Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel.

Hydrogels are polymers of great importance due to their multiple applications, which have led to an exponential increase in their production. However, once they have fulfilled their function, they become waste and their ecotoxicological effects are unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and total antioxidant capacity of the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to a terpolymeric hydrogel (acrylic acid, acrylamide, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid) crosslinked with modified kraft lignin. Four different amounts of hydrogel per unit area were evaluated (0.0924, 0.1848, 0.9242, and 1.848 mg hydrogel/cm2) plus a control, and three replicates were performed for each group. Starting from the amount of 0.1848 mg hydrogel/cm2, the earthworms showed physiological and behavioral alterations; at higher amounts, 0.9242 and 1.848 mg hydrogel/cm2, more acute signs were observed with mortality rates of 51.7% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity assay showed that the higher the hydrogel exposure amount, the higher the oxidative stress, as evidenced by lower antioxidant activity (67.09% inhibition of the ABTS●+ radical). Therefore, we concluded that the lignin-modified hydrogel generated oxidative stress and acute lethal toxic effects in Eisenia fetida.

Descripción de la discapacidad y sus determinantes en personas con hemiparesia/hemiplejia del suroccidente de Colombia / Description of disability and its determinants in people with hemiparesia/hemiplegia in southwestern of Colombia / Descrição da deficiência e seus determinantes em pessoas com hemiparesia/hemiplegia do sul ocidente da Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: el propósito del estudio fue conocer el grado de discapacidad y sus determinantes socioeconómicos, clínicos y de acceso a los servicios de salud y rehabilitación en personas con hemiplejía o hemiparesia en la ciudad de Popayán, Cauca. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. Participaron 52 personas mayores de edad, con hemiplejia o hemiparesia. Se aplicó el cuestionario de evaluación de la discapacidad WHODAS 2.0. Resultados: El 100 % de las personas estudiadas tiene discapacidad, el promedio total de discapacidad fue de 44,7 %, correspondiente a discapacidad moderada. Los participantes mostraron dificultades en todos los dominios de funcionamiento, con dificultad moderada en los dominios cognición, cuidado personal, actividades cotidianas y dificultad severa para movilidad y participación. Conclusión: la hemiparesia y hemiplejia provocan discapacidad en diferentes grados de severidad, determinada por el estado patológico y la interacción e influencia de múltiples factores socioeconómicos, clínicos y de acceso a los servicios de salud y rehabilitación.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the degree of disability and its socioeconomic and clinical determinants as well as the access to health and rehabilitation services in people with hemiplegia or hemiparesis in the city of Popayán, Cauca, Colombia. Methodology: descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 52 people of legal age, with a diagnosis of hemiplegia or hemiparesis. The WHODAS 2.0 disability assessment questionnaire was applied. Results: A hundred percent of the people studied had a disability, and the disability average total was 44.7%, corresponding to moderate disability. The participants showed difficulties in all domains of functioning, with moderate difficulty in the cognition, personal care and daily activities domains, and severe difficulty with mobility and participation. Conclusions: Hemiparesis and hemiplegia cause disability in different degrees of severity determined by the pathological state and the interaction and the influence of multiple socioeconomic, clinical factors and access to health and rehabilitation services.

Resumo Objetivo: o propósito do estudo foi conhecer o grau de deficiência e seus determinantes socioeconômicos, clínicos e de aceso aos serviços de saúde e reabilitação em pessoas com hemiplegia ou hemiparesia na cidade de Popayán, Cauca. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, correlacional e transversal. Participaram 52 pessoas maiores de idade, com hemiplegia ou hemiparesia. Aplicou-se o questionário de avaliação da deferência WHODAS 2.0. Resultados: O 100 % das pessoas estudadas tem deficiência, a média total de deficiência foi de 44,7 %, correspondente à deficiência moderada. Os participantes amostraram dificuldades em todos os domínios de funcionamento, com dificuldade moderada nos domínios cognição, cuidado pessoal, atividades cotidianas e dificuldade severa para mobilidade e participação. Conclusão: a hemiparesia e hemiplegia provocam deficiência em diferentes graus de severidade, determinada pelo estado patológico e a interação e influência de múltiplos fatores socioeconômicos, clínicos e de aceso aos serviços de saúde e reabilitação.

