Biocompatible WSe2@BSA Dots with Merged Catalyst and Coreactant for Efficient Electrochemiluminescence.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful tool for clinical diagnosis due to its exceptional sensitivity. However, the standard tripropylamine (TPrA) coreactant for Ru(bpy)3Cl2, the most widely studied and used ECL system, is highly toxic. Despite extensive research on alternative coreactants, they often fall short in poor efficiency. From a reaction kinetics perspective, accelerating electrooxidation rate of Ru(bpy)3Cl2 is an essential way to compensate the efficiency limitation of coreactants, but is rarely reported. Here, a hybrid electrocatalyst@coreactant dots for the ECL of Ru(bpy)3Cl2 is reported. The as-prepared WSe2@bovine serum albumin (WSe2@BSA) dots is biocompatible, and demonstrate dual functions, i.e., the BSA shell works as a coreactant, meanwhile, the WSe2 core effectively catalyzes Ru(bpy)3Cl2 oxidation. As a result, WSe2@BSA dots exhibit an exceptionally high efficiency comparable to TPrA for the ECL of Ru(bpy)3Cl2. In addition, the procedure for synthesizing WSe2@BSA dots is facile (room temperature, atmospheric conditions), rapid (5 min), and scalable (for millions of bioassays). A biosensor utilizing WSe2@BSA dots shows promise for highly sensitive detecting glypican-3 in clinical liver cancer serum samples, especially for alpha-fetoprotein-negative patients. This work opens a new avenue for developing a highly efficient ECL system for biosensing and clinical diagnosis.

Advancements in the preparation technology of small molecule artificial antigens and their specific antibodies: a comprehensive review.

Small molecules find extensive application in medicine, food safety, and environmental studies, particularly in biomedicine. Immunoassay technology, leveraging the specific recognition between antigens and antibodies, offers a superior alternative to traditional physical and chemical analysis methods. This approach allows for the rapid and accurate detection of small molecular compounds, owing to its high sensitivity, specificity, and swift analytical capabilities. However, small molecular compounds often struggle to effectively stimulate an immune response due to their low molecular weight, weak antigenicity, and limited antigenic epitopes. To overcome this, coupling small molecule compounds with macromolecular carriers to form complete antigens is typically required to induce specific antibodies in animals. Consequently, the preparation of small-molecule artificial antigens and the production of efficient specific antibodies are crucial for achieving precise immunoassays. This paper reviews recent advancements in small molecule antibody preparation technology, emphasizing the design and synthesis of haptens, the coupling of haptens with carriers, the purification and identification of artificial antigens, and the preparation of specific antibodies. Additionally, it evaluates the current technological shortcomings and limitations while projecting future trends in artificial antigen synthesis and antibody preparation technology.

RUNX1, FUS, and ELAVL1-induced circPTPN22 promote gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through miR-6788-5p/PAK1 axis-mediated autophagy.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the association of circular RNAs (circRNAs) with the pathological processes of various diseases and their involvement in the onset and progression of multiple cancers. Nevertheless, the functional roles and underlying mechanisms of circRNAs in the autophagy regulation of gastric cancer (GC) have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: We used transmission electron microscopy and the mRFP-GFP-LC3 dual fluorescent autophagy indicator to investigate autophagy regulation. The cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, Transwell assay, and Western blot assay were conducted to confirm circPTPN22's influence on GC progression. Dual luciferase reporter assays validated the binding between circPTPN22 and miR-6788-5p, as well as miR-6788-5p and p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1). Functional rescue experiments assessed whether circPTPN22 modulates PAK1 expression by competitively binding miR-6788-5p, affecting autophagy and other biological processes in GC cells. We investigated the impact of circPTPN22 on in vivo GC tumors using a nude mouse xenograft model. Bioinformatics tools predicted upstream regulatory transcription factors and binding proteins of circPTPN22, while chromatin immunoprecipitation and ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the binding status. RESULTS: Upregulation of circPTPN22 in GC has been shown to inhibit autophagy and promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, circPTPN22 directly binds to miR-6788-5p, subsequently regulating the expression of PAK1, which activates protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation. This modulation ultimately affects autophagy levels in GC cells. Additionally, runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) negatively regulates circPTPN22 expression, while RNA-binding proteins such as FUS (fused in sarcoma) and ELAVL1 (recombinant ELAV-like protein 1) positively regulate its expression. Inhibition of the autophagy pathway can increase FUS expression, further upregulating circPTPN22 in GC cells, thereby exacerbating the progression of GC. CONCLUSION: Under the regulation of the transcription factor RUNX1 and RNA-binding proteins FUS and ELAVL1, circPTPN22 activates the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk through the miR-6788-5p/PAK1 axis, thereby modulating autophagy in GC cells. Inhibition of autophagy increases FUS, which in turn upregulates circPTPN22, forming a positive feedback loop that ultimately accelerates the progression of GC.

