Downregulated Adipose Tissue Expression of Browning Genes With Increased Environmental Temperatures.

CONTEXT: Climate change and global warming have been hypothesized to influence the increased prevalence of obesity worldwide. However, the evidence is scarce. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate how outside temperature might affect adipose tissue physiology and metabolic traits. METHODS: The expression of genes involved in thermogenesis/browning and adipogenesis were evaluated (through quantitative polymerase chain reaction) in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from 1083 individuals recruited in 5 different regions of Spain (3 in the North and 2 in the South). Plasma biochemical variables and adiponectin (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were collected through standardized protocols. Mean environmental outdoor temperatures were obtained from the National Agency of Meteorology. Univariate, multivariate, and artificial intelligence analyses (Boruta algorithm) were performed. RESULTS: The SAT expression of genes associated with browning (UCP1, PRDM16, and CIDEA) and ADIPOQ were significantly and negatively associated with minimum, average, and maximum temperatures. The latter temperatures were also negatively associated with the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis (FASN, SLC2A4, and PLIN1). Decreased SAT expression of UCP1 and ADIPOQ messenger RNA and circulating adiponectin were observed with increasing temperatures in all individuals as a whole and within participants with obesity in univariate, multivariate, and artificial intelligence analyses. The differences remained statistically significant in individuals without type 2 diabetes and in samples collected during winter. CONCLUSION: Decreased adipose tissue expression of genes involved in browning and adiponectin with increased environmental temperatures were observed. Given the North-South gradient of obesity prevalence in these same regions, the present observations could have implications for the relationship of the obesity pandemic with global warming.

An Online Attachment Style Recognition System Based on Voice and Machine Learning.

Attachment styles are known to have significant associations with mental and physical health. Specifically, insecure attachment leads individuals to higher risk of suffering from mental disorders and chronic diseases. The aim of this study is to develop an attachment recognition model that can distinguish between secure and insecure attachment styles from voice recordings, exploring the importance of acoustic features while also evaluating gender differences. A total of 199 participants recorded their responses to four open questions intended to trigger their attachment system using a web-based interrogation system. The recordings were processed to obtain the standard acoustic feature set eGeMAPS, and recursive feature elimination was applied to select the relevant features. Different supervised machine learning models were trained to recognize attachment styles using both gender-dependent and gender-independent approaches. The gender-independent model achieved a test accuracy of 58.88%, whereas the gender-dependent models obtained 63.88% and 83.63% test accuracy for women and men respectively, indicating a strong influence of gender on attachment style recognition and the need to consider them separately in further studies. These results also demonstrate the potential of acoustic properties for remote assessment of attachment style, enabling fast and objective identification of this health risk factor, and thus supporting the implementation of large-scale mobile screening systems.

The Longitudinal Changes in Subcutaneous Abdominal Tissue and Visceral Adipose Tissue Volumetries Are Associated with Iron Status.

Excess iron is known to trigger adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. Circulating markers of iron status have been associated with obesity and adipose tissue in cross-sectional studies. We aimed to evaluate whether iron status is linked to changes in abdominal adipose tissue longitudinally. Subcutaneous abdominal tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and its quotient (pSAT) were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), at baseline and after one year of follow-up, in 131 (79 in follow-up) apparently healthy subjects, with and without obesity. Insulin sensitivity (euglycemic- hyperinsulinemic clamp) and markers of iron status were also evaluated. Baseline serum hepcidin (p = 0.005 and p = 0.002) and ferritin (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01)) were associated with an increase in VAT and SAT over one year in all subjects, while serum transferrin (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03) and total iron-binding capacity (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04) were negatively associated. These associations were mainly observed in women and in subjects without obesity, and were independent of insulin sensitivity. After controlling for age and sex, serum hepcidin was significantly associated with changes in subcutaneous abdominal tissue index (iSAT) (ß = 0.406, p = 0.007) and visceral adipose tissue index (iVAT) (ß = 0.306, p = 0.04), while changes in insulin sensitivity (ß = 0.287, p = 0.03) and fasting triglycerides (ß = -0.285, p = 0.03) were associated with changes in pSAT. These data indicated that serum hepcidin are associated with longitudinal changes in SAT and VAT, independently of insulin sensitivity. This would be the first prospective study evaluating the redistribution of fat according to iron status and chronic inflammation.

