary health care should be considered a viable strategy to mitigate the adverse health outcomes of the current global polycrisis in LMICs, whereas the implementation of fiscal austerity measures could result in large numbers of preventable deaths.

Access to health and social protection policies by homeless people during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods case study on tailored inter-sector care during a health emergency.

Introduction: The article analyzed homeless people's (HP) access to health and social protection policies and tailored inter-sector care, including emergency measures, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Belo Horizonte (BH), capital of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. It intended to provide data on HP and evaluate existing public policies focused on vulnerable populations during this health emergency. Methods: The study adopted a mixed-methods design with triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data. Results: Social cartography showed that in the early months of the pandemic, the health administration had difficulty reordering the health system, which experienced constant updates in the protocols but was nevertheless consolidated over the months. The evidence collected in the study showed that important emergency interventions in the municipality of BH involved activities that facilitated access by HP to the supply of services. Discussion: The existence of national guidelines for inter-sector care for HP cannot be ruled out as a positive influence, although the municipalities are responsible for their implementation. Significantly, a health emergency was necessary to intensify the relationship between health and social protection services. Roving services were among those with the greatest positive evidence, with the least need for infrastructure to be replicated at the local level. In addition, the temporary supply of various inter-sector services, simultaneously with the provision of day shelters by organized civil society, was considered a key factor for expanding and intensifying networks of care for HP during the emergency phase. A plan exists to continue and expand this model in the future. The study concluded that understanding the inter-sector variables that impact HP contributes to better targeting of investments in interventions that work at the root causes of these issues or that increase the effectiveness of health and social protection systems.

Desafios e possibilidades da jurimetria na judicialização em saúde: uma investigação em Minas Gerais do período 2014 a 2020 / Challenges and possibilities of jurimetry in health judicialization: an investigation in Minas Gerais state from 2014 2020 / Desafíos y posibilidades de la jurimetría en la judicialización de la salud: una investigación en Minas Gerais de 2014 a 2020

Objetivo: analisar os processos de saúde, de medicamentos e de medicamentos antineoplásicos em Minas Gerais, em 2014 a 2020, a partir da comparação de diferentes bases de dados. Metodologia: foram utilizadas técnicas de pareamento de bases de dados entre os processos existentes no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Minas Gerais e os processos recebidos pela Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Minas Gerais, descreveram-se as dificuldades encontradas na identificação e quantificação desses processos, e os resultados encontrados foram comparados com informações provenientes de outras fontes. Resultados: nas bases do Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais foram identificados 564.763 processos de saúde. Houve um aumento significativo do número de processos até 2017 e uma estabilização, em patamares altos, a partir de 2017. Ao comparar com os resultados obtidos pelo Instituto Superior de Ensino e Pesquisa e pelo Laboratório de Inovação, Inteligência e Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, houve uma importante divergência nos números de processos. Tomando como exemplo a judicialização de saúde contra o estado de Minas Gerais, não foi possível encontrar de forma direta todos os processos recebidos pela Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Minas Gerais nas diversas bases fornecidas pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais, tendo sido necessária uma integração entre as diferentes bases de dados e uma busca adicional para identificar todos os processos. Conclusão: recomendam-se a padronização e organização dos dados dos processos judiciais em saúde, já na entrada de dados, para facilitar a realização de estudos quantitativos sobre a judicialização da saúde.

Objective: to analyze the health, drug, and antineoplastic drug lawsuits in Minas Gerais, in 2014 to 2020, from the comparison of different databases. Methodology: database pairing techniques were used to link lawsuits from the Minas Gerais State Court of Justice with the processes received by the Minas Gerais Health State Department, the difficulties encountered in identifying and quantifying these processes were described, and the results found were compared with information from other sources. Results: in the Minas Gerais State Court of Justice databases, 564,763 health lawsuits were identified in the studied period. There was a significant increase in the number of processes until 2017 and a stabilization, at high levels, from 2017 onwards. In comparison with the results obtained by the Institute of Higher Education and Research and the Laboratory of Innovation, Intelligence and Sustainable Development Goals there was a great divergence in the number of processes found. Conclusion: taking the health judicialization against Minas Gerais state as an example, it was not possible to directly find all the processes received by Minas Gerais Health State Department in the various databases provided by the Minas Gerais State Court of Justice, requiring integration between the different databases and an additional search to identify all processes.

Objetivo: analizar los juicios de salud, drogas y medicamentos antineoplásicos en Minas Gerais, en 2014 a 2020, a partir de la comparación de diferentes bases de datos. Metodología: técnicas de emparejamiento de bases de datos fueron utilizadas para vincular los juicios existentes en el Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Minas Gerais con los procesos recibidos por la Secretaría de Estado de Salud de Minas Gerais, las dificultades encontradas en la identificación y cuantificación de esos procesos fueron descritas, y los resultados encontrados fueron comparados con informaciones de otras fuentes. Resultados: en las bases del Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Minas Gerais se identificaron 564.763 procesos de salud. Hubo un aumento significativo en el número de procesos hasta 2017 y una estabilización, en niveles altos, a partir de 2017. Sin embargo, al comparar con los resultados obtenidos por el Instituto Superior de Educación e Investigación y por el Laboratorio de Innovación, Inteligencia y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible hubo una divergencia importante en el número de procesos. Conclusión: tomando como ejemplo la judicialización de la salud contra el estado de Minas Gerais, no era posible encontrar directamente todos los procesos recibidos por la Secretaría de Estado de Salud de Minas Gerais en las diversas bases de datos proporcionadas por el Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Minas Gerais, lo que requería una integración entre las diferentes bases de datos y una búsqueda adicional a identificar todos los procesos.

Health inequalities in Brazil: proposed prioritization to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. / Desigualdades de saúde no Brasil: proposta de priorização para alcance dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável.