Face-to-face Assembly Strategy of Au Nanocubes: Induced Generation of Broad Hotspot Regions for SERS-Fluorescence Dual-Signal Detection of Intracellular miRNAs.

While designing anisotropic noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the signal intensity of Raman dyes, more sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probes can be designed by oriented self-assembly of noble metal nanomaterials into dimers or higher-order nanoclusters. In this study, we engineered a self-assembly strategy in living cells for real-time fluorescence and SERS dual-channel detection of intracellular microRNAs (miRNAs), using Mg2+-dependent 8-17E DNAzyme sequences as the driving motors, gold nanocubes (AuNCs) as the driver components, and three-branched double-stranded DNA as the linking tool. The assembly selects adenine in DNA as a reporter molecule, simplifying the labeling process of Raman reporter molecules and reducing the synthesis process. In addition, adenine is stably distributed between the faces of AuNCs and the wide hotspot region gives good reproducibility of the adenine SERS signal. In this strategy, the SERS channel was consistently stable and more sensitive compared to the fluorescence channel. Among them, the detection limit of the SERS channel was 2.1 pM and the coefficient of variation was 1.26% in the in vitro liquid phase and 1.49% in MCF-7 cells. The strategy successfully achieved accurate tracking and quantification of miRNA-21 in cancer cells, showing good reproducibility in complex samples as well as cells. The reported strategy provides ideas for exploring intracellular specific triggering of nanoparticles for precise control of self-assembly.

Recent progress on charge transfer engineering in reticular framework for efficient electrochemiluminescence.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a luminescence production technique triggered by electrochemistry, which has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in bioanalysis and clinical diagnosis. During ECL, charge transfer (CT) is an important process between electrochemical excitation and luminescent emission, and dramatically affects the efficiency of exciton generation, playing a pivotal role in the light-emitting properties of nanomaterials. Reticular framework materials with intramolecular/intermolecular interactions offer a promising platform for regulating CT pathways and enhancing luminescence efficiency. Deciphering the role of intramolecular/intermolecular CT processes in reticular framework materials allows for the targeted design and synthesis of emitters with precisely controlled CT properties. This sheds light on the microscopic mechanisms of electro-optical conversion in ECL, propelling advancements in their efficiency and breakthrough applications. This mini-review focuses on recent advancements in engineering CT within reticular frameworks to boost ECL efficiency. We summarized strategies including intra-reticular charge transfer, CT between the metal and ligands, and CT between guest molecules and frameworks within reticular frameworks, which holds promise for developing next-generation ECL devices with enhanced sensitivity and light emission.

A training program for improving the capacity of infection high-throughput sequencing and diagnosis in China.

BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases are a serious threat to human especially since the COVID-19 outbreak has proved the importance and urgency of their diagnosis and treatment again. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been widely used and recognized in clinical and carried out localized testing in hospitals. Increasing the training of mNGS detection technicians can enhance their professional quality and more effectively realize the application value of the hospital platform. METHODS: Based on the initial theoretical understanding and practice of the mNGS platform for localization construction, we have designed a training program to enhance the ability of technicians to detect pathogens by utilizing mNGS, and hence to conduct training practices nationwide. RESULTS: Until August 30, 2022, the page views of online classes have reached 51,500 times and 6 of offline small-scale training courses have been conducted. A total of 67 trainees from 67 hospitals have participated in the training with a qualified rate of 100%. After the training course, the localization platform of 1 participating hospital has been put into use, 2 have added the mNGS localization platform for admission, among which 3 have expressed strong intention of localization. CONCLUSIONS: This study focuses on the training procedures and practical experience of the project which is the first systematic standardized program of mNGS in the world. It solves the training difficulties in the current industry, and effectively promotes the localization construction and application of mNGS in hospitals. It has great development potential in the future and is worth further promotion.

Supramolecular assembly-induced electrochemiluminescence enhancement of gold nanoclusters for hemoglobin detection.

Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) with excellent optical properties and biocompatibility have become one of the most promising electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters. However, the low efficiency and poor stability of Au NCs restrict their applications in ECL. Herein, by supramolecular assembly of L-arginine (Arg) and 4-hydroxy-2-mercapto-6-methylpyrimidine (MTU) on the surface of Au NCs, Arg/MTU-Au NCs with enhanced ECL efficiency and stability were prepared. Compared with the MTU-stabilized Au NCs (MTU-Au NCs), the ECL efficiency of Arg/MTU-Au NCs increased by 24.8 times. As a proof-of-concept, a sensitive biosensing platform was constructed for sensitive detection of hemoglobin (Hb) in urine using Arg/MTU-Au NCs as ECL emitters. The proposed ECL detection platform provides a feasible strategy for the detection of biomarkers in urine and has broad application prospects in disease screening and clinical marker detection.

Detection of monkeypox virus using helicase dependent amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow test.

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic DNA virus that belongs to the poxvirus family. Conventional laboratory methods for detecting MPXV are complex and expensive, making them unsuitable for detecting the virus in regions with limited resources. In this study, we using the Helicase dependent amplification (HDA) method and the Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technique in combination with the lateral flow test (LFT), together with a self-designed qPCR technique for the detection of the MPXV specific conserved fragment F3L, to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the three assays. By analyzing the sensitivity detection results using Probit, it can be seen that the limit of detection (LOD) of the HDA-LFT detection target is 9.86 copies/µL (95% confidence interval, CI 7.52 copies/µL lower bound), the RPA-LFT detection target is 6.97 copies/µL (95% CI 3.90 copies/µL lower bound), and the qPCR detection target is 479.24 copies/mL (95% CI 273.81 copies/mL lower bound). The specificity test results showed that the specificity of the three methods mentioned above was higher than 90% in detecting pseudoviruses of the same genus of MPXV. The simple, highly sensitive, and specific MPXV assay developed in this study is anticipated to provide a solid foundation for future applications in the early screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of the efficacy of MPXV. This is the first time the HDA-LFT assay has been utilized to detect MPXV infection.

Elevation of Metrnß and Its Association with Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an auto-immune disease, the pathogenesis of which remains to be fully addressed. Metrnß is a novel cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease, but its regulatory roles in SLE are unclear. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the clinical value of Metrnß in SLE. A massive elevation of circulating Metrnß levels was observed in SLE, and patients with an active phase displayed higher Metrnß concentrations than those with inactive phases. Additionally, we found that Metrnß expression was positively correlated with clinical indicators of SLE. Longitudinal cytokine and chemokine profiles revealed a disturbed immune response in SLE, with high activity profiles displayed severe pathogenic inflammation, and a positive correlation of the serum Metrnß with CXCL9, IL10, IL18 and IL1RA was observed as well. Moreover, Metrnß expressions exhibited an inverse correlation with Treg and B10. Of note, a significant decrease of ILC2 was found in SLE, and there was a negative correlation of Metrnß with ILC2 as well. Further ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for Metrnß was 0.8250 (95% CI: 0.7379-0.9121), with a cutoff value of 1131 pg/mL to effectively distinguish SLE patients from healthy controls. Our study herein demonstrated for the first time that Metrnß values were increased and were immunologically correlated with SLE activity, which could be utilized as an alternative biomarker for the early identification and predicting of the immuno-response of SLE.

