Viability of Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast preserved by lyophilization and cryopreservation.

Hanseniaspora yeasts are known to produce volatile compounds that give fruity aromas in wine and fermented fruit. This study aimed to verify the feasibility of the Hanseniaspora uvarum strain that had been isolated and identified during a previous study and preserved by lyophilization and freezing at -80 °C (cryopreservation). This strain was assessed in relation to its macroscopic and microscopic morphology and for its ability to ferment apple must. After having been subjected to lyophilization and cryopreservation, viability was assessed in relation to these characteristics during 12 months of storage. The strain showed stable colonial features and its microscopic appearance was unchanged during all recoveries. The plate count results showed consistency in both processes. Regarding the fermentative capacity, the kinetic results showed 100% viability for the strain subjected to lyophilization, as well as for those preserved at -80 °C. These results demonstrate that the preservation methods used are compatible with the maintenance of the relevant characteristics of the strain for the period of evaluation of this study (12 months).

Apple Aminoacid Profile and Yeast Strains in the Formation of Fusel Alcohols and Esters in Cider Production.

The amino acid profile in dessert apple must and its effect on the synthesis of fusel alcohols and esters in cider were established by instrumental analysis. The amino acid profile was performed in nine apple musts. Two apple musts with high (>150 mg/L) and low (<75 mg/L) nitrogen content, and four enological yeast strains, were used in cider fermentation. The aspartic acid, asparagine and glutamic acid amino acids were the majority in all the apple juices, representing 57.10% to 81.95%. These three amino acids provided a high consumption (>90%) during fermentation in all the ciders. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 81.42% of data variability and the separation of three groups for the analyzed samples was verified. The ciders manufactured with low nitrogen content showed sluggish fermentation and around 50% less content of volatile compounds (independent of the yeast strain used), which were mainly 3-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol) and esters. However, in the presence of amino acids (asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine) there was a greater differentiation between the yeasts in the production of fusel alcohols and ethyl esters. High contents of these aminoacids in dessert apple musts are essential for the production of fusel alcohols and most of esters by aromatic yeasts during cider fermentation.

Blackberry (Rubus spp.): influence of ripening and processing on levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the 'Brazos' and 'Tupy' varieties grown in Brazil / Amora Preta (Rubus spp.): influência do estádio de maturação e do processamento nos teores de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante das variedades 'Brazos' e 'Tupy' cultivadas no Brasil

Fruits from temperate and tropical climates which have high levels of antioxidant compounds are the source of numerous studies concerning the correlation with benefits to human health. The objectives of this study were to quantify the anthocyanins and phenolic compounds and also to measure the antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power - FRAP) of blackberries from two varieties grown in southern Brazil ('Brazos' and 'Tupy') at three stages of ripening; unripe, semi-ripe, ripe and their products (pulp and fermented products). During fruit ripening it was observed that weight, size, diameter and sugars increase significantly and acidity decreased significantly. The anthocyanin content ranged from 4.19 (semi-ripe 'Tupy' variety) to 205.75mg 100g-1 (ripe 'Brazos' variety). The highest levels of phenolic compounds were observed for the unripe fruit of both varieties, while antioxidant activity showed no significant difference during the ripening stages. The studied pulp showed a high content of phenolic compounds (ten times higher than that found in the ripe fruits). The anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity did not show the same increase due to the degradation of anthocyanins caused by the heat treatment that was used. The alcoholic fermented beverage made from blackberries remained stable (total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity) during two years of storage, but the in third year a significant reduction in antioxidant activity was observed. These results can be important for establishing the shelf life of this kind of product made with blackberry.