This study aimed to develop a prioritization index to speed up the achievement of national health targets proposed in the 2030 Agenda. This is an ecological study that addressed the Health Regions in Brazil. The index incorporated 25 indicators with analytical proximity to the official indicators of the 2030 Agenda whose data are available from public municipal sources for the period of 2015-2019. According to our study, the index was a powerful method to support health management decisions. The results showed the most vulnerable territories are located in the North Region of the country, and therefore, these are priority areas for resource allocation. The analysis of subindices highlighted local health bottlenecks, reinforcing the need for municipalities in each region to set their own priorities while making decisions for health resource allocation. By indicating Health Regions and priority themes for more investments, this investigation shows paths to support the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, from the local to the national level, in addition to providing elements that can be used by policy makers to minimize the effects of social inequalities on health, prioritizing territories with worse indices.

O objetivo deste artigo é desenvolver um índice de priorização para aceleração do cumprimento das metas nacionais de saúde propostas pela Agenda 2030. Trata-se de estudo ecológico que abordou as Regiões de Saúde do Brasil. O índice incorporou 25 indicadores com proximidade analítica aos indicadores oficiais da Agenda 2030, para os quais existem dados de fontes públicas no nível municipal para o período de 2015 a 2019. O índice apresentou-se como potente método para apoiar a decisão da gestão em saúde. Os resultados permitiram identificar que a Região Norte do país apresenta os territórios mais vulneráveis e, portanto, prioritários para a alocação de recursos. Além disso, a análise dos subíndices permitiu destacar os gargalos locais de saúde, reforçando a necessidade de os municípios de cada região estabelecerem suas próprias prioridades na decisão de alocação dos recursos da saúde. Ao indicar as Regiões de Saúde e os temas prioritários para maiores investimentos, esta investigação aponta caminhos que podem apoiar a implementação da Agenda 2030 do nível local ao nacional, além de fornecer elementos por meio dos quais os formuladores de políticas podem minimizar os efeitos das iniquidades sociais sobre a saúde, priorizando os territórios com piores índices.

El objetivo fue desarrollar un índice de priorización para acelerar el cumplimiento de las metas nacionales de salud propuestas por la Agenda 2030. Se trata de un estudio ecológico que abordó las Regiones de Salud de Brasil. El índice incorporó 25 indicadores con proximidad analítica a los indicadores oficiales de la Agenda 2030 para los cuales existen datos de fuentes públicas a nivel municipal para el período 2015-2019. El índice se presentó como potente método para apoyar la decisión de la gestión en salud. Los resultados permitieron identificar que la Región Norte del país cuenta con los territorios más vulnerables y, por tanto, áreas prioritarias para la asignación de recursos. Además, el análisis de los subíndices permitió resaltar cuellos de botella locales en salud, reforzando la necesidad de que los municipios de cada región establezcan sus propias prioridades en la decisión de asignación de recursos en salud. Al indicar las Regiones de Salud y los temas prioritarios para mayores inversiones, esta investigación apunta caminos que pueden apoyar la implementación de la Agenda 2030 desde el nivel local al nacional, además de proporcionar elementos a través de los cuales los formuladores de políticas pueden minimizar los efectos de las inequidades sociales sobre la salud, priorizando los territorios con peores índices.

Health litigation and cancer survival in patients treated in the public health system in a large Brazilian city, 2014-2019.

BACKGROUND: Litigation for health care, also known as health judicialization, is frequent in Brazil. It involves recourse to the court system to access health services. The study aimed to evaluate whether cancer patients in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, increased their overall survival by increasing access to certain drugs or treatments through litigation, controlling for the effect of demographic and disease-related variables. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients with breast, prostate, brain, lung, or colon cancers from 2014 to 2019 were included. Survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, litigation was significantly associated with increased survival in cancers of breast (HR = 0.51, 95%CI 0.33-0.80), prostate (HR = 0.50, 95%CI 0.30-0.85), colon (HR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.38-0.93), and lung (HR = 0.36, 95%CI 0.22-0.60). Five-year survival rates of patients who sued for treatment were 97.8%, 88.7%, 59.3%, and 26.0%, compared to median survival of 95.7%, 78.7%, 41.2%, and 2.4%, respectively, among patient that did not resort to court action. The study suggests that litigation for access to cancer treatment may represent a step forward in obtaining more effective treatment. This study´s main limitations are the lack of patients´ clinical information for use as control variables and the lack of variables to assess patients´ quality of life. The study also found that many cases involved claims that could have been solved by administrative rather than legal action. Some claims thus reflect the lack of adequate administrative procedures. CONCLUSION: When based on scientific evidence, access to new therapies, combined with other technologies already available, can favor patient survival. Access to new therapies through litigation may increase health inequalities since low-income patients have limited access to legal recourse against the State to meet their needs. The timely approval of new effective therapies can mitigate the judicialization of cancer treatment.

Influence of socioeconomic inequality on the distribution of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in Brazilian municipalities, 2020: an ecological study. / Influência da desigualdade socioeconômica na distribuição das internações e dos óbitos por covid-19 em municípios brasileiros, 2020: um estudo ecológico.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the influence of socioeconomic inequality on COVID-19 distribution in larger Brazilian municipalities, controlling for effect of hospital infrastructure, comorbidities and other variables. METHODS: this was an ecological study of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in 2020; outcome data were obtained from the Ministry of Health; incidence ratios were estimated using a generalized linear model. RESULTS: we identified 291,073 hospitalizations and 139,953 deaths; we found higher mortality rates in municipalities with a higher proportion of non-White people (95%CI 1.01;1.16) and with more households with more than two people per room (95%CI 1.01;1.13); presence of sewerage systems was protective for both outcomes (hospitalizations: 95%CI 0.87;0.99 - deaths: 95%CI 0.90;0.99), while a higher proportion of the population in subnormal housing clusters was a risk factor (hospitalizations: 95%CI 1.01;1.16 - deaths: 95%CI 1.09;1.21), with this variable interacting with the proportion of people receiving Emergency Aid (hospitalizations: 95%CI 0.88;1.00 - deaths: 95%CI 0.89;0.98). CONCLUSION: socioeconomic conditions affected illness and death due to COVID-19 in Brazil.