Ligand-induced Assembly of Copper Nanoclusters with Enhanced Electrochemical Excitation and Radiative Transition for Electrochemiluminescence.

Copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) are emerging electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters with unique molecule-like electronic structures, high abundance, and low cost. However, the synthesis of CuNCs with high ECL efficiency and stability in a scalable manner remains challenging. Here, we report a facile gram-scale approach for preparing self-assembled CuNCs (CuNCsAssy ) induced by ligands with exceptionally boosted anodic ECL and stability. Compared to the disordered aggregates that are inactive in ECL, the CuNCsAssy shows a record anodic ECL efficiency for CuNCs (10 %, wavelength-corrected, relative to Ru(bpy)3 Cl2 /tripropylamine). Mechanism studies revealed the unusual dual functions of ligands in simultaneously facilitating electrochemical excitation and radiative transition. Moreover, the assembly addressed the limitation of poor stability of conventional CuNCs. As a proof of concept, an ECL biosensor for alkaline phosphatase detection was successfully constructed with an ultralow limit of detection of 8.1×10-6  U/L.

Case Report: Detection of Treponema phagedenis in cerebrospinal fluid of a neurosyphilis patient by metagenomic next-generation sequencing.

Treponema phagedenis, a human commensal spirochete, has been reported world-wide as a key factor in the pathogenesis of bovine digital dermatitis. Here we report a case of T. phagedenis sequence detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient. The patient was diagnosed with neurosyphilis, and T. phagedenis was detected as the only microorganism in his CSF by metagenomic sequencing. The patient went through a round of penicillin therapy previously (2.4 million units of Benzathine Penicillin intramuscularly once a week for three weeks) that did not resolve the symptoms; after the diagnosis of neurosyphilis he was treated with Penicillin G Sodium 4.0 million units q4h intravenous for 14 days then his symptoms resolved. To the best of our knowledge, T. phagedenis has never been reported to be detected in a human's CSF before. This was also the first time it was detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. We propose that more etiological tests should be performed including culture and sequencing for more patients with syphilis, which will contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathogenicity of the spirochete.

Rapid diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction based on reverse transcription-accelerated strand exchange amplification of miR-208a.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a prevalent cardiovascular disease associated with high morbidity and mortality, posing a significant threat to human health. Therefore, early diagnosis of AMI has become a focal point of research. MiR-208 is specifically expressed in the heart and is involved in the regulation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and other myocardial gene expressions. It is expected to be applied in the clinical detection of AMI due to its release by damaged myocardial cells within 3 hours of AMI. In this study, we developed a denatured bubble-mediated reverse transcription-accelerated strand exchange amplification (RT-ASEA) method to detect the early biomarker miR-208a of AMI. The novel approach allowed rapid amplification of miR-208a in 15 minutes, with good performance in terms of repeatability (CV < 6%), determination limit (1 × 100 pmol L-1), and linearity (R2 = 0.9690). Based on the analysis of 42 clinical samples, a strong correlation was observed between the Ct value of miR-208a detected by the RT-ASEA method and the cTnI concentration, considered the gold standard for diagnosis of AMI. The research suggested that the RT-ASEA method could be applied to distinguish between AMI and healthy groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.9976, with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 100%. Optimized RT-ASEA is a reliable and efficient method for miRNA detection. Furthermore, this study provides crucial data support for the development of miR-208a as an early biomarker for AMI, which is of great significance in life and health.

A colloidal gold test strip based on catalytic hairpin assembly for the clinical detection of influenza a virus nucleic acid.