Salud Mental, hábitos de sueño y nivel de actividad física en estudiantes de medicina en la educación virtual / Mental health, sleep habits and level of physical activity in medical students in virtual education

Resumen Introducción: el aislamiento trajo consigo cambios metodológicos en el desarrollo de los planes de estudio tradicionales a estrategias educativas virtuales, lo que pudo afectar la salud mental, hábitos de sueño y los niveles de actividad física durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: determinar el estado de salud mental, los hábitos de sueño y el nivel de actividad física durante la educación virtual por COVID-19 en estudiantes del programa de medicina de una universidad pública en el departamento del Cauca. Método: estudio descriptivo, realizado a 268 estudiantes del programa de medicina seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico, quienes diligenciaron una encuesta a través de la plataforma de cuestionarios de Google, la cual contenía 54 preguntas divididas en tres componentes: características demográficas y de aislamiento; estado de la salud mental; hábitos de sueño y nivel de actividad física. Resultados: el 58,6% de la población estudiantil sintió cansancio sin razón aparente; el 41,8% algunas veces presentó dificultad para conciliar el sueño; más de la mitad de la población presentó cambios de humor; el 48,5% (n=130) no realizaron actividad física. Además, se encontró relación entre salud mental y hábitos de sueño, hallándose significancia estadística entre ansiedad y alteración en el apetito. Conclusiones: la educación virtual durante la pandemia, produjo produjo alteraciones en los hábitos de sueño, cambios de humor (tristeza, ansiedad, irritabilidad y miedo), un bajo nivel de actividad física, además, se encontró relación entre los cambios emocionales, el apetito y los hábitos de sueño.

Abstract Introduction: isolation brought methodological changes in the development of traditional study plans to virtual educational strategies, which could affect mental health, sleep habits and physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic in university students. Objective: to determine the mental health status, sleep habits and level of physical activity during virtual education by COVID-19 in undergraduate students of the medical program of a public university in the department of Cauca. Method: descriptive study, conducted with 268 students from the medicine program selected by non-probabilistic sampling, who filled out a survey through the Google questionnaire platform, which contained 54 questions divided into three components: demographic and isolation characteristics; mental health status; sleeping habits and level of physical activity. Results: 58.6% of the student population felt tired for no apparent reason; 41.8% sometimes had difficulty falling asleep; more than half of the population presented mood swings; 48.5% (n=130) did not perform physical activity. In addition, a relationship was found between mental health and sleep habits, finding statistical significance between anxiety and changes in appetite. Conclusions: virtual education during the pandemic, produced alterations in sleep habits, mood changes (sadness, anxiety, irritability and fear), a low level of physical activity, in addition, a relationship was found between emotional changes, appetite and sleep habits.

Comparative study of composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of two adult edible insects from Tenebrionidae family.

In the case of Tenebrionidae family insects, studies focus on larval stage, leaving a lack of information regarding other stages. Therefore, this study was performed in order to understand the differences between the nutritional composition and the bioactivity of two species of this family in their adult stage, fed with a specific diet. Adult beetles of both species were defatted, lyophilized and protein extracted with buffer. Proximal and phytochemical analysis of the extracts of each insect were performed, along with protein extract and hydrolysis analysis by Tris-Tricine and Tris Glycine SDS PAGE. This analysis showed that T. molitor contained more protein and fat than U. dermestoides but contained less crude fiber. The protein extraction was made with PBS, where 130 and 45 kDa bands showed predominant for U. dermestoides, and less protein was present for T. molitor. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the enzymatic protein hydrolysates and protein crude extracts were determined. Presence of protein associated with the antioxidant activity were found in both insects. Nonetheless U. dermestoides had a higher antioxidant activity with the protein extract in contrast with the higher antioxidant activity shown by U. dermestoides once the extracts were digested. After proteolysis, protein extracts showed an increasing antioxidant activity, plus, the ability to inhibit microbial growth of Proteus, Shigella and Bacillus. Insect protein hydrolysates with protease open the possibility for the use of these beetles as new sources of encrypted peptides for microbiological control once characterized.