Influence of socioeconomic inequality on the distribution of hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19 in Brazilian municipalities, 2020: an ecological study / Influencia de la desigualdad socioeconómica en la distribución de hospitalizaciones y muertes por COVID-19 en municipios brasileños, 2020: un estudio ecológico / Influência da desigualdade socioeconômica na distribuição das internações e dos óbitos por covid-19 em municípios brasileiros, 2020: um estudo ecológico

Objective: to analyze the influence of socioeconomic inequality on COVID-19 distribution in Brazilian municipalities, controlling for effect of hospital infrastructure, comorbidities, and other variables. Methods: ecological study on hospitalizations and deaths from Covid-19 in 2020; outcome data obtained from Ministry of Health. Incidence ratio estimated via a generalized linear model with negative binomial distribution. Results: 291,073 hospitalizations and 139,953 deaths were identified; higher mortality rate in municipalities with highest proportion of non-white population (95%CI 1.01;1.16) and with more households with more than two people per room (95%CI 1.01;1.13); presence of sanitary sewage was protective (hospitalizations: 95%CI 0.87;0.99 ­ deaths: 95%CI 0.90;0.99) and higher proportion of population in subnormal agglomerations was a risk factor (hospitalizations: 95%CI 1.01;1.16 ­ deaths: 95%CI 1.09;1.21), with this variable interacting with the proportion of people with emergency assistance (hospitalizations: 95%CI 0.88;1.00 ­ deaths: 95%CI 0.89;0.98). Conclusion: Socioeconomic conditions affected illness and death from COVID-19 in Brazil

Objetivo: analizar influencia de desigualdad socioeconómica en distribución de COVID-19 en municipios brasileños, controlando por infraestructura hospitalaria, comorbilidades y otras variables. Métodos: estudio ecológico sobre hospitalizaciones y muertes por COVID-19 en 2020; datos de resultado del Ministerio de Salud; razón de incidencia estimada a través de modelo lineal generalizado con distribución binomial negativa. Resultados: 291.073 hospitalizaciones y 139.953 defunciones; mayor tasa de mortalidad en municipios con mayor proporción de población no blanca (IC95% 1,01;1,16) y con más hogares con más de dos personas por habitación (IC95% 1,01;1,13); alcantarillado sanitario resultó protector (hospitalizaciones: IC95% 0,87;0,99 ­ muertes: IC95% 0,90;0,99) y mayor proporción de población en aglomeraciones subnormales fue factor de riesgo (hospitalizaciones: IC95% 1,01;1,16 ­ muertes: IC95% 1,09;1,21), interactuando con proporción de personas con asistencia de emergencia (hospitalizaciones IC95% 0,88;1,00, defunciones IC95% 0,89;0,98). Conclusión: Condiciones socioeconómicas afectaron enfermedad y muerte por COVID-19.

Objetivo: analisar a influência da desigualdade socioeconômica na distribuição da covid-19 nos maiores municípios brasileiros (> 100 mil habitantes), controlando, pelo efeito da infraestrutura hospitalar, comorbidades e outras variáveis. Métodos: estudo ecológico sobre internações e óbitos por covid-19 em 2020; dados de desfecho obtidos do Ministério da Saúde; a razão de incidência foi estimada via modelo linear generalizado. Resultados: identificados 291.073 internações e 139.953 óbitos; encontrou-se maior taxa de mortalidade nos municípios com maior população não branca (IC95% 1,01;1,16) e nos domicílios com mais de duas pessoas por cômodo (IC95% 1,01;1,13); para ambos desfechos, esgotamento sanitário foi protetivo(internações: IC95% 0,87;0,99 ­ óbitos: IC95% 0,90;0,99), e população em aglomerados subnormais revelou-se fator de risco (internações: IC95% 1,01;1,16 ­ óbitos: IC95% 1,09;1,21) com interação, com a proporção de pessoas a receber auxílio emergencial (internações: IC95%0,88;1,00 ­ óbitos: IC95% 0,89;0,98). Conclusão: condições socioeconômicas afetaram o adoecimento e morte por covid-19 no Brasil.

Desigualdades de saúde no Brasil: proposta de priorização para alcance dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável / Desigualdades en salud en Brasil: propuesta de priorización para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible / Health inequalities in Brazil: proposed prioritization to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals

O objetivo deste artigo é desenvolver um índice de priorização para aceleração do cumprimento das metas nacionais de saúde propostas pela Agenda 2030. Trata-se de estudo ecológico que abordou as Regiões de Saúde do Brasil. O índice incorporou 25 indicadores com proximidade analítica aos indicadores oficiais da Agenda 2030, para os quais existem dados de fontes públicas no nível municipal para o período de 2015 a 2019. O índice apresentou-se como potente método para apoiar a decisão da gestão em saúde. Os resultados permitiram identificar que a Região Norte do país apresenta os territórios mais vulneráveis e, portanto, prioritários para a alocação de recursos. Além disso, a análise dos subíndices permitiu destacar os gargalos locais de saúde, reforçando a necessidade de os municípios de cada região estabelecerem suas próprias prioridades na decisão de alocação dos recursos da saúde. Ao indicar as Regiões de Saúde e os temas prioritários para maiores investimentos, esta investigação aponta caminhos que podem apoiar a implementação da Agenda 2030 do nível local ao nacional, além de fornecer elementos por meio dos quais os formuladores de políticas podem minimizar os efeitos das iniquidades sociais sobre a saúde, priorizando os territórios com piores índices.

