Ba9RE2(SiO4)6 (RE = Ho-Yb): A Family of Rare-Earth-Based Honeycomb-Lattice Magnets.

Rare-earth (RE)-based honeycomb-lattice materials with strong spin-orbit coupled Jeff = 1/2 moments have attracted great interest as a platform to realize the Kitaev quantum spin liquid (QSL) state. Herein, we report the discovery of a family of RE-based honeycomb-lattice magnets Ba9RE2(SiO4)6 (RE = Ho-Yb), which crystallize into the rhombohedral structure with the space group R3̅. In these serial compounds, magnetic RE3+ ions are arranged on a perfect honeycomb lattice within the ab-plane and stacked in the "ABCABC"-type fashion along the c-axis. All synthesized Ba9RE2(SiO4)6 (RE = Ho-Yb) polycrystals exhibit the dominant antiferromagnetic interaction and absence of magnetic order down to 2 K. In combination with the magnetization and electron spin resonance results, magnetic behaviors are discussed for the compounds with different RE ions. Moreover, the as-grown Ba9Yb2(SiO4)6 single crystals show large magnetic frustration with frustration index f = θCW/TN > 8 and no long-range magnetic ordering down to 0.15 K, being a possible QSL candidate material. These series of compounds are attractive for exploring the exotic magnetic phases of Kitaev materials with 4f electrons.

Transient Magnetoelectric Coupling Induced by the Dynamic Intertwinement between Exchange Striction and Compensation in GdFeO3.

In this study, we investigate the dynamic magnetoelectric (ME) coupling behaviors of GdFeO3 under pulsed magnetic fields. When a magnetic field is applied along the c-axis, and the temperature is near the compensation temperature (Tcomp = 3.5 K), we observe a subtle transition involving the reversal of Fe3+ moments at approximately 0.8 T in magnetization (M) measurements. This transition induces a corresponding jump in electrical polarization (P), which is not present in the static field measurements. The dynamic intertwining between M and P signifies a competition between antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling between Gd3+ and Fe3+ moments and their Zeeman energies. The robust AFM coupling leads to the reversal of Fe3+ moments near Tcomp, triggering the abrupt change in P. Based on the exchange striction mechanism in the ferrimagnetic GdFeO3, we propose the possibility of achieving highly magnetic field sensitive ME coupling near the compensation temperature in ferrimagnetic multiferroic orthoferrites.

Spin Reorientation Transition and Negative Magnetoresistance in Ferromagnetic NdCrSb3 Single Crystals.

High-quality NdCrSb3 single crystals are grown using a Sn-flux method, for electronic transport and magnetic structure study. Ferromagnetic ordering of the Nd3+ and Cr3+ magnetic sublattices are observed at different temperatures and along different crystallographic axes. Due to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction between the two magnetic sublattices, the Cr moments rotate from the b axis to the a axis upon cooling, resulting in a spin reorientation (SR) transition. The SR transition is reflected by the temperature-dependent magnetization curves, e.g., the Cr moments rotate from the b axis to the a axis with cooling from 20 to 9 K, leading to a decrease in the b-axis magnetization f and an increase in the a-axis magnetization. Our elastic neutron scattering along the a axis shows decreasing intensity of magnetic (300) peak upon cooling from 20 K, supporting the SR transition. Although the magnetization of two magnetic sublattices favours different crystallographic axes and shows significant anisotropy in magnetic and transport behaviours, their moments are all aligned to the field direction at sufficiently large fields (30 T). Moreover, the magnetic structure within the SR transition region is relatively fragile, which results in negative magnetoresistance by applying magnetic fields along either a or b axis. The metallic NdCrSb3 single crystal with two ferromagnetic sublattices is an ideal system to study the magnetic interactions, as well as their influences on the electronic transport properties.

Dual-Mode Integrated Janus Films with Highly Efficient NaH2 PO2 -Enhanced Infrared Radiative Cooling and Solar Heating for Year-Round Thermal Management.