Entrenamiento intermitente de alta intensidad versus continuo en mujeres con hipertensión / High intensity interval training versus continuous in women with hypertension

Resumen Objetivo: comparar los efectos de la implementación de un programa de ejercicio continuo de mediana intensidad vs. un programa de ejercicio interválico de alta intensidad sobre los parámetros antropométricos y de condición física en mujeres hipertensas. Materiales y método: estudio experimental con pre y post prueba, realizado en 62 mujeres hipertensas divididas en 3 grupos: el primer grupo realizó ejercicio interválico de alta intensidad, el segundo hizo ejercicio continuo de mediana intensidad y el tercero es el grupo control. La intervención se realizó durante 12 semanas con una frecuencia semanal de 3 repeticiones. En todas las mujeres hipertensas se evaluó su condición física y características antropométricas. Resultados: posterior a la intervención, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo HiiT (high intensity interval training) y el grupo control en cuanto a las variables porcentaje de grasa (p = 0,014), densidad corporal (p = 0,014) e índice de conicidad [IC] (p = 0,003). Adicionalmente, se identificaron diferencias entre los dos grupos de ejercicio y el grupo control en las variables distancia recorrida (p = 0,04), flexibilidad en miembro superior derecho (p = 0,00) y fuerza en miembros inferiores (p = 0,01). Conclusiones: el estudio demostró que el ejercicio es una herramienta efectiva para mejorar la aptitud física de mujeres hipertensas. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias en la efectividad entre el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad y el entrenamiento continuo.

Resumo Objetivo: comparar os efeitos da implementação de um programa de exercício contínuo de média intensidade versus um programa de exercício interválico de alta intensidade nos parâmetros antropométricos e de condição física em mulheres hipertensas. Materiais e método: estudo experimental com pré e pós-teste, realizado em 62 mulheres hipertensas divididas em 3 grupos: um primeiro grupo fez exercício interválico de alta intensidade, o segundo grupo fez exercício contínuo de média intensidade e um grupo controle. A intervenção foi realizada durante 12 semanas com uma frequência semanal de 3 vezes por semana; todas as mulheres hipertensivas foram avaliadas quanto à sua condição física e características antropométricas. Resultados: foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas pós-intervenção entre o grupo HiiT (high intensity interval training) e o grupo controle nas variáveis porcentagem de gordura (p = 0,014), densidade corporal (p=0,014) e índice de conicidade (IC) (p = 0,003). Adicionalmente, foram encontradas diferenças entre os dois grupos de exercícios e o grupo controle nas variáveis distância percorrida (p=0,04), flexibilidade no membro superior direito (p=0,00) e força nos membros inferiores (p=0,01). Conclusões: este estudo mostrou que o exercício físico é uma ferramenta eficaz para melhorar a aptidão física das mulheres hipertensivas. No entanto, não foi encontrada diferença na eficácia entre o treinamento em intervalos de alta intensidade e o treinamento contínuo.

Abstract Objective: To compare the effects of medium intensity continuous exercise implementation vs. a program with high intensity interval exercise on the anthropometric parameters and physical condition of hypertensive women. Materials and method: Experimental study with a pre and post-test, conducted in 62 hypertensive women who were divided into 3 groups: the first group performed high-intensity interval exercise, the second group did continuous-medium intensity exercise, and the third acted as the control group. It was a 12-week intervention, with a 3-times-per-week frequency. All hypertensive women were evaluated for physical condition and anthropo-metric characteristics. Results: After the intervention, statistically significant differences were found between the HiiT (high intensity interval training) group and the control group regarding the variables body fat percentage (p = 0.014), body density (p = 0.014), and conicity index [CI] (p = 0.003). Additionally, differences between the two exercise groups and the control group were identified for the variables distance traveled (p = 0.04), flexibility in the upper right limb (p = 0.00), and strength in lower limbs (p = 0.01). Conclusions: This study showed that exercise is an effective tool to improve the physical fitness of hypertensive women. However, no differences in terms of effectiveness were found between high intensity interval training and continuous training.