El objetivo fue desarrollar un índice de priorización para acelerar el cumplimiento de las metas nacionales de salud propuestas por la Agenda 2030. Se trata de un estudio ecológico que abordó las Regiones de Salud de Brasil. El índice incorporó 25 indicadores con proximidad analítica a los indicadores oficiales de la Agenda 2030 para los cuales existen datos de fuentes públicas a nivel municipal para el período 2015-2019. El índice se presentó como potente método para apoyar la decisión de la gestión en salud. Los resultados permitieron identificar que la Región Norte del país cuenta con los territorios más vulnerables y, por tanto, áreas prioritarias para la asignación de recursos. Además, el análisis de los subíndices permitió resaltar cuellos de botella locales en salud, reforzando la necesidad de que los municipios de cada región establezcan sus propias prioridades en la decisión de asignación de recursos en salud. Al indicar las Regiones de Salud y los temas prioritarios para mayores inversiones, esta investigación apunta caminos que pueden apoyar la implementación de la Agenda 2030 desde el nivel local al nacional, además de proporcionar elementos a través de los cuales los formuladores de políticas pueden minimizar los efectos de las inequidades sociales sobre la salud, priorizando los territorios con peores índices.

This study aimed to develop a prioritization index to speed up the achievement of national health targets proposed in the 2030 Agenda. This is an ecological study that addressed the Health Regions in Brazil. The index incorporated 25 indicators with analytical proximity to the official indicators of the 2030 Agenda whose data are available from public municipal sources for the period of 2015-2019. According to our study, the index was a powerful method to support health management decisions. The results showed the most vulnerable territories are located in the North Region of the country, and therefore, these are priority areas for resource allocation. The analysis of subindices highlighted local health bottlenecks, reinforcing the need for municipalities in each region to set their own priorities while making decisions for health resource allocation. By indicating Health Regions and priority themes for more investments, this investigation shows paths to support the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, from the local to the national level, in addition to providing elements that can be used by policy makers to minimize the effects of social inequalities on health, prioritizing territories with worse indices.

Influência da desigualdade socioeconômica na distribuição das internações e dos óbitos por covid-19 em municípios brasileiros, 2020: um estudo ecológico / Influencia de la desigualdad socioeconómica en la distribución de hospitalizaciones y muertes por COVID-19 en municipios brasileños, 2020: un estudio ecológico / Influence of socioeconomic inequality on the distribution of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in Brazilian municipalities, 2020: an ecological study

Objetivo analisar a influência da desigualdade socioeconômica na distribuição da covid-19 nos maiores municípios brasileiros (> 100 mil habitantes), controlando, pelo efeito da infraestrutura hospitalar, comorbidades e outras variáveis. Métodos estudo ecológico sobre internações e óbitos por covid-19 em 2020; dados de desfecho obtidos do Ministério da Saúde; a razão de incidência foi estimada via modelo linear generalizado. Resultados identificados 291.073 internações e 139.953 óbitos; encontrou-se maior taxa de mortalidade nos municípios com maior população não branca (IC95% 1,01;1,16) e nos domicílios com mais de duas pessoas por cômodo (IC95% 1,01;1,13); para ambos os desfechos, esgotamento sanitário foi protetivo (internações: IC95% 0,87;0,99 - óbitos: IC95% 0,90;0,99), e população em aglomerados subnormais revelou-se fator de risco (internações: IC95% 1,01;1,16 - óbitos: IC95% 1,09;1,21) com interação, com a proporção de pessoas a receber auxílio emergencial (internações: IC95% 0,88;1,00 - óbitos: IC95% 0,89;0,98). Conclusão condições socioeconômicas afetaram o adoecimento e morte por covid-19 no Brasil.

Objetivo: analizar la influencia de la desigualdad socioeconómica en la distribución de COVID-19 en los mayores municipios brasileños (> 100 mil habitantes), controlando, por la infraestructura hospitalaria, comorbilidades y otras variables. Métodos: estudio ecológico sobre hospitalizaciones y muertes por COVID-19 en 2020; datos del resultado fueran obtenidos del Ministerio de Salud; razón de incidencia estimada a través del modelo lineal generalizado. Resultados: 291.073 hospitalizaciones y 139.953 muertes; mayor tasa de mortalidad en municipios con mayor proporción de población no blanca (IC95% 1,01;1,16) y con más hogares con más de dos personas por habitación (IC95% 1,01;1,13); el alcantarillado sanitario resultó protector (hospitalizaciones: IC95% 0,87;0,99 - muertes: IC95% 0,90;0,99) y la mayor proporción de población en aglomeraciones subnormales fue un factor de riesgo (hospitalizaciones: IC95% 1,01;1,16 - muertes: IC95% 1,09;1,21), interactuando con proporción de personas con asistencia de emergencia (hospitalizaciones IC95% 0,88;1,00, defunciones IC95% 0,89;0,98). Conclusión: las condiciones socioeconómicas afectaron la enfermedad y la muerte por COVID-19.

Objective: to analyze the influence of socioeconomic inequality on COVID-19 istribution in larger Brazilian municipalities, controlling for effect of hospital infrastructure, comorbidities and other variables. Methods: this was an ecological study of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in 2020; outcome data were obtained from the Ministry of Health; incidence ratios were estimated using a generalized linear model. Results: we identified 291,073 hospitalizations and 139,953 deaths; we found higher mortality rates in municipalities with a higher proportion of non-White people (95%CI 1.01;1.16) and with more households with more than two people per room (95%CI 1.01;1.13); presence of sewerage systems was protective for both outcomes (hospitalizations: 95%CI 0.87;0.99 - deaths: 95%CI 0.90;0.99), while a higher proportion of the population in subnormal housing clusters was a risk factor (hospitalizations: 95%CI 1.01;1.16 - deaths: 95%CI 1.09;1.21), with this variable interacting with the proportion of people receiving Emergency Aid (hospitalizations: 95%CI 0.88;1.00 - deaths: 95%CI 0.89;0.98). Conclusion: socioeconomic conditions affected illness and death due to COVID-19 in Brazil.

The ethanolic extract of the fungus Trichoderma stromaticum decreases the Toxoplasma gondii replication in vitro and ameliorates the experimental toxoplasmosis in vivo.