The currently available materials cannot meet the requirements of human thermal comfort against the hot and cold seasonal temperature fluctuations. In this study, a dual-mode Janus film with a bonded interface to gain dual-mode functions of both highly efficient radiative cooling and solar heating for year-round thermal management is designed and prepared. The cooling side is achieved by embedding NaH2 PO2 particles with high infrared radiation (IR) emittance into a porous polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film during pore formation process, which is reported for the first time to the knowledge. A synergistic enhancement of NaH2 PO2 and 3D porous structure leads to efficient radiant cooling with high solar reflectance (R̅solar ≈ 92.6%) and high IR emittance (ε̅IR ≈ 97.2%), especially the ε̅IR value is much greater than that of the reported best porous polymer films. In outdoor environments under 750 mW cm-2 solar radiation, the dual-mode Janus film shows subambient cooling temperature of ≈8.8 °C and heating temperature reaching ≈39.3 °C, indicating excellent thermal management capacity. A wide temperature range is obtained only by flipping the dual-mode Janus film for thermal management. This work provides an advanced zero-energy-consumption human thermal management technique based on the high-performance dual-mode integrated Janus film material.

Serum TBK1 levels are correlated with inflammation, optic nerve sheath diameter and intracranial pressure in severe traumatic brain injury patients under deep sedation.

BACKGROUND: Severe traumatic brain injuries (STBIs) cause 1/3-1/2 of trauma-related deaths. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor NF-κB activator (TANK)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a biomarker associated with inflammation, while inflammation is a key promoter of the TBI process. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical significance of TBK1 in STBI patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present prospective observational study included a total of 95 STBI cases diagnosed from October 2019 to October 2021. The values for optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) were determined under deep sedation using 2-dimensional gray scale ultrasound. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was also measured. Serum levels of TBK1 and inflammatory factors such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical variables including pathological type, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score were recorded. RESULTS: The levels of TBK1 in the deceased patients were remarkably lower than in the patients who survived. The IL-1ß and IL-6 were markedly elevated in deceased patients compared with survivors, and negatively correlated with serum levels of TBK1. The ONSD and ICP values were significantly higher in the deceased patients than in the patients who survived and were positively correlated with each other, while both were negatively correlated with TBK1 levels. Patients with lower TBK1 expression showed significantly lower GCS scores, higher SOFA and APACHE II scores, as well as a higher 1-month mortality rate. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that patients with higher TBK1 levels had a higher 1-month survival rate compared with the patients with lower TBK1 levels. Only TBK1 and ONSD were independent risk factors for 1-month mortality in STBI patients. CONCLUSIONS: Lower serum TBK1 levels are associated with higher inflammatory factors, higher ONSD and ICP levels, as well as a poorer prognosis in STBI patients.

Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and nontrivial topological states in Weyl semimetal candidate SmAlSi.

The RAlX (R = Light rare earth; X = Ge, Si) compounds, as a family of magnetic Weyl semimetal, have recently attracted growing attention due to the tunability of Weyl nodes and its interactions with diverse magnetism by rare-earth atoms. Here, we report the magnetotransport evidence and electronic structure calculations on nontrivial band topology of SmAlSi, a new member of this family. At low temperatures, SmAlSi exhibits large non-saturated magnetoresistance (MR) (as large as ∼5500% at 2 K and 48 T) and distinct Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations. The field dependent MRs at 2 K deviate from the semiclassical (µ0H)2variation but follow the power-law relation MR∝(µ0H)mwith a crossover fromm∼ 1.52 at low fields (µ0H< 15 T) tom∼ 1 under high fields (µ0H> 18 T), which is attributed to the existence of Weyl points and electron-hole compensated characteristics with high mobility. From the analysis of SdH oscillations, two fundamental frequencies originating from the Fermi surface pockets with non-trivialπBerry phases and small cyclotron mass can be identified, this feature is supported by the calculated electronic band structures with two Weyl pockets near the Fermi level. Our study establishes SmAlSi as a paradigm for researching the novel topological states of RAlX family.

High-Magnetic-Sensitivity Magnetoelectric Coupling Origins in a Combination of Anisotropy and Exchange Striction.