Efecto de los estiramientos estáticos durante el calentamiento sobre la potencia del salto en deportistas de fútbol sala

Objetivo: Determinar los efectos del estiramiento estático en la musculatura isquiosural durante el calentamiento sobre la potencia del salto. Materiales y métodos: Participaron 80 deportistas de fútbol sala universitario, distribuidos en 2 grupos; el primer grupo realizó calentamiento más estiramientos estáticos de la musculatura isquiosural, mientras que el segundo solo realizó los ejercicios precompetitivos. Para la evaluación de la potencia se utilizaron los test Squat Jump y Counter Movement Jump. Resultados: Se encontró posterior al estiramiento estático un descenso en la altura, velocidad y tiempo de vuelo al término y a los 5 minutos; se presentó una recuperación en los valores a los 10 minutos (p 0,05). Conclusión: Los estiramientos estáticos durante el calentamiento producen un descenso de la potencia del salto los primeros minutos posteriores a este tipo de ejercicios.

Objective: To determine the effects of static stretching in hamstring musculature during warm-up on jumping power. Materials and method: 80 indoor soccer players take part in this study, distributed in 2 groups. The first one warm-up and static stretching in hamstring musculature, and the second one did only precompetitive exercises. Squat Jump and Counter Movement Jump tests were used to evaluate power. Results: A descend in high, velocity, and fly time, at the end and after 5 minutes, were found after the static stretching. At 10 minutes (p = 0,05). Conclusion: Static stretching during warm-up produces a descend in jump power during the first minutes.

Lifestyle and quality of life in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes / Estilo de vida y calidad de vida en pacientes con sindrome metabólico y diabetes tipo 2

The objective of the study was to determine the lifestyle and quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome patients in the city of Popayán. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 81 patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnoses. EUROQOL questionnaires of 5 Dimensions-3 Levels were applied, as well as the IMEVID test, in order to evaluate the quality of life and lifestyle of each group of patients. Anthropometric measures were also taken, suchas Body Mass Index, Waist-Hip Ratio and skinfolds. Regarding the results, 33.33% of the participants were between 61 and 70 years of age 56.8% presented moderate pain problems/discomfort, 61.7% presented an unhealthy lifestyle and obtained variable relationships such as: waist-hip ratio -glycemia (p = 0.021, r = -0.257), body density -triglycerides (p = 0.018, r = 0.263), age and mobility EUROQOL (p = 0.001, r = 0.350). In conclusion, lifestyle changes are one of the pillars to control metabolic syndromeand type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evaluating the quality of life also makes it possible to understand how compromised patients' abilities are, in order to create relevant strategies and actions that seek their well-being.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el estilo de vida y calidad de vida en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico en la ciudad de Popayán. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con 81 pacientes, a los cuales se le aplicaron los cuestionarios EUROQOL de 5 Dimensiones­3 Niveles y el test IMEVID para evaluar la calidad de vida y el estilo de vida respectivamente, también se tomaron medidas antropométricas como Índice de masa corporal, índice cintura-cadera y pliegues cutáneos. Respecto a los resultados el 33.33% de los participantes están entre los 61 y 70 años de edad, se identificó que el 56.8% presentan moderados problemas en dolor/malestar, 61.7% presentaron un regular estilo de vida y se obtuvo relación entre variables como: índice de cintura cadera ­glicemia (p=0.021; r = -0.257), densidad corporal -triglicéridos (p= 0.018; r= 0.263), edad y EUROQOL movilidad (p= 0.001; r=0.350). En conclusión, la modificación del estilo de vida es uno de los pilares en la prevención y el manejo del síndrome metabólico y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, así como también la evaluación de la calidad de vida permite generar las estrategias y acciones pertinentes que busquen el bienestar del paciente

Actividad física en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y relación con características sociodemográficas, clínicas y antropométricas / Physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes and its relationship with sociodemographic, clinical and anthropometric characteristics