El amplio diagnóstico diferencial de los vómitos: un caso de acalasia / The broad differential diagnosis of vomiting: a case of achalasia

Los vómitos constituyen un motivo de consulta muy frecuente en Pediatría. Su abordaje requiere un amplio diagnóstico diferencial, ya que pueden ser síntoma tanto de un trastorno funcional como de patología orgánica importante. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 13 años que debuta con vómitos como síntoma guía de una acalasia. La acalasia es un trastorno motor esofágico que provoca una retención de los alimentos en el segmento distal del esófago debido a un fallo de la peristalsis y una ausencia de relajación del esfínter esofágico inferior (EEI) tras la deglución. Aunque se trata de una patología infrecuente, es necesario incluirla en el diagnóstico diferencial de síntomas gastrointestinales como los vómitos, precisando un alto grado de sospecha para su diagnóstico (AU)

Vomiting is a very frequent reason for consultation in pediatrics. Their approach requires a wide differential diagnosis since they can be a symptom of both a functional disorder and important organic pathology. We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who debuted with vomiting as a guiding symptom of achalasia. Achalasia is an esophageal motor disorder that causes retention of food in the distal segment of the esophagus due to a failure of peristalsis and a lack of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter after swallowing. Although it is an infrequent pathology, it is necessary to include it in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, requiring a high degree of suspicion for its diagnosis. (AU)

Virtual reality stimulation and organizational neuroscience for the assessment of empathy.

This study aimed to evaluate the viability of a new procedure based on machine learning (ML), virtual reality (VR), and implicit measures to discriminate empathy. Specifically, eye-tracking and decision-making patterns were used to classify individuals according to their level in each of the empathy dimensions, while they were immersed in virtual environments that represented social workplace situations. The virtual environments were designed using an evidence-centered design approach. Interaction and gaze patterns were recorded for 82 participants, who were classified as having high or low empathy on each of the following empathy dimensions: perspective-taking, emotional understanding, empathetic stress, and empathetic joy. The dimensions were assessed using the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test. An ML-based model that combined behavioral outputs and eye-gaze patterns was developed to predict the empathy dimension level of the participants (high or low). The analysis indicated that the different dimensions could be differentiated by eye-gaze patterns and behaviors during immersive VR. The eye-tracking measures contributed more significantly to this differentiation than did the behavioral metrics. In summary, this study illustrates the potential of a novel VR organizational environment coupled with ML to discriminate the empathy dimensions. However, the results should be interpreted with caution, as the small sample does not allow general conclusions to be drawn. Further studies with a larger sample are required to support the results obtained in this study.

Implementation of anti-HDV reflex testing among HBsAg-positive individuals increases testing for hepatitis D.