Magnetoelectric (ME) coupling is highly desirable for sensors and memory devices. Herein, the polarization (P) and magnetization (M) of the DyFeO3 single crystal were measured in pulsed magnetic fields, in which the ME behavior is modulated by multi-magnetic order parameters and has high magnetic-field sensitivity. Below the ordering temperature of the Dy3+-sublattice, when the magnetic field is along the c-axis, the P (corresponding to a large critical field of 3 T) is generated due to the exchange striction mechanism. Interestingly, when the magnetic field is in the ab-plane, ME coupling with smaller critical fields of 0.8 T (a-axis) and 0.5 T (b-axis) is triggered. We assume that the high magnetic-field sensitivity results from the combination of the magnetic anisotropy of the Dy3+ spin and the exchange striction between the Fe3+ and Dy3+ spins. This work may help to search for single-phase multiferroic materials with high magnetic-field sensitivity.

Structure and Magnetism of an Ideal One-Dimensional Chain Antiferromagnet [C2NH8]3[Fe(SO4)3] with a Large Spin of S = 5/2.

Isolated large-spin Heisenberg antiferromagnetic uniform chain is quite rare. Here, we have successfully synthesized an ideal one-dimensional (1D) S = 5/2 linear-chain antiferromagnet [C2NH8]3[Fe(SO4)3], which crystallizes in a trigonal lattice with the space group R3c. A broad maximum at Tmax = 18 K is observed in the magnetic susceptibility curve. Notably, no long-range magnetic ordering is observed down to 2 K even if the material has a large Curie-Weiss temperature of θCW = -25.5 K. High-field magnetization at 2 K shows a linear increase until saturation at 30 T, and a high-field electron spin resonance (ESR) reveals the absence of a zero-field spin gap. The intrachain interaction J and interchain interaction J' are determined. Quite a small ratio of J'/J < 2.5 × 10-3 suggests that [C2NH8]3[Fe(SO4)3] behaves as an ideal 1D uniform linear-chain antiferromagnet, in which the magnetic ordering is prevented by the extremely small interchain interaction and quantum fluctuation even for a classical spin of S = 5/2.

Influence of Barium Intercalated Ions on Magnetic Interaction in the Tellurate Compound BaNi2TeO6.

A novel transition metal tellurate single-crystal BaNi2TeO6 with layered honeycomb lattices has been successfully synthesized. The crystal structure of BaNi2TeO6 reveals that there are the Ni2+ honeycomb lattice layers and Te6+ triangle lattice layers in the ab plane. BaNi2TeO6 shows an antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition at ∼25 K, which is almost the same temperature as the Curie-Weiss temperature θ ∼ -27 K, indicating the presence of the AFM interactions without obvious magnetic frustration in the system. However, the field-induced successive magnetic transitions observed at Hc1 ∼ 16.2 T and Hc2 ∼ 42.2 T show the complicated spin structure in BaNi2TeO6. Compared with the isostructural Na2Ni2TeO6, the various magnetic properties indicate that the intercalated ions (Ba2+) can significantly affect the magnetic properties of the layered honeycomb lattices, which may be useful for exploring the spin-liquid state and valence bond liquid state in the layered honeycomb lattice compounds.

Spin mapping of intralayer antiferromagnetism and field-induced spin reorientation in monolayer CrTe2.

Intrinsic antiferromagnetism in van der Waals (vdW) monolayer (ML) crystals enriches our understanding of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic orders and presents several advantages over ferromagnetism in spintronic applications. However, studies of 2D intrinsic antiferromagnetism are sparse, owing to the lack of net magnetisation. Here, by combining spin-polarised scanning tunnelling microscopy and first-principles calculations, we investigate the magnetism of vdW ML CrTe2, which has been successfully grown through molecular-beam epitaxy. We observe a stable antiferromagnetic (AFM) order at the atomic scale in the ML crystal, whose bulk is ferromagnetic, and correlate its imaged zigzag spin texture with the atomic lattice structure. The AFM order exhibits an intriguing noncollinear spin reorientation under magnetic fields, consistent with its calculated moderate magnetic anisotropy. The findings of this study demonstrate the intricacy of 2D vdW magnetic materials and pave the way for their in-depth analysis.