Resumen Introducción: La Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 ha incrementado su prevalencia a nivel mundial, nacional y local, convirtiéndose en una de las principales causas de morbi-mortalidad. Su etiología es múltiple, pero está fuertemente asociada a los hábitos de vida inadecuados tales como los bajos niveles de actividad física y consumo excesivo de azúcares procesados. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de actividad física en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la ciudad de Popayán. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional - descriptivo de 107 participantes, mediante aplicación del cuestionario internacional de actividad física IPAQ y toma de medidas antropométricas como índice cintura-cadera y pliegues cutáneos. Resultados: El 52,3% de los participantes tenía sobrepeso, el 82,3% presentó riesgo de comorbilidad y un 36,4% realizaba actividad física moderada. Se calculó la relación entre las variables índice de masa corporal - cHDL (p=0,029), índice cintura cadera (ICC) - presión arterial (p= 0,266), densidad corporal - triglicéridos (p= 0,278), edad e IPAQ (p= 0,000). Conclusión: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 está asociada a las características antropométricas ligadas al sobrepeso y obesidad, y la falta de actividad física.

Abstract Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has increased its prevalence at global, national and local levels, which has become one of the leading causes of morbidity-mortality. Its etiology is multiple, but is strongly associated with inadequate life habits such as low levels of physical activity and excessive consumption of processed sugars. Objective: To determine the level of physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the city of Popayán. Materials and methods: An observational-descriptive study was conducted with 107 participants, through the application of the international questionnaire of physical activity IPAQ and by taking anthropometric measurements as waist-hip index and cutaneous folds. Results: 52.3% of participants were overweight, 82.3% showed a risk of comorbidity and 36.4% performed moderate physical activity. The relationship among the variables body mass index-HDLC (p = 0.029), waist hip index (ICC)-blood pressure (p = 0.266), body density-triglycerides (p = 0.278), age and IPAQ (p = 0.000) was calculated. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with anthropometric characteristics linked to overweight and obesity, and lack of physical activity.

Factores comportamentales para enfermedades no transmisibles en estudiantes Universitarios / Behavioral factors for non-communicable diseases in University students / Fatores comportamentais para doenças não transmissíveis em estudantes universitários

Introducción: La universidad trae consigo nuevos retos para los jóvenes estudiantes; los estilos de vida que se adopten durante esta etapa, serán importantes para mantener una calidad de vida adecuada o deteriorar su salud con la aparición de enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivos: Determinar los factores comportamentales relacionados con las enfermedades no transmisibles en los estudiantes de la facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Ciencias Agrarias de una universidad pública del Cauca. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y observacional realizado a 202 estudiantes seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio simple, quienes diligenciaron el cuestionario básico y ampliado del método progresivo de la OMS para la vigilancia de los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades crónicas (STEPS) validado por la OMS; se evaluaron los pasos 1 y 2 del cuestionario y cada uno de los pasos cuenta con 6 y 3 ítems respectivamente. Resultados: El cáncer es el principal antecedente familiar con el 51,5 %; el 55,4 % de los estudiantes ha pasado sin comer al menos una de las 3 comidas esenciales en la última semana; solo el 51 % realiza actividad física. Una gran mayoría de universitarios (73,8 %) consume bebidas alcohólicas, con un aumento en el consumo de un 26,7 % al ingresar a la Universidad, también el 17,3 % fuma. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes universitarios presentaron comportamientos poco saludables que los ponen en un mayor riesgo de sufrir Enfermedades No Transmisibles.

Introduction: University brings new challenges for young students; the lifestyle students adopt in this stage will be important to maintain an adequate life quality or deteriorate their health with the emergence of non-communicable diseases. Objectives: Determine behavioral factors related to non-communicable diseases for students of the Health Sciences and Agricultural Sciences Faculties, in a public university in Cauca. Methods: Descriptive and observational study performed on 202 students selected through a simple aleatory sample, who filled both the basic and comprehensive questionnaires of the WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) method, to monitor the risk factors of chronic diseases; the steps 1 and 2 of the questionnaire were evaluated, each of the steps is constituted by 6 and 3 items, respectively. Results: Cancer is the main family precedent (51.5%); 55.4% of the students have spent the last week without eating at least one of the 3 essential meals of the day; only 51% exercise. Most of the university students (73.85) drink alcoholic beverages, with a 26.7% increase of consumption when admitted to the university, also 17.3% smoke. Conclusions: students show unhealthy behaviors that put them at a higher risk of contracting non-communicable diseases.