Algumas frutas de clima temperado e tropical, principalmente as do tipo "berries", têm como característica o acúmulo de compostos antioxidantes e são objeto de inúmeros estudos, haja vista a sua correlação com os benefícios para a saúde humana. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar as antocianinas, os compostos fenólicos e mensurar a capacidade antioxidante (ferric reducing antioxidant power - FRAP) de amoras-pretas de duas cultivares ('Brazos' e 'Tupy'), nos três estágios de maturação, considerados verde, semi-maduro e maduro, e dos seus produtos (polpas e fermentados). No processo de maturação da fruta, observou-se que o peso, tamanho, diâmetro e teor de açúcar aumentaram significativamente enquanto a acidez diminuiu. Os teores de antocianinas aumentaram de 4,19 (FSM cv. 'Tupy') (frutos semi-maduros) para 205,75mg 100g-1 (FM cv. 'Brazos') (frutos maduros). Os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos foram verificados para os frutos verdes (FV) das duas cultivares, enquanto a atividade antioxidante não apresentou diferença significativa nos estádios de maturação. A polpa estudada acumulou um elevado teor de compostos fenólicos (dez vezes superior ao encontrado nas frutas maduras). Os teores de antocianinas e de atividade antioxidante não apresentaram o mesmo perfil em função da degradação das antocianinas pelo processo térmico utilizado. O fermentado alcoólico de amora permaneceu estável (fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante) durante dois anos de estocagem, porém, no terceiro ano, foi observada uma redução significativa da atividade antioxidante. Estes resultados são importantes para o estabelecimento da vida-de-prateleira desses produtos derivados da amora.

Blackberry (Rubus spp. ): influence of ripening and processing on levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the 'Brazos' and 'Tupy' varieties grown in Brazil / Amora Preta (Rubus spp. ): influência do estádio de maturação e do processamento nos teores de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante das variedades 'Brazos' e 'Tupy' cultivadas no Brasil

Fruits from temperate and tropical climates which have high levels of antioxidant compounds are the source of numerous studies concerning the correlation with benefits to human health. The objectives of this study were to quantify the anthocyanins and phenolic compounds and also to measure the antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power - FRAP) of blackberries from two varieties grown in southern Brazil ('Brazos' and 'Tupy') at three stages of ripening; unripe, semi-ripe, ripe and their products (pulp and fermented products). During fruit ripening it was observed that weight, size, diameter and sugars increase significantly and acidity decreased significantly. The anthocyanin content ranged from 4.19 (semi-ripe 'Tupy' variety) to 205.75mg 100g-1 (ripe 'Brazos' variety). The highest levels of phenolic compounds were observed for the unripe fruit of both varieties, while antioxidant activity showed no significant difference during the ripening stages. The studied pulp showed a high content of phenolic compounds (ten times higher than that found in the ripe fruits). The anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity did not show the same increase due to the degradation of anthocyanins caused by the heat treatment that was used. The alcoholic fermented beverage made from blackberries remained stable (total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity) during two years of storage, but the in third year a significant reduction in antioxidant activity was observed. These results can be important for establishing the shelf life of this kind of product made with blackberry.(AU)

Algumas frutas de clima temperado e tropical, principalmente as do tipo "berries", têm como característica o acúmulo de compostos antioxidantes e são objeto de inúmeros estudos, haja vista a sua correlação com os benefícios para a saúde humana. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar as antocianinas, os compostos fenólicos e mensurar a capacidade antioxidante (ferric reducing antioxidant power - FRAP) de amoras-pretas de duas cultivares ('Brazos' e 'Tupy'), nos três estágios de maturação, considerados verde, semi-maduro e maduro, e dos seus produtos (polpas e fermentados). No processo de maturação da fruta, observou-se que o peso, tamanho, diâmetro e teor de açúcar aumentaram significativamente enquanto a acidez diminuiu. Os teores de antocianinas aumentaram de 4,19 (FSM cv. 'Tupy') (frutos semi-maduros) para 205,75mg 100g-1 (FM cv. 'Brazos') (frutos maduros). Os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos foram verificados para os frutos verdes (FV) das duas cultivares, enquanto a atividade antioxidante não apresentou diferença significativa nos estádios de maturação. A polpa estudada acumulou um elevado teor de compostos fenólicos (dez vezes superior ao encontrado nas frutas maduras). Os teores de antocianinas e de atividade antioxidante não apresentaram o mesmo perfil em função da degradação das antocianinas pelo processo térmico utilizado. O fermentado alcoólico de amora permaneceu estável (fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante) durante dois anos de estocagem, porém, no terceiro ano, foi observada uma redução significativa da atividade antioxidante. Estes resultados são importantes para o estabelecimento da vida-de-prateleira desses produtos derivados da amora.(AU)