Magnetic properties and phase diagram of quasi-two-dimensional Na2Co2TeO6single crystal under high magnetic field.

We investigated the magnetic characteristics of Na2Co2TeO6at different temperatures and magnetic field. The experimental results indicated that the magnetic field can disturb the antiferromagnetic interaction and lead to the disorder. Magnetization curves measured with different anglesθ(θis between the magnetic field direction andcaxis) express the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in this system. When the angleθ= 0 (magnetic field parallel tocaxis), two continuous magnetic phase transitions at critical temperatureTN1andTN3were observed. Asθchanges,TN1is almost independent onθ, indicating the magnetic ordering atTN1was a spontaneous behavior with a robust AFM characteristic. On the other hand, asθincreases from 0 to 180,TN3presents extreme value atθ= 90 (magnetic field perpendicular tocaxis). It indicates thatTN3were sensitive to temperature and magnetic fields. At some angles closing toabplane, an additional phase transition was observed atTN2.This phase transition atTN2may mainly result from the long range antiferromagnetic ordering withinab-plane. Furthermore, the magnetization measurement up to 50 T revealed the strong antiferromagnetic coupling in the system, and in which the magnetic coupling within the honeycomb layers is strong and the magnetic coupling interaction between honeycomb layers is weaker. Based on the experimental results, we have obtained the complete magnetic phase diagram.

CoMOF5(pyrazine)(H2O)2 (M = Nb, Ta): Two-Layered Cobalt Oxyfluoride Antiferromagnets with Spin Flop Transitions.

Two cobalt oxyfluoride antiferromagnets CoMOF5(pyz)(H2O)2 (M = Nb 1, Ta 2; pyz = pyrazine) have been synthesized via conventional hydrothermal methods and characterized by thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), magnetic susceptibility, and magnetization measurements at both static low field and pulsed high field. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicates both compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/m with a two-dimensional Co2+ triangular lattice in the ab plane, separated by the nonmagnetic MOF5 (M = Nb 1, Ta 2) octahedra along the c-axis with large intertriangular-lattice Co···Co distance. Because of low dimensionality together with frustrated triangular lattice, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit no long-range antiferromagnetic order until ∼3.7 K. Moreover, a spin flop transition is observed in the magnetization curves at 2 K for both compounds, which is further confirmed by ESR spectra. In addition, the ESR spectra suggest the presence of a zero-field spin gap in both compounds. The high field magnetization measured at 2 K saturates at ∼7 T with Ms = 1.55 µB for 1 and 1.71 µB for 2, respectively, after subtracting the Van Vleck paramagnetic contribution, which is usually observed for Co2+ ions with pseudospin spin of 1/2 at low temperature. Powder-averaged magnetic anisotropy of g = 3.10 for 1 (3.42 for 2) and magnetic superexchange interaction J/kB = -3.2 K for 1 (-3.6 K for 2) are obtained.

Different iron deposition patterns in akinetic/rigid-dominant and tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: The loss of dopaminergic cells and excessive iron deposition in some deep brain nuclei are associated with the pathophysiology of PD, and different clinical subtypes may indicate different pathological processes. This study was designed to investigate the relationships between regional iron in the cardinal subcortical nuclei and different clinical subtypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine Arkinetic/Rigid-dominant Parkinson's disease (PDAR) patients, eight Tremor-dominant (PDTD)patients and 10 matched healthy controls were recruited for this study. The iron content in 8 cardinal subcortical nuclei was measured through SWI sequence scanning (3.0 T), and different patterns of iron deposition were analyzed not only between the PD patients and HC groups but also between the different clinical subtypes. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy controls, the iron content in the substantia nigra pars compacta(SNc), substantia nigra pars reticulata(SNr) from both the severe and milder side in PD groups were significantly increased (P < 0.01 and P < 0.02 for SNc; both P < 0.01 for SNr), and the iron content in the GP of both the severe and milder side of the PDAR patients was significantly increased compared with the PDTD patients (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively) CONCLUSION: SWI is a very good technique for the in vivo assessment of subcortical nucleus iron content, and abnormal deposition of iron in the SNc and SNr is an obvious characteristic in PD patients. Furthermore, our data indicates that PDAR patients have higher iron content in the GP than PDTD patients and HCs, indicating that abnormal iron deposition in GP is related to the phenotype of Akinetic/Rigid in PD patients.