Background & Aims: Although EASL guidelines recommend anti-HDV testing in all HBsAg-positive individuals, HDV infection remains an underdiagnosed condition. We describe the impact of an HDV screening program by reflex anti-HDV testing in all HBsAg-positive samples and compare the results before and after its implementation. Methods: In total, 2,236 HBsAg-positive determinations were included from January 2018 to December 2021. Only the first sample from each participant was evaluated: 1,492 samples before reflex anti-HDV testing (2018-2020) and 744 samples after (2021). Demographic and clinical characteristics of anti-HDV-positive patients were collected. Results: Before reflex testing, anti-HDV had been tested in 7.6% (114/1492) of HBsAg-positive individuals: 23% (91/390) attended in an academic hospital and only 2% (23/1,102) in primary care centres. After reflex testing was established, 93% (691/744) of HBsAg-positive cases were evaluated for anti-HDV: 91% (533/586) in the academic hospital and 100% (158/158) in primary care. The anti-HDV-positive prevalence was similar before and after reflex testing: 9.6% (11/114) and 8.1% (56/691), respectively. However, the absolute number of anti-HDV-positive patients increased. Most anti-HDV-positive patients were young, HBeAg-negative, Caucasian males. HDV-RNA was detectable in 35 (65%) of 54 tested, HBV-DNA was undetectable in 64%, and alanine aminotransferase levels were normal in 48%. Conclusions: Anti-HDV reflex testing quintupled the absolute number of diagnoses of chronic hepatitis D infection. Before the reflex test, a large percentage of HBsAg-positive individuals had not undergone any anti-HDV determination. Implementation of reflex testing increases the diagnosis of patients with chronic hepatitis D. Lay summary: Chronic hepatitis delta (CHD) is a viral disease caused by HDV, which requires the presence of HBV to propagate. HDV infection can cause rapid progression to cirrhosis, among other severe complications. The prevalence of CHD worldwide is controversial, and the infection often goes unrecognised, mainly because of unawareness among physicians. Use of reflex testing in other viral hepatitis has proven to increase detection and linking-to-care of infected patients. Implementation of anti-HDV testing in all HBsAg-positive patients has led to a 5-fold increase in the number of HDV diagnoses in an academic hospital and primary care centres.

The Mental Health of Older Adults in the Densely Populated Areas of Tacna Region-Peru, 2021: Implications of the COVID-19 Information.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the implications of exposure to various news channels that broadcast information on COVID-19 and their impact on the mental health of older adults in the sparsely populated area of the Tacna Region during the year 2021. The present study used a descriptive correlational type of quantitative approach on a sample of 389 older adults aged 60 years and over, who were recruited by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. For the application of the survey technique, the instrument used was a questionnaire modified by the authors. In terms of research ethics for the development of the study, the respondents provided informed consent, and other ethical considerations were addressed. In relation to sociodemographic variables of mental health, it was found that women had a greater incidence of anxiety (p < 0.01) and that people with fewer years of study had a greater incidence of depression (p < 0.01) and anxiety in sparsely populated areas. Exposure to news through television was associated with depression, and news obtained from other people was associated with depression (p < 0.001). An association was also found between the number of hours of television news and stress (p < 0.05), and radio news was associated with anxiety (p < 0.05). In terms of psychological consequences, the highest mean for television exposure was fear, while the greatest psychological consequence of radio news was fear, followed by stress and awareness. Finally, negative, inverse, and significant relationships were found that indicate protective factors, such as depression with awareness and indignation, and anxiety was inversely related to awareness.

Virtual reality and speech analysis for the assessment of impulsivity and decision-making: protocol for a comparison with neuropsychological tasks and self-administered questionnaires.

INTRODUCTION: Impulsivity is present in a range of mental disorders and has been associated with suicide. Traditional measures of impulsivity have certain limitations, such as the lack of ecological validity. Virtual reality (VR) may overcome these issues. This study aims to validate the VR assessment tool 'Spheres & Shield Maze Task' and speech analysis by comparing them with traditional measures. We hypothesise that these innovative tools will be reliable and acceptable by patients, potentially improving the simultaneous assessment of impulsivity and decision-making. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will be carried out at the University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz (Madrid, Spain). Our sample will consist of adults divided into three groups: psychiatric outpatients with a history of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours, psychiatric outpatients without such a history and healthy volunteers. The target sample size was established at 300 participants (100 per group). Participants will complete the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11; the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behaviour Scale; Iowa Gambling Task; Continuous Performance Test; Stop signal Task, and Go/no-go task, three questions of emotional affect, the Spheres & Shield Maze Task and two satisfaction surveys. During these tasks, participant speech will be recorded. Construct validity of the VR environment will be calculated. We will also explore the association between VR-assessed impulsivity and history of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviour, and the association between speech and impulsivity and decision-making. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz (PIC128-21_FJD). Participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The findings will be presented in a series of manuscripts that will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05109845; Pre-results.

Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad como factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares / Community acquired pneumonia as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases

Introducción: Neumonia adquirida en la comunidad produce productos inflamatorios que producen eventos cardiovasculares prevenibles. Objetivo: Establecer si la Neumonía Adquirida en la Comunidad (NAC) es un factor de riesgo asociado a enfermedad cardiovascular. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un diseño de cohortes con: pacientes hospitalizados por diagnóstico de NAC y un grupo control sin neumonía (1:2), que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Se calculó Chi cuadrado, Riesgo Relativo e intervalos de confianza para el análisis bivariado y análisis multivariado con varianza robusta crudos y ajustados. Resultados: Del total de la población de estudio, se analizaron 693 pacientes. El promedio de la edad fue 64,1 ± 13.7 (DE) años. La mayoría estaba conformada por sexo masculino (61.5%). Dentro de los factores cardiovasculares clásicos, el 96.8% consumía tabaco; el 73.9% era hipertenso; el 82.5% era diabético y el 96.5% era hipercolesterolemico. Se encontró que los varones tenían mayor frecuencia de síndrome coronario agudo que mujeres (22.3 % vs 4.5 %; p< 0.01), al igual que en Insuficiencia cardiaca (33.1 % vs 25.8 %; p < 0.01) y en arritmia mayor en mujeres (23.2 % vs 13.4 %; p< 0.01). En el analisis de regresión múltiple, se conservó la asociacion observada; ajustando con las covariables confusoras de consumo de tabaco, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus e hipercolesterolemia, para síndrome coronario agudo: (RR= 3,98; IC95%: 2,98- 5,33), insuficiencia cardiaca: (RR= 9,65; IC95%: 8,45-11,0) y arritmias: (RR= 10,7;IC95%: 8,64-13,2). Conclusión: La NAC es un factor de riesgo asociado a enfermedad cardiovascular.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia produces inflammatory products that produce preventable cardiovascular events.To Objective:establish if Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is a risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease. Acohort design was Materials and Methods:carried out with: patients hospitalized for a diagnosis of CAPand a control group without pneumonia (1:2), who met the selection criteria. Chi square, Relative Risk and confidence intervals were calculated for the crude and adjusted bivariate analysis and robust multivariate analysis. Of the total study Results:population, 693 patients were analyzed. The mean age was 64.1 ± 13.7 (SD) years. The most were male (61.5%). Among the classic cardiovascular factors, 96.8% used tobacco; 73.9% were hypertensive; 82.5% were diabetic and 96.5% were hypercholesterolemic. It was found that men had a higher frequency of acute coronary syndrome than women (22.3% vs. 4.5%; p<0.01), as well as in heart failure (33.1% vs. 25.8%; p<0.01) and in greater arrhythmia in women (23.2% vs 13.4%; p<0.01). In the multiple regression analysis, the observed association was preserved; adjusting with the confounding covariates of tobacco consumption, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, for acute coronary syndrome: (RR= 3.98; 95% CI: 2.98-5.33), heart failure: (RR= 9, 65; 95% CI: 8.45-11.0) and arrhythmias: (RR= 10.7; 95% CI: 8.64-13.2). Conclusion: CAPis a risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease

Lifestyle segmentation of tourists: the role of personality.

BACKGROUND: The significance of national tourism in the global data highlights the importance of studying the characteristics of Spanish tourists that show interest in visiting Valencia (Spain). Personality traits might influence tourism behavior, and their importance has scarcely been addressed in the prior tourism literature. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the touristic profiles of national tourists based on their lifestyles and to analyze the influence of personality traits in tourism segmentation. METHODOLOGY: 329 individuals participated in this study, they responded questionnaires about sociodemography, personality, lifestyle and a 3-item questionnaire developed by the authors. We performed analysis to obtain profiles by lifestyle, we carried out tests to study differences in personality traits among profiles and we analyzed the effects of the responses to the author-developed questionnaire and the demographic characteristics of the subjects on their cluster membership. RESULTS: The results show that this market can be segmented into four clusters. We found significant statistical differences in personality traits among profiles. In addition, the authors present an author-designed questionnaire that, together with demographic variables, is able to predict participants' profiles. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that lifestyle is an appropriate indicator for this market segmentation and the analysis of its relationship with personality provides a deep comprehension of the resulting profiles. In addition, the profile prediction by the responses to the author-developed questionnaire constitutes a new basis for tourism segmentation, as these predictors might be used as "quick touristic classifiers". IMPLICATIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS: The study of decision-making processes in tourism allows researchers and sellers to predict tourist behaviors and adapt offers to tourists' preferences and interests.