The association between chromaticity, phenolics, carotenoids, and in vitro antioxidant activity of frozen fruit pulp in Brazil: an application of chemometrics.

A total of 19 Brazilian frozen pulps from the following fruits: açai (Euterpe oleracea), blackberry (Rubus sp.), cajá (Spondias mombin), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), coconut (Cocos nucifera), grape (Vitis sp.), graviola (Annona muricata), guava (Psidium guajava), papaya (Carica papaya), peach (Prunus persica), pineapple (Ananas comosus), pineapple and mint (A. comosus and Mentha spicata), red fruits (Rubus sp. and Fragaria sp.), seriguela (Spondias purpurea), strawberry (Fragaria sp.), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa), and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) were analyzed in terms of chromaticity, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and in vitro antioxidant activity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Data were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays, which showed significant (P < 0.01) correlation with total phenolic compounds (r = 0.88 and 0.70, respectively), total flavonoids (r = 0.63 and 0.81, respectively), and total monomeric anthocyanins (r = 0.59 and 0.73, respectively). PCA explained 74.82% of total variance of data, and the separation into 3 groups in a scatter plot was verified. Three clusters also suggested by HCA, corroborated with PCA, in which cluster 3 was formed by strawberry, red fruits, blackberry, açaí, and grape pulps. This cluster showed the highest contents of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity.

Minerals consumption by Acetobacter xylinum on cultivation medium on coconut water.

The objective of this work is to verifying the consume of the minerals K, Na, Fe, Mg, P, S-SO4 (-2), B, N Total Kjedahl (NTK), NO3 (-)-N, and NH4 (+)-N in the production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum, according to the medium and the manner of cultivation. The fermentative process was in ripe and green coconut water. K and Na were determined by flame emission photometry, Mg and Fe by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, P by molecular absorption spectrophotometry, S-SO4 (-2) by barium sulphate turbidimetry, B by Azomethin-H method, NTK by Kjeldahl method, N-NO3 (-) and N-NH4 (+) by vapor distillation with magnesium oxide and Devarda's alloy, respectively. In Fermentation of ripe coconut water there were higher consumption of K (69%), Fe (84,3%), P (97,4%), S-SO2 (-2) (64,9%), B (56,1%), N-NO3 (-) (94,7%) and N-NH4 (+) (95,2%), whereas coconut water of green fruit the most consumed ions were Na (94,5%), Mg (67,7%) and NTK (56,6%). The cultivation under agitation showed higher mineral consumption. The higher bacterial cellulose production, 6 g.L(-1), was verified in the coconut water fermentative in ripe fruit, added KH2PO4, FeSO4 and NaH2PO4 kept under agitation.

Population dynamics of mixed cultures of yeast and lactic acid bacteria in cider conditions

The objective of this work was to study the malolactic bioconversion in low acidity cider, according Brazilian conditions. The apple must was inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or S. cerevisiae with Oenococcus oeni. The control contained the indigenous microorganisms. Fermentation assays were carried out with clarified apple must from the Gala variety. At the beginning of fermentation, there was a fast growth of the non-Saccharomyces yeast population. Competitive inhibition occurred in all the assays, either with inoculated or indigenous populations of the yeast. The lactic acid bacteria count was ca. 1.41·10²CFU/mL at the beginning and 10(6)CFU/mL after yeast cells autolysis. The lactic bacteria O. oeni reached the highest population (10(7)CFU/mL) when added to the apple must after the decline of the yeast. The malic acid was totally consumed during the alcoholic fermentation period (80.0 to 95.5 %) and lactic acid was still synthesized during the 35 days of malolactic fermentation. These results could be important in order to achieve a high quality brut, or sec cider obtained from the dessert apple must.