A comparative study on magnetic order and field-induced magnetic transition in double perovskite iridates: RE2ZnIrO6 and RE2MgIrO6 (RE = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd).

We perform a comparative magnetic study on two series of rare-earth (RE) based double perovskite iridates RE2BIrO6 (RE = Pr, Nd, Sm-Gd; B = Zn, Mg), which show Mott insulating state with tunable charge energy gap from ∼330 meV to ∼560 meV by changing RE cations. For nonmagnetic RE = Eu cations, Eu2MgIrO6 shows antiferromagnetic (AFM) order and field-induced spin-flop transitions below Néel temperature (T N) in comparison with the ferromagnetic (FM)-like behaviors of Eu2ZnIrO6 at low temperatures. For magnetic-moment-containing RE ions, Gd2BIrO6 show contrasting magnetic behaviors with FM-like transition (B = Zn) and AFM order (B = Mg), respectively. While, for RE = Pr, Nd and Sm ions, all members show AFM ground state and field-induced spin-flop transitions below T N irrespective of B = Zn or Mg cations. Moreover, two successive field-induced metamagnetic transitions are observed for RE2ZnIrO6 (RE = Pr, Nd) in high field up to 56 T, the resultant field temperature (H-T) phase diagrams are constructed. The diverse magnetic behaviors in RE2BIrO6 reveal that the 4f-Ir exchange interactions between the RE and Ir sublattices can mediate their magnetism.

Controlling Electron Spin Decoherence in Nd-based Complexes via Symmetry Selection.

Long decoherence time is a key consideration for molecular magnets in the application of the quantum computation. Although previous studies have shown that the local symmetry of spin carriers plays a crucial part in the spin-lattice relaxation process, its role in the spin decoherence is still unclear. Herein, two nine-coordinated capped square antiprism neodymium moieties [Nd(CO3)4H2O]5- with slightly different local symmetries, C1 versus C4 (1 and 2), are reported, which feature in the easy-plane magnetic anisotropy as shown by the high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (HF-EPR) studies. Detailed analysis of the relaxation time suggests that the phonon bottleneck effect is essential to the magnetic relaxation in the crystalline samples of 1 and 2. The 240 GHz Pulsed EPR studies show that the higher symmetry results in longer decoherence times, which is supported by the first principle calculations.

Mutation analysis of CAPN1 in Chinese populations with spastic paraplegia and related neurodegenerative diseases.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in CAPN1 have recently been reported to cause the spastic paraplegia 76 (SPG76) subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). To investigate the role of CAPN1 in spastic paraplegia and other neurodegenerative diseases, including spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) we conducted a mutation analysis of CAPN1 in a cohort of Chinese patients with SPG, SCA, EOPD, and ALS. METHODS: Variants of CAPN1 were detected in the three cohorts by Sanger or whole-exome sequencing, and all exons and exon-intron boundaries of CAPN1 were analysed. RESULTS: A novel CAPN1 splicing variant (NM_001198868: c.338-1G > A) identified in a familial SPG/SCA showed a complex phenotype, including spastic paraplegia, ataxia, and extensor plantar response. This mutation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and completely co-segregated with the phenotypes. Sequencing of the cDNA from the three affected patients detected a guanine deletion (c.340_340delG) that was predicted to result in an early stop codon after 61 amino acids (p. D114Tfs*62). No CAPN1 pathogenic mutation was found in the EOPD or ALS groups. CONCLUSION: Our data reveal a novel CAPN1 mutation found in patients with SPG/SCA and emphasize the spastic and ataxic phenotypes of SPG76, but CAPN1 may not play a major role in EOPD and ALS.