Trichoderma are fungi that are well-known to inhibit the growth of a variety of plant pathogens. Currently, there is an increasing search for new drugs to treat toxoplasmosis. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of ExtTs in the control of Toxoplasma gondii proliferation in vitro and the course of toxoplasmosis in a mouse model. Firstly, the cytotoxicity of the ExtTs was evaluated by cultivating macrophages with different concentrations of the extract and cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Next, the infectivity of the T. gondii treated with extract was analyzed by infecting J774 macrophages. To evaluate the effect of the ExtTs in vivo, C57BL/6 mice were infected orally with T. gondii, ME-49, treated daily with ExtTs, and clinical, biochemical and histological changes were monitored. It was demonstrated that the extract did not affect the host cellular viability and, the treatment of parasites with ExtTs altered their morphology and decreased their ability to proliferate inside macrophages. Additionally, the treatment of mice with ExtTs decreased the parasitism and inflammation in the small intestine and liver of infected mice in parallel with increased IL-10/TNF ratio systemically and prevented alterations to serum VLDL and triglyceride levels. Thus, ExtTs could be considered an alternative/complementary therapy to control toxoplasmosis.

The sustainable health Agenda in the Americas: Pre-pandemic gaps and 2030 estimates of the SDGs indicators.

The preliminary assessments of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have recently rekindled worries about the feasibility of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Notwithstanding the concern voiced by key academic and political actors, the actual evidence on the current gaps and distance from the goals is still very much unknown. This study estimates the global evolution curves for each health-related SDGs indicator in the World Health Organization's SDGs platform. These curves synthesize the transnational trends at play in the evolution of each health-related topic, offering an average global counterfactual to compare with the actual information for each country. The empirical investigation focuses on the American continent, highlighting the health gaps before the COVID-19 outbreak in 33 countries of the region. The study also extrapolates these trends to predict the evolution of the health-related SDGs in each of these countries over the next decade using as the baseline scenario the International Monetary Fund's economic forecasts. The results show a widening gap in the region, associated with the differential economic capacity of these countries. Some bottlenecks are shared by most countries in the continent, especially in the themes of violence and infectious diseases. The latter is likely to improve faster than other health themes in the next decade, whereas improvements in the theme non-communicable diseases can be more challenging. The findings provide much needed comparative evidence to guide the countries in the region to set priorities and concentrate efforts to accelerate progress in the health-related SDGs.

Potential and challenges of health monitoring in the 2030 Agenda in Brazil. / Potencialidades e desafios do monitoramento da saúde na Agenda 2030 no Brasil.

This article has two integrated objectives: (i) to identify the representation of health in the 2030 Agenda from health-related indicators implemented by international and national institutions; and (ii) to compare the potential of platforms for monitoring Brazilian health commitments in the SDGs. It is argued that there are still important controversies brought about by the greater complexity of the 2030 Agenda, particularly in the operationalization of health-related indicators, whose determinants permeate many other objectives and goals. Finally, even though the picture of the country currently available on national and international platforms is already broad, improvements are required for more effective monitoring and evaluation of Brazilian commitments in the SDGs, with greater disaggregation and stratification of indicators in the population.

O presente artigo tem dois objetivos integrados: (i) identificar a representação da saúde na Agenda 2030, a partir dos indicadores relacionados à saúde operacionalizados por instituições internacionais e nacionais; e (ii) comparar as potencialidades das plataformas para o monitoramento dos compromissos de saúde brasileiros nos ODS. Argumenta-se que ainda existem controvérsias importantes trazidas pela maior complexidade da Agenda 2030, em particular na operacionalização dos indicadores relacionados à saúde, cujos determinantes perpassam muitos outros objetivos e metas. O monitoramento e avaliação mais efetivos dos compromissos brasileiros nos ODS requer melhoria, com maior desagregação e estratificação dos indicadores na população, ainda que o retrato do país hoje disponibilizado nas diversas plataformas nacionais e internacionais já seja amplo.

Challenges, consequences, and possible paths for confronting post-COVID-19 health inequalities and vulnerabilities / Desafios, consequências e possíveis caminhos para o enfrentamento das desigualdades e vulnerabilidades em saúde pós-Covid-19

ABSTRACT The article aims to discuss the challenges and consequences of health inequalities and vulnerabilities, focusing on current phenomena that have reshaped such context, namely financial crisis, fiscal austerity, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Differences between levels of access to wealth and opportunities among and within countries belonging to different income groups create and perpetuate social inequalities that frequently become health inequities. It is challenging to understand both the recent changes and the persistence of inequalities and social stratification, and the issue has thus taken on new dimensions that extrapolate studies focused exclusively on income distribution. The financial crisis, fiscal austerity, and the COVID-19 pandemic have aggravated preexisting health inequalities. Thus, the issue of inequalities in health should be an intrinsic part of public policy, with clear and stable standards and objectives based on explicit political agreements and a legal framework with sustainability ensured by an adequate financing policy. Only then will it be possible to achieve greater levels of equity, even in the face of dramatic situations such the one now faced by the world.

RESUMO O texto teve por objetivo discutir os desafios e as consequências das desigualdades e das vulnerabilidades em saúde, trazendo para discussão fenômenos atuais que vêm reconfigurando esse contexto - crise financeira, austeridade fiscal e pandemia da Covid-19. As diferenças nos níveis de accesso à riqueza e a oportunidades, presentes entre e dentro dos países de distintos grupos de renda, criam e perpetuam as desigualdades sociais, que, muitas vezes, tornam-se iniquidades em saúde. Compreender as recentes mudanças e, também, as permanências, no que se refere às desigualdades e à estratificação social, é desafiador, o que fez com que o tema adquirisse novas dimensões que ultrapassaram os estudos centrados exclusivamente na distribuição de renda. A crise financeira, a austeridade fiscal e a pandemia da Covid-19 agravaram as desigualdades em saúde já existentes. Assim, a questão das desigualdades na saúde deve ser intrinsecamente parte da política pública, com normas e objetivos claros e estáveis, baseados em acordos políticos explícitos e em uma estrutura legal, com sua sustentabilidade assegurada por uma política de financiamento adequada. Somente dessa forma, será possível alcançar maiores níveis de equidade, mesmo diante de situações dramáticas como a que se vive.