Classification of juices and fermented beverages made from unripe, ripe and senescent apples based on the aromatic profile using chemometrics.

The aim of this study was to assess differences between apple juices and fermented apple beverages elaborated with fruits from different varieties and at different ripening stages in the aroma profile by using chemometrics. Ripening influenced the aroma composition of the apple juice and fermented apple. For all varieties, senescent fruits provided more aromatic fermented apple beverages. However, no significant difference was noticed in samples made of senescent or ripe fruits of the Lisgala variety. Regarding the juices, ripe Gala apple had the highest total aroma concentration. Ethanal was the major compound identified in all the samples, with values between 11.83mg/L (unripe Lisgala juice) and 81.05mg/L (ripe Gala juice). 3-Methyl-1-butanol was the major compound identified in the fermented juices. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied and classified the juices and fermented juices based on physicochemical and aroma profile, demonstrating their applicability as tools to monitor the quality of apple-based products.

Multivariate analysis of the spectroscopic profile of the sugar fraction of apple pomace

Pomace, the main by-product of apple juice processing, contains all the fruit's compounds such as minerals, sugars, fibers, enzymes and secondary metabolites after bioprocessing. Dried pomace from four apple varieties (Gala, Fuji, Catarina and Joaquina) was used to extract fructose, glucose, and sucrose, the main soluble sugars contained in apple pomace, to verify the possible use of the sugar fractions. The concentrated sugars were characterized by NMR and FTIR. The partial least squares method (PLS) applied to the NMR and FTIR spectra revealed large amounts of fructose, glucose, and sucrose, without the presence of others compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) discriminated the studied apple varieties, with a 99% level of significance, as function of the amount of each sugar in the respective extracts.

Minerals consumption by Acetobacter xylinum on cultivation medium on coconut water

The objective of this work is to verifying the consume of the minerals K, Na, Fe, Mg, P, S-SO4-2,B,N Total Kjedahl (NTK), NO3--N, and NH4+-N in the production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum, according to the medium and the manner of cultivation. The fermentative process was in ripe and green coconut water. K and Na were determined by flame emission photometry, Mg and Fe by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, P by molecular absorption spectrophotometry, S-SO4-2 by barium sulphate turbidimetry, B by Azomethin-H method, NTK by Kjeldahl method, N-NO3-and N-NH4+ by vapor distillation with magnesium oxide and Devarda's alloy, respectively. In Fermentation of ripe coconut water there were higher consumption of K (69%), Fe (84,3%), P (97,4%), S-SO2-2 (64,9%), B (56,1%), N-NO3 (94,7%) and N-NH4+ (95,2%), whereas coconut water of green fruit the most consumed ions were Na (94,5%), Mg (67,7%) and NTK (56,6%). The cultivation under agitation showed higher mineral consumption. The higher bacterial cellulose production, 6 g.L-1, was verified in the coconut water fermentative in ripe fruit, added KH2PO4, FeSO4 and NaH2PO4 kept under agitation.