Introdução: A universidade traz consigo novos desafios para os jovens estudantes; os estilos de vida que se adotem durante esta etapa, serão importantes para manter uma qualidade de vida adequada ou deteriorar sua saúde com a aparição de doenças não transmissíveis. Objetivos: Determinar os fatores comportamentais relacionados com as doenças não transmissíveis nos estudantes da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde e Ciências Agrarias de uma universidade pública do estado Cauca, Colômbia. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e observacional realizado a 202 estudantes selecionados através da amostragem aleatória simples, os quais diligenciaram o questionário básico e ampliado do método progressivo da OMS para a vigilância dos fatores de risco das doenças crónicas (STEPS) validado pela OMS; se avaliaram os passos 1 e 2 do questionário e cada um dos passos conta com 6 e 3 itens respectivamente. Resultados: O câncer é o principal antecedente familiar com o 51,5 %; o 55,4 % dos estudantes tem passado sem comer ao menos uma das 3 refeições essenciais na última semana; só o 51 % realiza atividade física. Uma grande maioria de universitários (73,8 %) consume bebidas alcoólicas, com um aumento no consumo de um 26,7 % ao ingressar à Universidade, também o 17,3 % fuma. Conclusões: Os estudantes universitários apresentam comportamentos pouco saudáveis que os põem num maior risco de sofrer Doenças Não Transmissíveis.

FENOLOGÍA DE DOS PLANTAS NUTRICIAS, Centrosema triquetrum Y Rorippa indica, PARA PRODUCCIÓN COMERCIAL DE MARIPOSAS EN LA RESERVA PAWAY, EN EL MUNICIPIO DE MOCOA (PUTUMAYO) / PHENOLOGY OF TWO NUTRITIOUS PLANTS, Centrosema triquetrum AND Rorippa indica, FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE PAWAY NATURAL PARK, IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MOCOA (PUTUMAYO)

El Instituto Alejandro von Humboldt registra aproximadamente 3800 especies de mariposas para Colombia y en particular 350 para la Amazonía; que por sus características se han posicionado como una alternativa de biocomercio, pero una limitante para la reproducción, es la selectividad en su alimentación (monófagas). Por lo anterior, se realizó el estudio fenológico de dos plantas nutricias, Centrosema triquetrum y Rorippa indica, para la producción comercial de mariposas Morpho helenor, Ascia monuste y Leptophobia aripa, en la Reserva Paway (Mocoa - Putumayo), para planificar la producción, garantizando calidad y cantidad. Para la evaluación fenológica se tuvieron en cuenta cuatro fases (germinación, emergencia, desarrollo de las hojas y floración-madurez) y dos variables ambientales (temperatura y humedad relativa). El consumo de alimento se realizó suministrando forraje verde durante el desarrollo del ciclo larvario de las mariposas, en grupos de cinco orugas por especie. Paralelamente se calculó el porcentaje en materia seca para cada especie. Se determinó que Rorippa indica presenta un ciclo fenológico de 74 días, Centrosema triquetrum al cabo de un año no había florecido. La humedad presentó una correlación altamente significativa (p ≤ 0,01) para el desarrollo de las dos especies vegetales y la temperatura (p ≤ 0,01) para C. triquetrum. El ciclo larvario de Morpho helenor fue de 86 días, 20 para Ascia monuste y Leptophobia aripa, periodo en el que se les suministró forraje verde de la respectiva planta nutricia, consumiendo en promedio 22,9 gramos.

