Serotype distribution, clinical characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance of pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Colombia during PCV10 mass vaccination (2017-2022).

Introduction: Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children under 5 y. Colombia introduced PCV10 vaccination in 2012, and the Neumocolombia network has been monitoring IPD in pediatric patients since 2008. Materials and methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort involving pediatric patients with IPD admitted to 17 hospitals in Colombia, from January 1st, 2017, to December 31st, 2022. We present data on serotypes (Spn), clinical characteristics, and resistance patterns. Results: We report 530 patients, 215 (40.5%) were younger than 24 months. Among these, 344 cases (64.7%) presented with pneumonia, 95 (17.9%) with primary bacteremia, 53 (10%) with meningitis, 6 (1.1%) had pneumonia and meningitis, and 32 (6%) had other IPD diagnosis. The median hospital stay was 12 days (RIQ 8-14 days), and 268 (50.6%) were admitted to the ICU, of whom 60 (11.3%) died. Serotyping was performed in 298 (56.1%). The most frequent serotypes were Spn19A (51.3%), Spn6C (7.7%), Spn3 (6.7%), Spn6A (3.6%), and Spn14 (3.6%). Of 495 (93%) isolates with known susceptibility, 46 (9.2%) were meningeal (M) and 449 (90.7%) non-meningeal (NM). Among M isolates, 41.3% showed resistance to penicillin, and 21.7% decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. For NM isolates, 28.2% had decreased susceptibility to penicilin, and 24.2% decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. Spn19A showed the highest resistant to penicillin at 47% and was linked to multiresistance. Conclusion: The prevalence of PCV10-included serotypes decreased, while serotypes 19A and 6C increased, with Spn19A being associated with multiresistance. These findings had played a crucial role in the decision made by Colombia to modify its immunization schedule by switching to PCV13 in July 2022.

Factores de riesgo social relacionados con las infecciones de vías urinarias en mujeres embarazadas, Montería-Colombia / Social risk factors related to urinary tract infections in pregnant women Montería

Introducción: Las infecciones de vías urinarias representan una de las alteraciones más comunes durante el periodo de la gestación, de no ser intervenidas pueden generar muertes maternas; analizar los determinantes sociales de la salud, factores y situaciones que representan un riesgo en el desarrollo de estas infecciones en la materna permite encontrar acciones que promuevan la salud con el fin de disminuir su prevalencia y sus posibles complicaciones. Objetivo: Establecer los factores de riesgo social relacionados con las infecciones de vías urinarias en mujeres embarazadas en Montería, Colombia. Material y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal, en 37 gestantes hospitalizadas, se aplicó una encuesta con aspectos sociodemográficos, factores gineco-obstétricos, cuidado personal, hábitos higiénicos y aspectos relacionados a las infecciones urinarias, se realizó análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Resultados: La mayoría de las gestantes hospitalizadas con infecciones de vías urinarias con edades entre 24-29 años en un 41%, el 73% convivían en unión libre, gran parte el 70% de la zona urbana, un 95% pertenecían a un estrato socioeconómico bajo, contaban con estudios técnicos profesionales, y un alto índice 41% se encontraba laborando. Conclusión: Los factores de riesgo social identificados, el bajo nivel socioeconómico, educativo, el desempleo, hábitos inadecuados relacionados con el cuidado de la salud, y falta de adherencia al control prenatal. Se logro evidenciar que los conocimientos que tiene la gestante sobre su autocuidado, la dieta y la hidratación son factores importantes que condicionan el riesgo de infección en las vías urinarias. (AU)

Introduction: Urinary tract infections represent one of the most common alterations during the gestation period, if not operated on they can generate maternal deaths; Analyzing the social determinants of health, factors and situations that represent a risk in the development of these infections in the maternal allows us to find actions that promote health to reduce their prevalence and possible complications. Objective: To establish social risk factors related to urinary tract infections in pregnant women in Monteria, Colombia. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was applied in 37 hospitalized pregnant women, a survey was applied with sociodemographic aspects, gynecological-obstetric factors, personal care, hygienic habits, and aspects related to urinary tract infections, multiple correspondence analysis was performed. Results: Most of the pregnant women hospitalized with urinary tract infections aged between 24-29 years in 41%, 73% lived in free union, a large part of 70% of the urban area, 95% belonged to a low socioeconomic stratum, had professional technical studies, and a high rate 41% were working. Conclusion: The social risk factors identified, low socioeconomic status, education, unemployment, inadequate habits related to health care, and lack of adherence to prenatal care. It was evident that the knowledge that the pregnant woman has about her self-care, diet and hydration are important factors that condition the risk of infection in the urinary tract. (AU)

A 39-Year-Old Woman with Endometriosis Who Developed a Subcapsular Liver Hematoma Following Laparotomic Surgical Left Adnexectomy, Rectosigmoid Anastomosis, and Bilateral Ureteral Reimplantation.

BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by endometrial tissue that grows outside the uterus. Deep endometriosis surgery is associated with considerable rates of complications, although such rates are lower in surgical procedures carried out by expert surgical teams. This report details a case of a rare but life-threatening complication in the postoperative period following 72 h of endometriosis surgery: a giant subcapsular hepatic hematoma, which was successfully managed conservatively. CASE REPORT Here we describe the case of a 39-year-old woman with deep endometriosis with ureteral, ovarian, and intestinal involvement requiring multidisciplinary surgery. She presented with severe anemia, respiratory distress, and oliguria 72 h postoperatively. A 3-phase computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a giant intrahepatic subcapsular hematoma (180×165×50 mm) lateral to the right hepatic lobe, which was managed conservatively. The patient evolved favorably and the hematoma was reduced (77×16 mm) in a follow-up CT scan performed 5 months later. CONCLUSIONS Giant liver hematoma is a rare, life-threatening complication. The current experience relating to its management remains largely limited owing to the rarity of the condition and paucity of published cases. Actually, we found no articles on hepatic hematoma in the context of endometriosis surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reduce the patient's risk of death. Imaging diagnosis plays an essential role.

Changes in the incidence of acute bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and the implications of serotype replacement in children in Colombia after mass vaccination with PCV10.

Introduction: Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a public health problem. The disease has reemerged after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) due to an increase in serotypes that are not covered. The objective was to determine the changes in the disease incidence before and after the introduction of the 10-valent vaccine (PCV10) in Colombia. Methods: This multicenter study was conducted in 17 hospitals in Colombia. Data were collected from January 2008 to December 2019 in 10 hospitals in Bogotá and from January 2017 to December 2019 in seven hospitals in Cali, Medellín and Cartagena. The data were grouped into three periods: 2008-2011, 2012-2015, and 2016-2019. Results: Of the 706 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease, 81 (11.4%) corresponded to meningitis. The relative incidence in Bogotá in the first period was 0.6 per 100,000 patients ≤ 5 years, decreased to 0.4 per 100,000 patients ≤ 5 years in the second period and increased in the third period to 0.7 per 100,000 patients ≤ 5 years. Serotypes covered by PCV10 decreased from 75 to 9.1%, with Spn19A (31.8%) and Spn34 (13.6%) emerging in the third period. Increased resistance to penicillin (13 to 37%) and to ceftriaxone (5.9 to 16%) was due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant Spn19A. The total mortality rate was 23.5% and increased from 12 to 33%. Conclusions: ABM due to pneumococcus has high morbidity and mortality rates. Reemergence of the disease has been observed due to the inclusion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis and replacement of circulating serotypes after the introduction of PCV10, with an increase in Spn19A, which causes death and exhibits antimicrobial resistance. Continued surveillance is needed.

Epidemiological characteristics and serotype distribution of culture-confirmed pediatric pneumococcal pneumonia before and after PCV 10 introduction, a multicenter study in Bogota, Colombia, 2008-2019.

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have decreased pneumonia in children. Colombia introduced mass vaccination with PCV10 in 2012. METHODS: Cases of pneumococcal pneumonia from 10 hospitals were included. Two periods were compared: pre-PCV10: 2008-2011 and post-PCV10: 2014-2019. The objective was to compare epidemiological and clinical characteristics before and after PCV10 vaccination. RESULTS: A total of 370 cases were included. Serotypes 1 (15, 11.2%) and 14 (33, 24.6%) were the most frequent in the pre-PCV10 period, with only 4 (3%) cases of serotype 19A and 1 case (0.7%) serotype 3. From the pre-PCV10 period to the post-PCV10 period, cases of serotypes 1 (6, 3.1%) and 14 (1, 7.8%) decreased, while cases of serotypes 19A (58, 30.2%), serotype 3 (32, 16.7%) and 6A (7, 3.6%) increased (p < 0.001); complicated pneumonia (CP) increased significantly (13.4% to 31.8%) (p < 0.001); hospitalizations increased from 8 (5.5-15) to 12 (7-22) days (p < 0.001); and the frequency of PICU admission increased from 32.8% to 51.6% (p = 0.001). The use of ampicillin-sulbactam (0.7% to 24%) and ceftriaxone/clindamycin (0.7% to 5.7%) increased in the post-PCV10 period. The duration of empirical antibiotic treatment was 7 (4-11) days in the pre-PCV10 period and increased to 10 (6-17) days (p < 0.001) in the post-PCV10 period. Lethality showed a slight nonsignificant increase (7.5% vs. 9.9%; p = 0.57) in the post-PCV10 period. CONCLUSIONS: PCV10 significantly decreased cases of serotypes 1 and 14, with an increase in cases of serotypes 19A, 3 and 6A, which were the predominant serotypes and had greater severity (e.g., admission to the PICU, CP and more resistance, with an increase in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and longer hospitalization) and subsequently included in PCV13. Current data support national and regional evidence on the importance of replacing PCV10 with a higher valence that includes 19A, such as PCV13, with the aim of reducing circulation, particularly of this serotype.