Minerals consumption by Acetobacter xylinum on cultivation medium on coconut water

The objective of this work is to verifying the consume of the minerals K, Na, Fe, Mg, P, S-SO4-2,B,N Total Kjedahl (NTK), NO3--N, and NH4+-N in the production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum, according to the medium and the manner of cultivation. The fermentative process was in ripe and green coconut water. K and Na were determined by flame emission photometry, Mg and Fe by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, P by molecular absorption spectrophotometry, S-SO4-2 by barium sulphate turbidimetry, B by Azomethin-H method, NTK by Kjeldahl method, N-NO3-and N-NH4+ by vapor distillation with magnesium oxide and Devarda's alloy, respectively. In Fermentation of ripe coconut water there were higher consumption of K (69%), Fe (84,3%), P (97,4%), S-SO2-2 (64,9%), B (56,1%), N-NO3 (94,7%) and N-NH4+ (95,2%), whereas coconut water of green fruit the most consumed ions were Na (94,5%), Mg (67,7%) and NTK (56,6%). The cultivation under agitation showed higher mineral consumption. The higher bacterial cellulose production, 6 g.L-1, was verified in the coconut water fermentative in ripe fruit, added KH2PO4, FeSO4 and NaH2PO4 kept under agitation.(AU)

Influence of fermentation with Hanseniaspora sp. yeast on the volatile profile of fermented apple.

This study aims to evaluate the aromatic profile of fermented apple, obtained by the action of strains of Hanseniaspora uvarum and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii using two methods of analysis: static headspace and solid phase microextraction (SPME). The results obtained confirm that the strains of the Hanseniaspora genus contributed positively to the aroma profile of fermented apple, producing considerable amounts of esters and higher alcohols. In comparing the methods of analysis of aromatic compounds using headspace and SPME, it was verified that by using the headspace method it was possible to capture amounts that were up to 16 times greater than the value of the volatile compounds obtained by SPME. However, when using SPME, 5 times more compounds were obtained than when using headspace. Even so, in the conditions of this study it was noted that headspace was more efficient in the extraction of the aromatics of fermented apple when taking into consideration the cost effectiveness of both methods.

Apple wine processing with different nitrogen contents

The aim of this work was to evaluate the nitrogen content in different varieties of apple musts and to study the effect of different nitrogen concentrations in apple wine fermentation. The average total nitrogen content in 51 different apples juices was 155.81 mg/L, with 86.28 percent of the values above 100 mg/L. The apple must with 59.0, 122.0 and 163.0 mg/L of total nitrogen content showed the maximum population of 2.05x 10(7); 4.42 x 10(7) and 8.66 x 10(7) cell/mL, respectively. Therefore, the maximum fermentation rates were dependent on the initial nitrogen level, corresponding to 1.4, 5.1 and 9.2 g/L.day, respectively. The nitrogen content in the apple musts was an important factor of growth and fermentation velocity.

Elaboração de fermento frisante de maçã com características semelhantes à sidra francesa / Elaboration of a sparkling apple wine with characteristics similar to the french cider

Este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar fermentado frisante de maçã com características de qualidade baseadas na sidra francesa e na preferência do consumidor brasileiro. Utilizou-se suco despectinizado da cultivar Gala no processo de crioconcentração e na elaboração do fermentado. Diluiu-se o grau alcoólico para 4,5% GL, sendo as correções de açúcares com o crioconcentrado e de acidez com ácido cítrico efetuadas com base no resultado da preferência dos consumidores pelo teste de ordenação. Definiu-se a espuma após teste com alginato de propileno glicol. O teor residual de açúcares corrigido com o suco crioconcentrado foi de 50 g.L, aumentando seu teor de fenólicos e sua atividade antioxidante. Corrigiu-se a acidez para 0,75 g.100mL, tornando-a semelhante à da sidra francesa. A espuma, próximo ao natural, porém mais persistente foi conseguida com adição de alginato de propileno glicol na proporção de 4,0 g.hL. O índice de aceitação do produto foi de 81,63% com tendência de intenção de compra de aproximadamente 85%, indicando que o produto atende ao gosto do consumidor. Desta forma, elaborou-se bebida com características da sidra francesa com ótima aceitação pelos consumidores e potencial de mercado.