Modelling the skeletal muscle injury recovery using in vivo contrast-enhanced micro-CT: a proof-of-concept study in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle injury characterisation during healing supports trauma prognosis. Given the potential interest of computed tomography (CT) in muscle diseases and lack of in vivo CT methodology to image skeletal muscle wound healing, we tracked skeletal muscle injury recovery using in vivo micro-CT in a rat model to obtain a predictive model. METHODS: Skeletal muscle injury was performed in 23 rats. Twenty animals were sorted into five groups to image lesion recovery at 2, 4, 7, 10, or 14 days after injury using contrast-enhanced micro-CT. Injury volumes were quantified using a semiautomatic image processing, and these values were used to build a prediction model. The remaining 3 rats were imaged at all monitoring time points as validation. Predictions were compared with Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: Optimal contrast agent dose was found to be 20 mL/kg injected at 400 µL/min. Injury volumes showed a decreasing tendency from day 0 (32.3 ± 12.0mm3, mean ± standard deviation) to day 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 after injury (19.6 ± 12.6, 11.0 ± 6.7, 8.2 ± 7.7, 5.7 ± 3.9, and 4.5 ± 4.8 mm3, respectively). Groups with single monitoring time point did not yield significant differences with the validation group lesions. Further exponential model training with single follow-up data (R2 = 0.968) to predict injury recovery in the validation cohort gave a predictions root mean squared error of 6.8 ± 5.4 mm3. Further prediction analysis yielded a bias of 2.327. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced CT allowed in vivo tracking of skeletal muscle injury recovery in rat.

[ACCEPTANCE OF PULP FRUIT BEVERAGES FORTIFIED WITH FERROUS FUMARATE; AN ALTERNATIVE SUPPLEMENT FOR A HEALTH PROGRAM]. / EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACEPTACIÓN DE JUGOS DE PULPA DE FRUTA ADICIONADOS CON FUMARATO FERROSO; ALTERNATIVA DE SUPLEMENTO PARA UN PROGRAMA DE SALUD.

INTRODUCTION: undernutrition and individual nutrients deficiencies are common public health problems worldwide and Mexico is not the exception, where the highest prevalence occurs in rural areas. One way to solve these nutritional deficiencies is with the use of dietary supplements. However, these supplements need to be readily available for and accepted by the objective population. OBJECTIVES: to develop a flavored-multivitamin supplement (MVS) for the Health and Nutrition Program for Indigenous People (PSNPI-Mexico) and to evaluate its acceptance by 6 to 24 months old infants in rural and urban areas. METHODS: the MVS was developed in three different flavors, their vitamin and mineral content in accordance with PSNPIs guidelines. Acceptance of the MVS by the infants was evaluated with "scale faces" and this was further corroborated in the 6 to 12 mo by registering the amount consumed. The differences in acceptance by age and gender, as well as locations (urban vs rural) were determined with chi-squared test. RESULTS: the MVS developed for this study constitute a better alternative to supplement currently used by PSNPI.