Potencialidades e desafios do monitoramento da saúde na Agenda 2030 no Brasil / Potential and challenges of health monitoring in the 2030 Agenda in Brazil

Resumo O presente artigo tem dois objetivos integrados: (i) identificar a representação da saúde na Agenda 2030, a partir dos indicadores relacionados à saúde operacionalizados por instituições internacionais e nacionais; e (ii) comparar as potencialidades das plataformas para o monitoramento dos compromissos de saúde brasileiros nos ODS. Argumenta-se que ainda existem controvérsias importantes trazidas pela maior complexidade da Agenda 2030, em particular na operacionalização dos indicadores relacionados à saúde, cujos determinantes perpassam muitos outros objetivos e metas. O monitoramento e avaliação mais efetivos dos compromissos brasileiros nos ODS requer melhoria, com maior desagregação e estratificação dos indicadores na população, ainda que o retrato do país hoje disponibilizado nas diversas plataformas nacionais e internacionais já seja amplo.

Abstract This article has two integrated objectives: (i) to identify the representation of health in the 2030 Agenda from health-related indicators implemented by international and national institutions; and (ii) to compare the potential of platforms for monitoring Brazilian health commitments in the SDGs. It is argued that there are still important controversies brought about by the greater complexity of the 2030 Agenda, particularly in the operationalization of health-related indicators, whose determinants permeate many other objectives and goals. Finally, even though the picture of the country currently available on national and international platforms is already broad, improvements are required for more effective monitoring and evaluation of Brazilian commitments in the SDGs, with greater disaggregation and stratification of indicators in the population.

Brazilian Food Banks: Overview and Perspectives.

In recent decades food banks have become a worldwide response to the contradicting the coexistence of food losses and waste, on the one hand, and hunger and food insecurity on the other. In Brazil, food banks had a rapid expansion, becoming the object of public policy on Food and Nutrition Security and of non-profit private institutions. Our study presents an unprecedented overview of all the food banks currently active in the Brazilian territory, discussing their performances and perspectives. We conducted descriptive research, aiming to characterize the number, spatial distribution, performance, and modalities of operation of the Brazilian food banks. We mapped 217 active food banks and they all participated in the study. The results revealed the important capillarity of the food banks, which exist in all 27 Brazilian federative units, but also demonstrate the potential and need for expansion. Most of the Brazilian food banks has commercial establishments as their largest donor partners and have fruits and vegetables as their most donated items. They mostly complement the feeding of families at social risk and children served by social institutions. Food and nutrition education actions are offered by all the studied units to donor partners and beneficiary institutions and families.

In silico and in vitro analysis of a new potential antifungal substance, 2-Bromo-N-phenylacetamide, against invasive candidiasis isolates

SUMMARY Introduction: invasive candidiasis is related to high rates of morbidity and mortality. There are few classes of drugs available for the treatment of this type of infection and the index of resistant strains is increasing. Such circumstances highlight that the search for new pharmacotherapeutic alternatives is increasingly necessary. This study investigated 2-Bromo-N-phenylacetamide, a substance whose antifungal activity has not yet been reported. Objective: to evaluate its activity against invasive candidiasis isolates, by determining the minimum inhibitory and fungicide concentrations. Methodology: molecular docking was performed to investigate the possible mechanism of action of the substance. The substance was also associated with fluconazole, to assess the viability of the combination in clinical practice. The minimum inhibitory concen trations ranged between 4 to 32 jig/mL, and it acts in a fungicidal way. Results: molec ular docking suggests that 2-Bromo-N-phenylacetamide possibly acts on the fungal plasma membrane. And the association of 2-Bromo-N-phenylacetamide with flucon azole against resistant strains showed an indifferent effect. Conclusion: further studies should be carried out to elucidate the potential of this substance, which may become a future drug candidate to treat invasive candidiasis and other fungal infections.

Introducción: la candidiasis invasiva está relacionada con altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Hay pocas clases de medicamentos disponibles para el tratamiento de este tipo de infección y el índice de cepas resistentes está aumentando. Tales circunstancias ponen de relieve que la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas farmacoterapéuticas es cada vez más necesaria. Este estudio investigó la 2-Bromo-N-fenilacetamida, una sustancia cuya actividad antifúngica aún no se ha informado. Objetivo: evaluar su actividad frente a aislados de candidiasis invasiva, mediante la determinación de las concentra ciones mínimas inhibitorias y fungicidas. Metodología: se realizó un acoplamiento molecular para investigar el posible mecanismo de acción de la sustancia. La sustancia también se asoció con fluconazol, para evaluar la viabilidad de la combinación en la práctica clínica. Las concentraciones mínimas inhibidoras oscilaron entre 4 a 32 µg/mL y actúa de forma fungicida. Resultados: el acoplamiento molecular sugiere que la 2-Bromo-N-fenilacetamida posiblemente actúa sobre la membrana plasmática de los hongos. Y la asociación de 2-Brorno-Ar-fenilacetamida con fluconazol contra cepas resistentes mostró un efecto indiferente. Conclusión: deben realizarse más estudios para dilucidar el potencial de esta sustancia, que puede convertirse en un futuro candi dato a fármaco para tratar la candidiasis invasiva y otras infecciones fúngicas.