The Alexander von Humboldt Institute records about 3800 species of butterflies for Colombia and in particular 350 for the Amazon which, due to their characteristics, have been positioned as a biocommerce alternative though a limitation for reproduction is the selectivity in their diet (monophagous). Therefore, the phenology study of two nutritious plants Centrosema triquetrum, and Rorippa indica was carried out, for the commercial production of Morpho helenor, Ascia monuste and Leptophobia aripa butterflies in the Paway natural park (Mocoa - Putumayo), to plan production, ensuring quality and quantity. Four phases (germination, emergence, leaf development and flowering-maturity) and two environmental variables (temperature and humidity) were taken into account for the phenology assessment. Food intake was carried out supplying green fodder during larval development cycle of butterflies in groups of five caterpillars per species. Alongside the percentage of dry matter for each species was calculated. It was determined that Rorippa indica presents a phenology cycle of 74 days, Centrosema triquetrum after a year had not bloomed. The humidity presented a highly significant correlation (p ≤ 0.01) for the development of the two vegetal species and temperature (p ≤ 0.01) for C. triquetrum. The Morpho helenor larval cycle was 86 Days, 20 for Ascia monuste and Leptophobia aripa, period in which green forage of the respective nutritional plant was supplied, consuming on average 22.9 grams.

Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: calculation of dose based on estimated patient weight can increase the risk of cerebral bleeding.

A dose of 0.9 mg/kg of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has proven to be beneficial in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Dosing of t-PA based on estimated patient weight (PW) increases the likelihood of errors. Our objectives were to evaluate the accuracy of estimated PW and assess the effectiveness and safety of the actual applied dose (AAD) of t-PA. We performed a prospective single-center study of AIS patients treated with t-PA from May 2010 to December 2011. Dose was calculated according to estimated PW. Patients were weighed during the 24 h following treatment with t-PA. Estimation errors and AAD were calculated. Actual PW was measured in 97 of the 108 included patients. PW estimation errors were recorded in 22.7 % and were more frequent when weight was estimated by stroke unit staff (44 %). Only 11 % of patients misreported their own weight. Mean AAD was significantly higher in patients who had intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after t-PA than in patients who did not (0.96 vs. 0.92 mg/kg; p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed an increased risk of ICH for each 10 % increase in t-PA dose above the optimal dose of 0.90 mg/kg (OR 3.10; 95 % CI 1.14-8.39; p = 0.026). No effects of t-PA misdosing were observed on symptomatic ICH, functional outcome or mortality. Estimated PW is frequently inaccurate and leads to t-PA dosing errors. Increasing doses of t-PA above 0.90 mg/kg may increase the risk of ICH. Standardized weighing methods before t-PA is administered should be considered.

EVALUACIÓN DE RESIDUOS AGRÍCOLAS COMO SUSTRATO PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE Pleurotus ostreatus / EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE AS SUBSTRATE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF Pleurotus ostreatus

El cultivo de los hongos del género Pleurotus sp. es de importancia debido a que producen proteínas de alta calidad sobre un sustrato que consiste en materiales de desecho de carácter lignocelulósico. El objetivo fue evaluar el uso de residuos agrícolas: cáscara de papa, plátano y bagazo de caña, como una alternativa proteica en el corregimiento de Llacuanas municipio de Almaguer (Cauca). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones por tratamiento, donde se tuvieron en cuenta variables físicas (color y textura); y de producción (Colonización, peso y diámetro). El análisis de varianza mostro diferencias estadísticas significativas para peso y diámetro; y la prueba post hoc de Duncan, evidenció que los mejores tratamientos fueron 1 y 2 (Bagazo de caña, cascara de plátano, salvado de maíz y cal agrícola), sustratos constituidos por carbohidratos estructurales que favorecen el desarrollo del hongo.

The cultivation of fungi of the genus Pleurotus sp. is of importance because they produce high quality protein on a substrate consisting of lignocellulosic IN waste materials. The objective was to evaluate the use of agricultural residues: potato peels, banana and sugarcane pulp, as an alternative protein in the village of Llacuanas, municipality of Almaguer (Cauca). The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and five replicates per treatment in which physical variables (color and texture) and production (Colonization, weight and diameter) were considered. The analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences for weight and diameter; the Duncan post hoc test showed that the best treatments were 1 and 2 (sugarcane pulp, banana peel, corn bran and agricultural lime), substrates consisting of structural carbohydrates that promote the growth of the mushroom.