Introducción: la desnutrición y la deficiencia de hierro son problemas de salud pública en varios países, México no es la excepción, y la mayor prevalencia se presenta en el medio rural. Una forma de atenderla es a través de la suplementación. El suplemento que se seleccione debe ser aceptado sensorialmente por el consumidor final para que la intervención sea exitosa. Objetivos: elaborar un suplemento multivitamínico para el programa "Salud y Nutrición para Pueblos Indígenas" y evaluar su aceptación en la población infantil urbana y rural. Métodos: se determinaron las características fisicoquímicas del producto a desarrollar y el método de elaboración y de preparación para su consumo. La aceptación se evaluó en niños de entre 6 a 24 meses de edad, con una prueba de caritas, y en los infantes de 6 a 12 meses se corroboró con el registro del volumen consumido. Para determinar las diferencias en la aceptación por edad y género en la misma población y para establecer diferencias entre poblaciones se aplicó una Ji cuadrada. Resultados: los suplementos, en los tres sabores evaluados, cumplieron con la concentración de vitaminas y nutrimentos inorgánicos establecidos en el programa citado. El 80% de los niños aceptaron los suplementos multivitamínicos (SM) en sus tres sabores. La edad de los niños fue el factor que más influyó en la aceptación. Conclusión: los SM desarrollados en este estudio son una alternativa al suplemento que actualmente proporciona el PSNPI, para los niños mayores a seis meses.

Evaluación de la aceptación de jugos de pulpa de fruta adicionados con fumarato ferroso; alternativa de suplemento para un programa de salud / Acceptance of pulp fruit beverages fortified with ferrous fumarate; an alternative supplement for a health program

Introducción: la desnutrición y la deficiencia de hierro son problemas de salud pública en varios países, México no es la excepción, y la mayor prevalencia se presenta en el medio rural. Una forma de atenderla es a través de la suplementación. El suplemento que se seleccione debe ser aceptado sensorialmente por el consumidor final para que la intervención sea exitosa. Objetivos: elaborar un suplemento multivitamínico para el programa “Salud y Nutrición para Pueblos Indígenas” y evaluar su aceptación en la población infantil urbana y rural. Métodos: se determinaron las características fisicoquímicas del producto a desarrollar y el método de elaboración y de preparación para su consumo. La aceptación se evaluó en niños de entre 6 a 24 meses de edad, con una prueba de caritas, y en los infantes de 6 a 12 meses se corroboró con el registro del volumen consumido. Para determinar las diferencias en la aceptación por edad y género en la misma población y para establecer diferencias entre poblaciones se aplicó una Ji cuadrada. Resultados: los suplementos, en los tres sabores evaluados, cumplieron con la concentración de vitaminas y nutrimentos inorgánicos establecidos en el programa citado. El 80% de los niños aceptaron los suplementos multivitamínicos (SM) en sus tres sabores. La edad de los niños fue el factor que más influyó en la aceptación. Conclusión: los SM desarrollados en este estudio son una alternativa al suplemento que actualmente proporciona el PSNPI, para los niños mayores a seis meses (AU)

Introduction: undernutrition and individual nutrients deficiencies are common public health problems worldwide and Mexico is not the exception, where the highest prevalence occurs in rural areas. One way to solve these nutritional deficiencies is with the use of dietary supplements. However, these supplements need to be readily available for and accepted by the objective population. Objectives: to develop a flavored-multivitamin supplement (MVS) for the Health and Nutrition Program for Indigenous People (PSNPI-Mexico) and to evaluate its acceptance by 6 to 24 months old infants in rural and urban areas. Methods: the MVS was developed in three different flavors, their vitamin and mineral content in accordance with PSNPIs guidelines. Acceptance of the MVS by the infants was evaluated with “scale faces” and this was further corroborated in the 6 to 12 mo by registering the amount consumed. The differences in acceptance by age and gender, as well as locations (urban vs rural) were determined with chi-squared test. Results: the MVS developed for this study constitute a better alternative to supplement currently used by PS-NPI (AU)

Sensory evaluation of dairy supplements enriched with reduced iron, ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate / Evaluación sensorial de suplementos lácteos enriquecidos con hierro reducido, sulfato ferroso o fumarato ferroso