Introdução: a candidíase invasiva está relacionada a altas taxas de morbidade e morta lidade. Existem poucas classes de medicamentos disponíveis para o tratamento desse tipo de infecção e o índice de cepas resistentes está aumentando. Tais circunstâncias evidenciam que a busca por novas alternativas farmacoterapêuticas é cada vez mais necessária. Este estudo investigou a 2-Bromo-N-fenilacetamida, uma substância cuja atividade antifúngica ainda não foi relatada. Objetivo: avaliar sua atividade contra isolados de candidíase invasiva, por meio da determinação das concentrações mínimas inibitórias e fungicidas. Metodologia: o docking molecular foi realizado para inve stigar o possível mecanismo de ação da substância. A substância também foi associada ao fluconazol, para avaliar a viabilidade da associação na prática clínica. As concen trações inibitórias mínimas variaram entre 4 a 32 µg/Ml e atuam de forma fungicida. Resultados: o docking molecular sugere que a 2-Bromo-N-fenilacetamida possivel mente atua na membrana plasmática do fungo. E a associação de 2-Bromo-N-fenilace-tamida com fluconazol contra cepas resistentes mostrou efeito indiferente. Conclusão: Novos estudos devem ser realizados para elucidar o potencial dessa substância, que pode se tornar uma futura droga candidata ao tratamento de candidíase invasiva e outras infecções fúngicas.

Social isolation relaxation and the effective reproduction number (Rt) of COVID-19 in twelve Brazilian cities.

We analyzed the social isolation relaxation strategies adopted by the twelve biggest Brazilian cities in 2020, in relation to the number of cases, number of deaths and the effective reproduction number (Rt), which are internationally considered the fundamental epidemiological criteria for allowing wider population mobility in public spaces. The Brazilian central government has not set unique guidelines neither for closure nor for opening, and states and cities have taken the lead in strategy definition. Until July 31 2020, in Belém do Pará, Fortaleza, Manaus, Recife and Rio de Janeiro, where the epidemic peak had already been surpassed, and in Salvador and São Paulo, in which the peak seemed to be already reached, the Rt curve followed a decreasing path after the openings. Porto Alegre, a city in which the epidemic curve was flattened, had an increase in Rt after the start of relaxation. In Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba and Goiânia, where the curve was also flattened, the Rt remained stable after the opening. The decision on how to operationalize the relaxation of social isolation and the speed with which it happened was heterogeneous among the cities studied. Also, broad population testing strategies were not done in any of the cities.

A encruzilhada da judicialização da saúde no Brasil sob a perspectiva do Direito Comparado / Comparative law and the crossroads of the judicialization of health in Brazil / El derecho comparado y la encrucijada de la judicialización de la salud en Brasil

Objetivo: impacto da judicialização da saúde em diversas partes do mundo aponta para uma encruzilhada entre diversas formas de lidar com o fenômeno, em razão disso, o objetivo é contribuir para esse debate a partir de um panorama da judicialização no Brasil e um comparativo com experiências de outros países. Metodologia: tratou-se de revisão narrativa sobre o tema da judicialização da saúde em perspectiva comparada. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: contextualização da judicialização da saúde no cenário internacional, utilizando método comparativo na perspectiva do Direito Comparado, e a revisão narrativa sobre a judicialização da saúde no Brasil. Foram utilizados 46 trabalhos: 19 internacionais e 27 brasileiros. Resultados: duas abordagens diferentes para a judicialização da saúde se destacam nos estudos comparativos: a latino-americana e a sul-africana. Na primeira, o fenômeno apresenta maior magnitude com as decisões privilegiando o mínimo existencial, é especialmente complexo no Brasil, Colômbia e Costa Rica; na segunda a reserva do possível se sobressai nas decisões. A análise dos trabalhos realizados no Brasil subsidiou a construção de uma linha do tempo, proporcionando um panorama geral da judicialização no Brasil, e a trajetória desse fenômeno fluido, que se modificou ao longo do tempo à medida que novas problemáticas e formas de lidar foram surgindo e se desenvolvendo. Conclusões: o estudo evidencia que a judicialização da saúde é um fenômeno multifacetado, trazendo à tona um dilema entre vários caminhos a seguir. Porém, é um tema carente de estudos sobre o ponto de vista do usuário e dos desfechos sanitários decorrentes das ações judiciais. A complexidade do fenômeno culmina na diversidade de intervenções nos países, gerando conflitos entre garantir o direito à saúde e limitações orçamentárias. Conclui-se que a judicialização tem pontos positivos e negativos: ela é solução, mas também é problema.

Objective: the impact of the judicialization of health in various parts of the world points to a crossroads between diverse waysof dealing with the phenomenon, therefore, the work aims to contribute to this debate from an overview of judicialization in Brazil and a comparison with experiences from other countries. Methodology: this was a narrative review on the theme of the judicialization of health in a comparative perspective. The research was divided into two stages: contextualization of the judicialization of health in the international scenario, using a comparative method from the perspective of Comparative Law, and a narrative review on the judicialization of healthin Brazil. Forty-six works were used: 19 international and 27 Brazilian. Results: two different approaches to the judicialization of health stand out in comparative studies: the Latin American and the South African. In the first, the phenomenon presents greater magnitude with decisions favoring the minimum existential, it is especially complex in Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica; in the second, the reserve of the possible stands out in the decisions. The analysis of the work conducted in Brazil supported the construction of a timeline providing an overview of judicialization in Brazil, and the trajectory of this fluid phenomenon, which changed over time as new issues and ways of dealing with it emerged and developing. Conclusions: the study shows that the judicialization of health is a multifaceted phenomenon, bringing to light a dilemma between several paths to be followed. However, it is a subject that lacks studies on the user's point of view, and on the health outcomes resultedfrom lawsuits. The complexity of the phenomenon culminates in the diversity of interventions in countries, generating conflicts between guaranteeing the right to health and budgetary limitations. It is concluded that judicialization has positive and negative points:it is a solution, but it is also a problem.