Role of hysteroscopy during conservative management of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and early-stage endometrial cancer in patients who desire pregnancy.

Twenty-five percent of cases of endometrial cancer appear in women with unfulfilled reproductive desires. An adequate selection of patients and a close hysteroscopic follow-up to monitor the endometrial response to the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) may be a valid and safe option for these patients. This is a case series and review of the literature study. We included eight patients diagnosed of complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia (CEHA) or stage 1AG1 well-differentiated endometrial cancer without myometrial invasion who desired to get pregnant and opted for a conservative treatment. Follow-up was performed with hysteroscopy and directed biopsy at 3, 6 and 12 months. Of the 854 cases of complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia (CEHA)/endometrial cancer were diagnosed, 2.3% were candidates for conservative management. We obtained a favourable regression of 71.2% at 6 months and 57% at one year with hormonal treatment. Conservative treatment in complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia (CEHA)/low-grade endometrial cancer in reproductive age patients with a strong desire for pregnancy is feasible.

Tumores que recuerdan a las células de los cordones sexuales (UTROSCT): exposición de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors (UTROSCT): case report and review of the literature

Los tumores uterinos que recuerdan a las células de los cordones sexuales son una entidad clínica rara, clasifica-dos en tipo I (tumores del estroma endometrial con elementos de las células que recuerdan a las células de los cordones sexuales del ovario) y tipo II (tumores uterinos que recuerdan a las células de los cordones sexuales del ovario). Lo más frecuente es el hallazgo casual en una pieza quirúrgica y en el contexto de una metrorragia perimenopáusica. Aunque los tumores uterinos que recuerdan a las células de los cordones sexuales son tumores de baja malignidad y de escasa recurrencia, no hay consenso sobre la radicalidad del tratamiento. Se presenta un caso clínico de un hallazgo anatomopatológico tras una histerectomía compatible con tumores uterinos que recuerdan a las células de los cordones sexuales en el contexto de un útero miomatoso en una paciente de 46 años con historia de hipermenorreas y dolor pélvico

Uterine tumors resembling the sex cord cells are a rare clinical entity, classified as type I (Endometrial stromal tumor with sex-cord-like elements [ESTSCLE]) and type II (Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors [UTROSCT]). Most often it found incidentally in a surgical specimen and in the context of a perimenopausal ute-rine bleeding. Although uterine tumors resembling the sex cord cells are generally low-grade tumors and low recurrence, there is no clinical consensus on how much should be radical treatment. A case of a pathological finding occurs after abdominal hysterectomy compatible with uterine tumors resembling the sex cord cells in the context of a fibroid uterus in a 46-year woman with a history of hipermenorreas and pelvic pain

Perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies: Association with fetal presentation and mode of delivery / Resultados perinatales en gestaciones gemelares en relación a la presentación de ambos fetos y a la vía del parto

Objective: To analyze perinatal outcomes in twin deliveries considering fetal presentation, delivery mode, and birth order. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of 639 women with twin pregnancies yielding 1278 newborns. The mode of delivery was chosen according to the presentation of the first twin and the mother's medical and obstetric history. Results: The pregnancy was dichorionic-diamniotic in 82.6% of cases, monochorionic-diamniotic in 14.6% of cases, and monochorionic-monoamniotic in 0.6% of cases. The overall rate of cesarean delivery was 20.7%. Of the 1278 newborns, 0.2% were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Presentation at delivery was cephalic in 70.7% of first twins and only 49.9% of second twins. The rate of cesarean delivery was 28.5% for first twins in cephalic presentation and 85.8% for first twins in breech presentation. Analysis of perinatal outcomes for the first and second twins revealed no differences in newborns' weight, 5-minute Apgar score, arterial pH, rate of admission to the NICU, or perinatal mortality. Similarly, no differences were identified in perinatal outcomes according the presentation of both fetuses. Conclusions: There was no evidence of poorer perinatal outcomes related to order of birth, fetal presentation, or mode of delivery. Therefore, attempting vaginal delivery in a twin pregnancy is a reasonable approach