Objective. To determine the degree of liking of the Oportunidades programme dietary supplements (DS) -purees and beverages- added with different iron salts (IS): reduced iron (RI), ferrous sulphate (FS) or ferrous fumarate (FF) during 24 weeks of storage. Materials and methods. The DS were evaluated through a hedonic scale for aroma, flavour and colour attributes; at time zero and every eight weeks, each panel member evaluated three DS with same flavour and presentation but different IS. Seventy women participated as panel members. Results. The chocolate and banana DS exhibited a change in preference by colour and flavour due to storage. DS with FS or RI showed the least preference by flavour and colour in the context of the three IS considered. The chocolate and neutral DS enriched with FS changed their colour and flavour. Conclusion. DS were, in general, well-liked; nonetheless, for purees enriched with FS and for beverages enriched with RI, the less-liked attributes were colour and flavour.

Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de agrado de los suplementos alimenticios (SA) (papillas y bebidas) del Programa Oportunidades, adicionados con diferentes sales de hierro (SH): hierro reducido (HR), sulfato ferroso (SF) o fumarato ferroso (FF), durante 24 semanas de almacenamiento. Material y métodos. Se evaluaron mediante una escala hedónica los atributos olor, sabor y color; a tiempo cero y cada ocho semanas, cada juez evaluó tres suplementos, mismo sabor, presentación y diferente SH. Participaron 70 mujeres. Resultados. Los SA sabor chocolate y plátano presentaron modificación del agrado por color y sabor durante el almacenamiento. Los SA con SF o HR presentaron el menor agrado para sabor y olor por efecto de las SH. En los SA sabor chocolate y natural adicionados con SF se afectó el color y el sabor. Conclusión. Los SA en general presentaron agrado; sin embargo, en las papillas adicionadas con SF y las bebidas con HR los atributos limitantes fueron color y sabor.

Sensory evaluation of dairy supplements enriched with reduced iron, ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of liking of the Oportunidades programme dietary supplements (DS)--purees and beverages--added with different iron salts (IS): reduced iron (RI), ferrous sulphate (FS) or ferrous fumarate (FF) during 24 weeks of storage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The DS were evaluated through a hedonic scale for aroma, flavour and colour attributes; at time zero and every eight weeks, each panel member evaluated three DS with same flavour and presentation but different IS. Seventy women participated as panel members. RESULTS: The chocolate and banana DS exhibited a change in preference by colour and flavour due to storage. DS with FS or RI showed the least preference by flavour and colour in the context of the three IS considered. The chocolate and neutral DS enriched with FS changed their colour and flavour. CONCLUSION: DS were, in general, well-liked; nonetheless, for purees enriched with FS and for beverages enriched with RI, the less-liked attributes were colour and flavour.

Virtual representations of the self: engaging teenagers in emotional regulation strategies learning.

The aim of this paper is to present digital representations of humans (i.e., avatars) that look like the self, applied to the Mental Health (MH) field. Virtual Representations of the Self (VRS) are in our opinion a tool with a great potential for engaging teenagers in emotional regulation strategies learning and an excellent example of new technology application to the basic concept in psychology field such as Bandura's modeling [1]. VRSs have already demonstrated their potential on human behavior modification (e.g. modification of physical activity; eating habits) in general population [2]. Thus, the same technology can bring in our opinion a lot to the Mental Health field, especially in emotional regulation learning. This paper presents a theoretical background and describes the methodology that we plan to apply in order to validate the efficacy of VRSs in clinical settings. Also, the implications of such technology and future research lines are discussed.

Teste cardiopulmonar na detecção de isquemia miocárdica / Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in detecting myocardial ischemia

O teste cardiopulmonar tem-se firmado como método diagnóstico e prognóstico eficaz nas cardiopatias em geral, tendo como vantagem, com relação à ergometria convencional, a possibilidade de análise dos gases expirados e, principalmente, a detecção da isquemia miocárdicaem fases mais precoces do estresse físico. Há décadas, o teste de cardiopulmonar é utilizado para estratificação de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, candidatos a transplante cardíaco, no diagnóstico diferencial de dispneia, na prescrição de exercício em programas de reabilitação cardíaca e, mais recentemente, como método diagnóstico da doença arterial coronariana, motivo desta monografia...