Objetivo: el impacto de la judicialización de la salud en diferentes partes del mundo apunta a una encrucijada entre diferentes formas de abordar el fenómeno, por lo que el trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir a este debate desde un panorama de la judicialización en Brasil y una comparación con experiencias. de otros países Metodología: se trató de una revisión narrativa sobre el tema de la judicialización de la salud en perspectiva comparada. La investigación se dividió en dos etapas: la contextualización de la judicialización de la salud en el escenario internacional, utilizando un método comparativo desde la perspectiva del Derecho Comparado, y la revisión narrativa sobre la judicialización de la salud en Brasil. Se utilizaron 46 obras: 19 internacionales y 27 brasileñas. Resultados: en los estudios comparados se destacan dos enfoques distintos de la judicialización de la salud: el latinoamericano y el sudafricano. En el primero, el fenómeno presenta mayor magnitud con decisiones a favor del mínimo existencial, es especialmente complejo en Brasil, Colombia y Costa Rica; en el segundo, la reserva de lo posible se destaca en las decisiones. El análisis del trabajo realizado en Brasil apoyó la construcción de un cronograma que brinde un panorama de la judicialización en Brasil, y la trayectoria de este fenómeno fluido, que cambió con el tiempo a medida que surgían y se desarrollaban nuevos temas y formas de abordarlo. Conclusiones: el estudio muestra que la judicialización de la salud es un fenómeno multifacético, que saca a la luz un dilema entre varios caminos a seguir. Sin embargo, es un tema que carece de estudios sobre el punto de vista del usuario y sobre los resultados de salud derivados de los juicios. La complejidad del fenómeno culmina en la diversidad de intervenciones en los países, generando conflictos entre la garantía del derecho a la salud y las limitaciones presupuestarias. Se concluye que la judicialización tiene puntos positivos y negativos; es una solución, pero también es un problema.

Social isolation relaxation and the effective reproduction number (Rt) of COVID-19 in twelve Brazilian cities / O relaxamento do isolamento social e o número efetivo de reprodução (Rt) do COVID-19 em doze municípios brasileiros

Abstract We analyzed the social isolation relaxation strategies adopted by the twelve biggest Brazilian cities in 2020, in relation to the number of cases, number of deaths and the effective reproduction number (Rt), which are internationally considered the fundamental epidemiological criteria for allowing wider population mobility in public spaces. The Brazilian central government has not set unique guidelines neither for closure nor for opening, and states and cities have taken the lead in strategy definition. Until July 31 2020, in Belém do Pará, Fortaleza, Manaus, Recife and Rio de Janeiro, where the epidemic peak had already been surpassed, and in Salvador and São Paulo, in which the peak seemed to be already reached, the Rt curve followed a decreasing path after the openings. Porto Alegre, a city in which the epidemic curve was flattened, had an increase in Rt after the start of relaxation. In Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba and Goiânia, where the curve was also flattened, the Rt remained stable after the opening. The decision on how to operationalize the relaxation of social isolation and the speed with which it happened was heterogeneous among the cities studied. Also, broad population testing strategies were not done in any of the cities.

Resumo Este trabalho analisou as estratégias de relaxamento do isolamento social adotadas pelas doze maiores cidades brasileiras em 2020, em relação ao número de casos, número de óbitos e ao número efetivo de reprodução (Rt), considerados internacionalmente os critérios epidemiológicos fundamentais para permitir uma maior mobilidade da população nos espaços públicos. O governo federal não estabeleceu diretrizes únicas nem para o fechamento nem para a abertura, e os estados e municípios assumiram o protagonismo na definição da estratégia. Até 31 de julho, em Belém do Pará, Fortaleza, Manaus, Recife e Rio de Janeiro, onde o pico epidêmico já havia sido ultrapassado, e em Salvador e São Paulo, em que o pico parecia já ter sido atingido, o Rt seguiu uma curva decrescente após as aberturas. Em Porto Alegre, aonde a curva epidêmica foi achatada, houve aumento do Rt após o início do relaxamento. Em Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba e Goiânia, nos quais a curva também foi achatada, o Rt manteve-se estável após a abertura. A decisão de como operacionalizar o relaxamento do isolamento social e a velocidade com que isso aconteceu foi heterogênea entre as cidades estudadas. Além disso, amplas estratégias de testagem populacional não foram realizadas em nenhuma das cidades.

Combination of conditional cash transfer program and environmental health interventions reduces child mortality: an ecological study of Brazilian municipalities.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to assess the interactive effects of Brazilian public interventions, environmental health programs (access to water, sanitation and solid waste collection) and a Conditional Cash Transfer Program (PBF), on the mortality reduction due to diarrhea and malnutrition among children under 5 years old. METHODS: The study design is ecological, with longitudinal analysis in a balanced panel. The period covered is 2006 to 2016, including 3467 municipalities from all regions of the country, which resulted in 38,137 observations. The generalized linear models were adjusted considering the Negative Binomial (NB) distribution for the number of deaths due to malnutrition and diarrhea, with fixed effects. NB models with and without zero-inflation were assessed. Subsequent interaction models were applied to assess the combined effects of the two public policies. RESULTS: In relation to the decline of mortality rates due to diarrhea in the municipalities, positive effect modification were observed in the presence of: high coverage of the target population by the PBF and access to water, 0.54 (0.28-1.04) / 0.55 (0.29-1.04); high coverage by the total population by the PBF and access to water, 0.97 (0.95-1.00) and high coverage by the total population by the PBF and access to sanitation, 0.98 (0.97-1.00). Decline on diarrhea mortality was also observed in the joint presence of high coverage of solid waste collection and access to water, categories 1 (> 60% ≤85%): 0.98 (0.96-1.00), 0.98 (0.97-1, 00) and 2 (> 85% ≤ 100%): 0.97 (0.95-0.98), 0.97 (0.95-0.99). Negative effect modification were observed for mortality due to malnutrition in the presence of simultaneous high coverage of the total population by the PBF and access to sanitation categories 1 (≥ 20 < 50%): 1.0061 (0.9991-1.0132) and 2 (≥ 50 < 100%): 1.0073 (1.0002-1.0145) and high coverage of the total population by the PBF and solid waste collection, 1.0004 (1.0002-1.0005), resulting in malnutrition mortality rates increase. CONCLUSION: Implementation of environmental health services and the coverage expansion by the PBF may enhance the prevention of early deaths in children under 5 years old due to diarrhea, a poverty related disease.