Influenza A epidemics, which occur annually in varying degrees worldwide, is a global challenge to healthcare facilities owing to several limitations of the current detection methods. Therefore, the development of a rapid, convenient, and economical method for the early diagnosis of influenza A will aid clinical treatment and epidemic control. Currently, most of the commonly used clinical rapid tests utilize colloidal gold test strips that detect specific influenza virus antigens but are limited by low sensitivity. Therefore, this study combined catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) with colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) to develop a highly sensitive and visual CHA-GICA test strip. Clinical sample analysis revealed that the sensitivity of the assay was 81.8% and 74% under optimal (35 °C) and room temperature (25 °C) conditions, respectively. In conclusion, this study developed a rapid nucleic acid assay for detecting influenza A virus with high sensitivity and specificity, which can improve the clinical detection of influenza A.

Dual-targeted and dual-sensitive self-assembled protein nanocarrier delivering hVEGI-192 for triple-negative breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy worldwide among women with an increasing incidence in recent years. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a specific type of breast cancer, occurs primarily in young women and exhibits large tumor size, high clinical stage, and extremely poor prognosis with a high rate of lymph node, liver, and lung metastases. TNBC is insensitive to endocrine therapy and trastuzumab treatment, and there is an urgent need for effective therapeutics and treatment guidelines. However, investigations into antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of TNBC are ongoing. In this study, we successfully engineered a self-assembled protein nanocarrier TfRBP9-hVEGI-192-ELP fusion protein (TVEFP) to deliver the therapeutic protein, human vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (hVEGI-192). This was found to be effective in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis in vivo. The protein nanocarrier effectively inhibited the progression of TNBC in vivo and showed the behavior of self-assembly, thermoresponsiveness, enzyme stimulation-responsiveness, tumor-targeting, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Near-infrared imaging studies showed that fluorescent dye-stained TVEFP effectively aggregated at the tumor site. The TVEFP nanocarrier significantly expands the application of the therapeutic protein hVEGI-192 and improves the imaging and biotherapeutic effects in TNBC, chiefly based on anti-angiogenesis effects.

Addition of dNTPs can improve the detection sensitivity of catalytic hairpin assembly.

Ever since the catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) circuit has been highlighted as a powerful nucleic acid detection tool, nucleic acid detection methods based on CHA have been widely studied. However, the detection sensitivity of CHA-based methods is insufficient. The relatively high background signals resulting from the spontaneous reaction between the two hairpin probes is one of the major reasons for limiting the sensitivity of CHA. In this study, we established that the addition of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) to the reaction system can significantly reduce the background leakage of CHA. The dNTPs-CHA, coupled with a fluorescence lateral flow assay strip, is used for the rapid and highly sensitive detection of miRNA. It is capable of reliably detecting miRNA in serum samples down to a limit of 100 aM, which is an improvement in the lower detection limit by nearly five orders of magnitude compared to that of the pure CHA.

Detection of Hepatitis C virus RNA using a novel hybridization chain reaction method that competitively dampens cascade amplification.

The hybridization chain reaction (HCR) is widely used for biosensing. However, HCR does not provide the required sensitivity. In this study, we reported a method to improve the sensitivity of HCR by dampening the cascade amplification. First, we designed a biosensor based on HCR, and an initiator DNA was used to trigger the cascade amplification. Optimization of the reaction was then performed, and the results showed that the limit of detection (LOD) for the initiator DNA was about 2.5 nM. Second, we designed a series of inhibitory DNAs to dampen the HCR cascade amplification, and DNA dampeners (50 nM) were applied in the presence of the DNA initiator (50 nM). One of the DNA dampeners (D5) showed the best inhibitory efficiency of greater than 80%. This was further applied at concentrations ranging from 0 nM to 10 nM to prohibit the HCR amplification caused by a 2.5 nM initiator DNA (the limit of detection for this initiator DNA). The results showed that 0.156 nM of D5 could significantly inhibit the signal amplification (p<0.05). Additionally, the limit of detection for the dampener D5 was 16 times lower than that for the initiator DNA. Based on this detection method, we achieved a detection limit as low as 0.625 nM for HCV-RNAs. In summary, we developed a novel method with improved sensitivity to detect the target designed to prohibit the HCR cascade. Overall, this method could be used to qualitatively detect the presence of single-stranded DNA/RNA.

Isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology in HIV detection.

Nucleic acid testing for HIV plays an important role in the early diagnosis and monitoring of antiretroviral therapy outcomes in HIV patients and HIV-infected infants. Currently, the main molecular diagnostic methods employed are complex, time-consuming, and expensive to operate in resource-limited areas. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology overcomes some of the shortcomings of traditional assays and makes it possible to use point-of-care tests for molecular HIV detection. Here, we summarize and discuss the latest technological advances in isothermal nucleic acid amplification for HIV detection, with the intent of providing guidance for the development of subsequent HIV assays with high sensitivity and specificity.

Clinical application and detection techniques of liquid biopsy in gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide and the leading cause of tumor-related mortality. Endoscopy and serological tumor marker testing are currently the main methods of GC screening, and treatment relies on surgical resection or chemotherapy. However, traditional examination and treatment methods are more harmful to patients and less sensitive and accurate. A minimally invasive method to respond to GC early screening, prognosis monitoring, treatment efficacy, and drug resistance situations is urgently needed. As a result, liquid biopsy techniques have received much attention in the clinical application of GC. The non-invasive liquid biopsy technique requires fewer samples, is reproducible, and can guide individualized patient treatment by monitoring patients' molecular-level changes in real-time. In this review, we introduced the clinical applications of circulating tumor cells, circulating free DNA, circulating tumor DNA, non-coding RNAs, exosomes, and proteins, which are the primary markers in liquid biopsy technology in GC. We also discuss the current limitations and future trends of liquid biopsy technology as applied to early clinical biopsy technology.

A simple and programmable dual-mode aptasensor for the ultrasensitive detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Accurately identifying multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria from clinical samples has long been a challenge. Herein, we report a simple and programmable dual-mode aptasensor called DAPT to reliably detect MDR bacteria. The DAPT method comprises two elements, namely the mode of dynamic light scattering (Mode-DLS) for ultrasensitive detection and the mode of fluorescence (Mode-Flu) for reliable quantification as a potent complement. Benefiting from the states of aptamer-modified gold nanoparticles (AptGNPs) sensitively changing from dispersion to aggregation, the proposed Mode-DLS achieved the rapid, specific, and ultrasensitive detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the limit of detection (LOD) of 4.63 CFU mL-1 in a proof-of-concept experiment. Simultaneously, the Mode-Flu ensured the accuracy of the detection, especially at a high concentration of bacteria. Moreover, the feasibility and universality of the DAPT platform was validated with four other superbugs by simply reprogramming the corresponding sequence. Overall, the proposed DAPT method based on a dual-mode aptasensor can provide a universal platform for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria due to its superior programmability.

Construction of Carbon Dots with Wavelength-Tunable Electrochemiluminescence and Enhanced Efficiency.

Tuning the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) wavelength of carbon dots (CDs) with enhanced efficiency is essential for multiplexed biosensing, bioimaging, and energy applications but remains challenging. Herein, we reported a facile route to finely modulate the ECL wavelength of CDs from 425 to 645 nm, the widest range ever reported, along with a more than 5-fold enhancement of ECL efficiency via phosphorous (P) incorporation. The molecular mechanism was explored experimentally and theoretically, which revealed the unusual dual roles of P dopants in the form of P-C and P-O bonding, that is, importing shallow trapping states and promoting an effective intramolecular charge transfer. This work would allow unlocking the key factors of ECL kinetics for heteroatom-doped CDs appearing out of reach and open a new avenue for the rational design of nanocarbon for desirable applications.