Dispersible SmCo5 nanoparticles with huge coercivity.

It is difficult to obtain dispersed particles of SmCo5 by calciothermic reduction because of sintering during the high-temperature reaction. This study presents a new strategy to synthesize dispersible SmCo5 particles by co-precipitating a precursor containing amorphous Sm(OH)3 and coherent nanoscale Co(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2 crystallites. The Ca(OH)2 dehydrates into CaO which forms an isolation shell around the SmCo5 particles that prevents them sintering during the reaction at 860 °C. A magnetization of 90 Am2 kg-1, a remanence ratio of 0.96 and a huge coercivity of 6.6-7.2 T were achieved at room temperature after dissolving the CaO and orienting a dispersion of the particles in epoxy in a 0.8 T external field. Based on its scan-rate dependence in high quasi-static and pulsed magnetic fields, the coercivity mechanism is identified as nucleation and growth of 88 nm3 nucleation volumes in a low-anisotropy surface region about 15 nm thick. The coercivity is the highest yet reported for nanoparticles of any permanent magnet and it opens the prospect of new high-temperature magnet composites.

Structure and 3/7-like Magnetization Plateau of Layered Y2Cu7(TeO3)6Cl6(OH)2 Containing Diamond Chains and Trimers.

We have synthesized a new spin-1/2 antiferromagnet, Y2Cu7(TeO3)6Cl6(OH)2, via a traditional hydrothermal method. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with space group P1̅. The magnetic ions constitute a two-dimensional layered lattice with a novel topological structure in which the Cu4 clusters make up distorted diamond chains along the a axis and these chains are connected by the Cu3 trimers. The magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements show that the compound is antiferromagnetically ordered at TN = 4.1 K. This antiferromagnetic ordering is further supported by electron spin resonance (ESR) data. The magnetization curve presents a field-induced metamagnetic transition at 0.2 T, followed by a magnetization plateau within a wide magnetic field range from 7 T to at least 55 T, which corresponds to 3/7 of the saturated magnetization with g = 2.15 obtained from ESR. The possible mechanism for the magnetization plateau is discussed.

Direct Observation of Nanoscale Light Confinement without Metal.

Manipulation of light below the diffraction limit forms the basis of nanophotonics. Metals can confine light at the subwavelength scale but suffer from high loss of energy. Recent reports have theoretically demonstrated the possibility of light confinement below the diffraction limit using transparent dielectric metamaterials. Here, nanoscale light confinement (<λ/20) in transparent dielectric materials is shown experimentally through a luminescent nanosystem with rationally designed dielectric claddings. Theoretically, green light with a wavelength of 540 nm has a transmission of 98.8% when passing through an ultrathin NaYF4 /NaGdF4 superlattice cladding (thickness: 6.9 nm). Unexpectedly, the complete confinement of green emission (540 nm) by such an ultrathin dielectric cladding is directly observed. FDTD calculations are used to confirm that the ultrathin dielectric cladding has negligible influence on the transmission of propagating light, but extraordinary confinement of evanescent waves. This will provide new opportunities for nanophotonics by completely averting the use of metals.

A cobalt(ii) chain based on pymca generated in situ from the hydrolysis of 2-cyanopyrimidine: spin canting and magnetic relaxation.

A one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymer, [{Co2(pymca)2·(H2O)4}SO4·2H2O] n (1) (pymca = 2-carboxypyrimidine), was solvothermally synthesized via the reaction of 2-cyanopyrimidine and Co(SCN)2. A bidentate pymca ligand was formed in situ by the hydrolysis of 2-cyanopyrimidine. Furthermore, in this study, the magnetic properties of complex 1 were investigated in detail. The results indicated that complex 1 showed a single-chain magnet (SCM) behavior below ca. 3 K. The energy barrier (Δτ 1/k B) and preexponential factor (τ 0) of SCM were 31.2 K and 5.4 × 10-9 s, respectively.