Improving a regional project on diagnostic reference levels for interventional procedures (OPRIPALC) with the support of a dose management system for the protection of patients and staff.

Interventional radiology is a clinical practice with important benefits for patients, but which involves high radiation doses. The optimisation of radiation protection (RP) for paediatric interventional cardiology is a priority for both patients and staff. The use of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) has been proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection to improve RP in imaging procedures. Dose management systems (DMSs) allow the automatic collection of dosimetric, geometric and technical data to assist the optimisation process, with a continuous audit of the procedures, generating alerts to implement corrective actions when necessary. Patient dose indicators may be analysed individually and for different radiation events (fluoroscopy and cine runs). Occupational doses per procedure may be analysed (if electronic dosimeters are available) and linked with patient doses for an integrated approach to RP. Regional optimisation programmes require data collection and processing from several countries to set and periodically update the DRLs. Patient data is anonymised, and each participating hospital has access to their data in a central computer server. Using DMSs may be one of the best ways to support these programs in the collection and analysis of data, raising alerts about high patient and occupational doses and suggesting optimisation actions.

Niveles de referencia de dosis en radiología intervencionista / Diagnostic reference levels in interventional radiology

Se describe el concepto de los niveles de referencia de dosis para diagnóstico («diagnostic reference levels») propuestos por la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica (ICRP) como ayuda para la aplicación del criterio de optimización en radiodiagnóstico y en procedimientos intervencionistas. Dichos niveles se establecen habitualmente como el tercer cuartil de las distribuciones de dosis a pacientes en una muestra amplia de centros y se supone que son valores representativos de buena práctica desde un punto de vista de la protección del paciente. Durante su determinación, se debe evaluar también la calidad de las imágenes para asegurar que es suficiente para el diagnóstico. Cuando los valores de las dosis a los pacientes resultan ser sistemáticamente mayores o mucho más bajos que los valores de referencia, procede realizar una investigación para la posible aplicación de medidas correctoras. Las normativas europea y española de protección del paciente obligan a utilizar los valores de referencia en los programas de calidad. Para los procedimientos intervencionistas se suelen utilizar como valores de referencia el producto dosis área (o producto kerma área) junto con el tiempo de fluoroscopia y el número total de imágenes adquiridas. En los equipos más modernos, se puede también utilizar el valor de la dosis acumulada a la entrada del paciente para optimizar la distribución de la dosis en la piel. La ICRP recomienda que se tenga en cuenta la complejidad de los procedimientos intervencionistas cuando se establecen los valores de referencia. Los servicios de diagnóstico por imagen dispondrán en el futuro de sistemas automáticos de gestión de datos dosimétricos a pacientes que permitirán la auditoría continua de las dosis y recibir alertas sobre procedimientos individuales que puedan registrar dosis varias veces por encima de los valores de referencia. Se presentan también los aspectos que requieren aclaraciones para el mejor aprovechamiento de los niveles de referencia en intervencionismo (AU)

This article discusses the diagnostic reference levels for radiation exposure proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to facilitate the application of the optimization criteria in diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures. These levels are normally established as the third quartile of the dose distributions to patients in an ample sample of centers and are supposed to be representative of good practice regarding patient exposure. In determining these levels, it is important to evaluate image quality as well to ensure that it is sufficient for diagnostic purposes. When the values for the dose received by patients are systematically higher or much lower than the reference levels, an investigation should determine whether corrective measures need to be applied. The European and Spanish regulations require the use of these reference values in quality assurance programs. For interventional procedures, the dose area product (or kerma area product) values are usually used as reference values together with the time under fluoroscopy and the total number of images acquired. The most modern imaging devices allow the value of the accumulated dose at the entrance to the patient to be calculated to optimize the distribution of the dose on the skin. The ICRP recommends that the complexity of interventional procedures be taken into account when establishing reference levels. In the future, diagnostic imaging departments will have automatic systems to manage patient dosimetric data; these systems will enable continuous dosage auditing and alerts about individual procedures that might involve doses several times above the reference values. This article also discusses aspects that need to be clarified to take better advantage of the reference levels in interventional procedures (AU)