Objetivo: analizar los resultados perinatales en las gestaciones gemelares con respecto a su relación con la presentación y la vía del parto, atendiendo al orden de cada feto. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 639 mujeres con embarazos gemelares, con un total de 1278 recién nacidos. El tipo de parto se eligió de acuerdo con la presentación del primer gemelo y el historial médico y obstétrico de la madre. Resultados: el 82,6% fueron BC-BA, el 14,6% MC-BA y el 0,6% MC-MA. Hubo una tasa global de cesáreas del 20,7%. De 1278 recién nacidos, el 0,2% fue ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales. El 70,7% de los primeros gemelos se encontraban en una presentación cefálica, lo que sólo ocurrió en un 49,9% de los segundos gemelos. La tasa de cesárea fue del 28,5% en los primeros gemelos con presentación cefálica y del 85,8% en los primeros gemelos con presentación de nalgas. En el análisis de los resultados perinatales (peso de los recién nacidos, la puntuación de Apgar a los 5 minutos, el pH arterial, la tasa de ingreso a la UCIN o la mortalidad perinatal) del primer o segundo gemelo no se encontraron diferencias así como tampoco las hubo en función de la presentación de ambos fetos. Conclusiones: no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los resultados perinatales atendiendo al orden de cada gemelo, a su presentación y a la vía del parto; por tanto, el intento de parto vaginal en gemelares es una opción razonable

Alteraciones clínicas y paraclínicas en recién nacidos con pH arterial de cordón umbilical menor o igual a 7, 18 Hospital de San José Diciembre 2009 a Marzo 2012 / Clinical and laboratory alterations in newborns with a cord arterial pH less or equal to 7.18 Hospital de San José December 2009 to March 2012

La depresión neonatal moderada y la asfixia perinatal son poco frecuentes en nuestro medio (2% en la unidad neonatal). El pH arterial del cordón umbilical <7.00 implica mayor riesgo de compromiso multiorgánico, aunque no es claro el pronóstico entre 7.00 y 7.18. El objetivo es describir la frecuencia de alteraciones clínicas y paraclínicas en los neonatos con Apgar <6 al primer minuto, cuyos gases arteriales de cordón cursaron con pH <7.18 en el período diciembre 2009 a marzo 2012 en el Hospital San José de Bogotá DC. Metodología: estudio descriptivo prospectivo relativo a la frecuencia de alteraciones por sistemas en los neonatos que cumplieron criterios de inclusión. También se registraron los fallecimientos. Resultados: se incluyeron 52 pacientes, 45 con pH entre 7,11 y 7,18. La alteración más frecuente fue hepática, la dishidrogenia láctica estuvo elevada (100%) en quienes se realizó la medición, dos casos desarrollaron encefalopatía (pH 6,96 y 7,13), y no se registró enterocolitis necrosante en dos hubo compromiso renal (oliguria). Cinco fallecieron durante el estudio con pH < 7.00. Conclusiones: aunque el pH < 7.00 se considera la mejor evidencia de asfixia perinatal y es predictor de morbimortalidad, los pacientes entre pH 7.00 y 7.18 requieren evaluación y vigilancia clínica porque presentan alteraciones multisistémicas de gravedad variable e incluso muerte.

Moderate neonatal respiratory depression and perinatal asphyxia are uncommon in our setting (2% at the neonatal unit). Arterial cord pH <7.00 infers a higher risk of multisystem complications, although prognosis is still not clear for pH values between 7.00 and 7.18. Objective: to describe clinical and laboratory alterations in neonates with a score <6 on the one-minute Apgar assessment and cord arterial pH <7.18, between December 2009 and March 2012 at Hospital San José de Bogotá DC. Methodology: a descriptive prospective study on the frequency of multisystem involvement in neonates who met the inclusion criteria. Deaths were also recorded. Results: 52 patients were included, 45 had a pH between 7.11 and 7.18. Liver disorders and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (100%), when measured, were the most common manifestations. Two cases developed encephalopathy (pH 6.96 and 7.13), two presented renal failure (oliguria). Necrotizing enterocolitis was not evidenced. Five babies with a cord pH< 7.00 died during the trial. Conclusions: although a cord pH < 7.00 is considered the best evidence of perinatal asphyxia and constitutes a morbidity and mortality predictor, patients with a pH value between 7.00 and 7.18 require evaluation and monitoring, for they present with multisystem involvement of varied severity including death.