Diatomeas perifíticas de lagos con diferente estado trófico en el departamento del cauca (Colombia) / Periphytic datomms of lakes with different trophic state in he department oof cauca (Colombia)

La presencia y ausencia de especies fitoperifíticas han sido utilizadas como indicadores de estado trófico de los sistemas acuáticos, entre las que se destacan las diatomeas, tal situación y la carencia de información para el departamento del Cauca, llevó a que en tres lagos con diferentes estado trófico, se evaluara y realizara un raspado del perifiton adherido a las placas plásticas establecidas. Se muestreó de las partes externas, medias e internas de cada placa. La muestra colectada fue preservada en Lugolacético. Los lagos presentaron diferencias en cuanto a las características fisicoquímicas del agua, que determinaron el estado trófico de cada uno, de acuerdo a esto los rangos establecidos para nitritos, nitratos y fósforo total, tipificaron al lago 1 como oligotrófico; el lago 2 meso-oligotrófico y el lago 3 eutrófico. En los tres lagos predominaron las diatomeas, sin embargo, el lago 3 difiere de los otros lagos por la alta dominancia del número de especies y la mayor abundancia de Gomphonema, condición que se refleja en valores bajos para el índice de equidad de Pielou.

The presence and absence of Phyto-periphytic species have been used as indicators of trophic state of the aquatic systems, among which diatoms are emphasized. That situation and the lack of information for the department of Cauca, brought to the evaluation of three lakes with different trophic state and the performance of a adhered periphyton scrape in the plates established. Samples were taken form the internal, medium and outer parts of each plate. The collected sample was preserved in Lugol-acetic acid. The lakes showed differences in the physicochemical characteristics of water, which determined the trophic state of each. According to this, the established ranges for nitrites, nitrates and total phosphorus, typified Lake 1 as oligotrophic, Lake 2 as meso-oligotrophic and Lake 3 as eutrophic. Diatoms predominated in all lakesbut the Lake 3 differs from the other lakes in the high dominance of the number of species and greater abundance of Gomphonema, a condition that is reflected in low values for Pielou equitability index.

Perfil actual del paciente en diálisis y HIV+: nuevo reto para la enfermería / Current profile of patients under haemodyalisis and HIV: a new challenge for nursing

En nuestra Unidad de Diálisis hemos comprobado el aumento de pacientes con IRC y HIV+ en los últimos 5 años. Basándonos en un trabajo que realizamos en el año 1987 sobre los pacientes en diálisis con HIV+, hemos comparado a estos pacientes con los actuales en cuanto a origen del contagio, sexo, supervivencia, estado nutricional, corrección de la anemia y aspectos sociales.En el primer grupo (5 mujeres y 3 hombres) el origen del contagio era fundamentalmente las transfusiones y en el grupo actual (8 hombres y 1 mujer) es por adicción a drogas vía parenteral (ADVP). La supervivencia, el estado nutricional y adecuada corrección de la anemia son mejores en el segundo grupo.Una vez realizado este estudio hemos elaborado un plan de cuidados de enfermería para pacientes HIV+ en diálisis, revisando las técnicas de diálisis, cuidados del acceso vascular, nutrición y aspectos psicológicos y sociales. (AU)

Alteration of the soluble guanylate cyclase system in the vascular wall of lead-induced hypertension in rats.

Low-level lead exposure is a known cause of hypertension that has been associated with increased reactive oxygen species activity and endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation impairment. The effect of lead exposure on the vascular nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanocine monophosphate (cGMP) system was analyzed. Wistar rats were exposed to 5 ppm lead acetate in the drinking water during 30 d. Mean arterial BP increased significantly in the lead-treated rats. Relaxation to both acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was reduced in lead-treated rats; however, the vascular wall of lead-administered rats showed an increased expression of endothelial NO synthase. The expression of both subunits (alpha(1) and beta(1)) of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and the cGMP accumulated in the vascular wall were decreased in lead-treated rats. Cotreatment of lead with vitamin C (3 mmol/L) prevented the increase on mean arterial BP, improved the relaxation to both acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, and restored the normal expression of endothelial NO synthase and sGC proteins in the vascular wall. In conclusion, lead exposure altered both the endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxing response and induced a reduced expression of sGC in the vascular wall. These effects were abrogated with the antioxidant vitamin C, which suggests the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the regulation of the NO/cGMP relaxing system in the vascular wall of lead-treated rats.