Sistemas de registro automático de pacientes en instalaciones de radiología digital. Historial dosimétrico / Automatic registration of patients in digital radiology facilities: Dosimetric record

Actualmente, existe consenso en la comunidad internacional, tanto en la necesidad como en los beneficios del registro sistemático y planificado de los indicadores de dosis a los pacientes en las exposiciones médicas con radiación ionizante, con principal interés en el registro y seguimiento de las técnicas y procedimientos que pueden implicar un mayor riesgo para los pacientes derivado del uso de la radiación. Este registro debe ser planificado con la estructura y herramientas necesarias para que se tenga en cuenta la seguridad radiológica del paciente, permitiendo al médico solicitante del estudio acceder a la información más relevante del registro, con el objeto de justificar adecuadamente la petición de los nuevos estudios a realizar. Asimismo, debería considerarse una prioridad el establecimiento de niveles de referencia diagnósticos para las distintas magnitudes que se definan en función de la modalidad y prestación a realizar, siendo de gran interés el conocimiento de esta información por el personal involucrado en la realización de los procedimientos con radiaciones ionizantes (AU)

There is a consensus in the international community regarding both the need for and benefits of systematic registration and planning of the dosage indicators in patients exposed to ionizing radiation. The main interest is in the registration and follow-up of the techniques and procedures that can involve the greatest risk from exposure to radiation. This register should be planned to include the structure and tools necessary to take the radiological safety of the patients into account, enabling the physicians requesting the studies to access the most important information in the register so they can appropriately justify the request for additional studies. Likewise, it should be considered a priority to establish diagnostic reference levels for the different magnitudes that are defined in function of the modality and techniques used; this information is useful for the staff involved in procedures that use ionizing radiation (AU)

[Diagnostic reference levels in interventional radiology]. / Niveles de referencia de dosis en radiología intervencionista.

This article discusses the diagnostic reference levels for radiation exposure proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to facilitate the application of the optimization criteria in diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures. These levels are normally established as the third quartile of the dose distributions to patients in an ample sample of centers and are supposed to be representative of good practice regarding patient exposure. In determining these levels, it is important to evaluate image quality as well to ensure that it is sufficient for diagnostic purposes. When the values for the dose received by patients are systematically higher or much lower than the reference levels, an investigation should determine whether corrective measures need to be applied. The European and Spanish regulations require the use of these reference values in quality assurance programs. For interventional procedures, the dose area product (or kerma area product) values are usually used as reference values together with the time under fluoroscopy and the total number of images acquired. The most modern imaging devices allow the value of the accumulated dose at the entrance to the patient to be calculated to optimize the distribution of the dose on the skin. The ICRP recommends that the complexity of interventional procedures be taken into account when establishing reference levels. In the future, diagnostic imaging departments will have automatic systems to manage patient dosimetric data; these systems will enable continuous dosage auditing and alerts about individual procedures that might involve doses several times above the reference values. This article also discusses aspects that need to be clarified to take better advantage of the reference levels in interventional procedures.

[Automatic registration of patients in digital radiology facilities: dosimetric record]. / Sistemas de registro automático de pacientes en instalaciones de radiología digital. Historial dosimétrico.

There is a consensus in the international community regarding both the need for and benefits of systematic registration and planning of the dosage indicators in patients exposed to ionizing radiation. The main interest is in the registration and follow-up of the techniques and procedures that can involve the greatest risk from exposure to radiation. This register should be planned to include the structure and tools necessary to take the radiological safety of the patients into account, enabling the physicians requesting the studies to access the most important information in the register so they can appropriately justify the request for additional studies. Likewise, it should be considered a priority to establish diagnostic reference levels for the different magnitudes that are defined in function of the modality and techniques used; this information is useful for the staff involved in procedures that use ionizing radiation.