Aromas em maçãs, suco e sidra: revisão / Aromas in apple juice and cider- a review

Efetuou-se uma abordagem da maçã e do processamento de bebidas fermentadas, mediante revisão dos principais compostos aromáticos da maçã presentes em produtos derivados como o suco e a sidra. Devido à importância do aroma nos produtos industrializados foram abordadas as principais metodologias utilizadas para sua avaliação, especialmente a cromatografia a gás-olfatométrica 9CG-O) que correlaciona medidas sensoriais e instrumentais. Pode ser observado que as pesquisas tem acrescentado conhecimentos nas metodologias para avaliação dos compostos voláteis em alimentos, sendo possível descrever cada componente volátil e determinar sua concentração e sua fonte (se provenientes da fruta ou do processamento fermantativo). Esse avanço na ciência em relação à identificação e quantificação dos compostos voláteis possibilita o conhecimento do momento da formação dos compostos voláteis mais importantes que geram impacto sensorial positivo no consumidor.

Extraction model of low methoxyl pectin from apple pomace effects of acid concentration and time on the process and the product

In Brazil, one of the top apple producing countries in the world, apple processing is an increasing activity, with pomace as the main by-product. To extract pectin from pomace, factors affecting process and product should be studied for optimization. A model to produce LMP directly from dried apple pomace was established observing the effects of HNO3 concentration and the time of reaction at 97ºC, analyzed from a statistical and practical point of view. The model for gravimetric yield (R² =0.9834) predicts the highest value of 20.07 g/100 g (126 mM; 14.07 min) of a pectin with a degree of esterification of 48.49 percent. The model for degree of esterification of extracted pectin (R²= 0.9797) predicts the lowest value of 43.73 percent (200 mM; 10.07 min) with a yield of 16.77g/100 g. The results using the central coordinates (100 mM; 10 min) for gravimetric yield were 19.01 g/100 g and for the degree of esterification, 50.79 percent.

No Brasil, um dos países com alta produção de maçã, o seu processamento é uma atividade em crescimento tendo o bagaço como principal sub-produto. Para extrair pectina do bagaço os fatores que afetam o processo e o produto devem ser otimizados. Um modelo para extrair LMP foi estabelecido observando os efeitos de concentrações de HNO3 e do tempo de reação a 97ºC, analisados estatística e praticamente. O modelo para o rendimento (R² =0,9834) prediz o mais elevado valor de 20,07 g/100 g (126 mM; 14,07 min) de pectina com grau de esterificação de 48,49 por cento. O modelo para o grau de esterificação de pectina extraída (R²= 0,9797) prediz o mais baixo valor de 43,73 por cento (200 mM; 10,07 min) com um rendimento de 16,77g/100 g. Os resultados usando as coordenadas do ponto central (100 mM; 10 min) para o rendimento foram 19,01 g/100 g e para o grau de esterificação, 50,79 por cento.

Patulin: incidence and control in apple products / Patulina: incidência e controle em derivados de maçã

The patulin, (4hydroxy-4furo[3,2-c]pyran(6H)-1),, is a thermal resistent mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi are common in plants, mainly in derivatives and apples. Studies on the toxicity in animals have shown that mycotoxin has character teratogenic, and carcinogenic in mice immunotoxic. Its biosynthesis is well understood involving a series of reactions of condensation and oxiredução, many catalyzed by enzymes. The danger of contamination of food with patulin, warning about the need for a more rigorous control. Recent research aimed their removal and degradation as well as increase the sensitivity of the tests, making them faster and at less cost. The removal of patulin of food is made with composite adsorbents, with inconvenience to diminish the quality of the product by adsorbs other components desirable. The degradation is made with sulfur compounds, which are not allowed in food in many countries, and the growth of yeasts, such as the production of cider. Many yeasts have resistance against patulin and produce compounds capable degrade it. Here, we reviewed research on patulin with emphasis on its influence in food industry, incidence of patulin in apple juice and other foods, maximum permissible concentrations, health effects, biosynthesis, removal, degradation and most widely used methods for its detection and quantification.

A patulina, 4hidroxi-4furo[3,2-c] pirano(6H)-1, micotoxina termo-resistente, é produzida por várias espécies de fungos, comuns em vegetais, produtos derivados e principalmente em maçãs. Estudos sobre a toxicidade em animais demonstraram esta micotoxina possui caráter teratogênico, cancerígeno e imunotóxico em camundongos. Sua biossíntese é bem compreendida envolvendo uma série de reações de condensação e de oxiredução, muitas catalisadas por enzimas. O perigo da contaminação de alimentos com patulina, alerta sobre a necessidade de um controle mais rigoroso. Pesquisas recentes objetivam sua remoção e degradação, bem como aumentar a sensibilidade das análises, tornando-as mais rápidas e com menores custos. A remoção de patulina de alimentos é feita com compostos adsorventes, com inconveniente de diminuir a qualidade do produto por adsorver outros componentes desejáveis. A degradação é feita com compostos sulfurados, os quais não são permitidos em alimentos em muitos países, e pelo crescimento de leveduras, como no caso da produção de sidras. Muitas leveduras apresentam resistência contra a patulina e produzem compostos capazes de degradá-la. Aqui, foram revisadas pesquisas sobre patulina com ênfase sobre sua influência na indústria de alimentos, incidência de patulina em suco de maçã e outros alimentos, concentrações máximas permitidas, efeitos na saúde, biossíntese, remoção, deg

Patulin: incidence and control in apple products / Patulina: incidência e controle em derivados de maçã

The patulin, (4hydroxy-4furo[3,2-c]pyran(6H)-1),, is a thermal resistent mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi are common in plants, mainly in derivatives and apples. Studies on the toxicity in animals have shown that mycotoxin has character teratogenic, and carcinogenic in mice immunotoxic. Its biosynthesis is well understood involving a series of reactions of condensation and oxiredução, many catalyzed by enzymes. The danger of contamination of food with patulin, warning about the need for a more rigorous control. Recent research aimed their removal and degradation as well as increase the sensitivity of the tests, making them faster and at less cost. The removal of patulin of food is made with composite adsorbents, with inconvenience to diminish the quality of the product by adsorbs other components desirable. The degradation is made with sulfur compounds, which are not allowed in food in many countries, and the growth of yeasts, such as the production of cider. Many yeasts have resistance against patulin and produce compounds capable degrade it. Here, we reviewed research on patulin with emphasis on its influence in food industry, incidence of patulin in apple juice and other foods, maximum permissible concentrations, health effects, biosynthesis, removal, degradation and most widely used methods for its detection and quantification.

A patulina, 4hidroxi-4furo[3,2-c] pirano(6H)-1, micotoxina termo-resistente, é produzida por várias espécies de fungos, comuns em vegetais, produtos derivados e principalmente em maçãs. Estudos sobre a toxicidade em animais demonstraram esta micotoxina possui caráter teratogênico, cancerígeno e imunotóxico em camundongos. Sua biossíntese é bem compreendida envolvendo uma série de reações de condensação e de oxiredução, muitas catalisadas por enzimas. O perigo da contaminação de alimentos com patulina, alerta sobre a necessidade de um controle mais rigoroso. Pesquisas recentes objetivam sua remoção e degradação, bem como aumentar a sensibilidade das análises, tornando-as mais rápidas e com menores custos. A remoção de patulina de alimentos é feita com compostos adsorventes, com inconveniente de diminuir a qualidade do produto por adsorver outros componentes desejáveis. A degradação é feita com compostos sulfurados, os quais não são permitidos em alimentos em muitos países, e pelo crescimento de leveduras, como no caso da produção de sidras. Muitas leveduras apresentam resistência contra a patulina e produzem compostos capazes de degradá-la. Aqui, foram revisadas pesquisas sobre patulina com ênfase sobre sua influência na indústria de alimentos, incidência de patulina em suco de maçã e outros alimentos, concentrações máximas permit