Resting-state functional connectivity of amygdala subregions across different symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients.

AIM: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by distinct symptom subtypes, each with varying pathophysiologies and treatment responses. Recent research has highlighted the role of the amygdala, a brain region that is central to emotion processing, in these variations. However, the role of amygdala subregions with distinct functions has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to clarify the biological mechanisms underlying OCD subtype heterogeneity by investigating the functional connectivity (FC) of amygdala subregions across distinct OCD symptom subtypes. METHODS: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance images were obtained from 107 medication-free OCD patients and 110 healthy controls (HCs). Using centromedial, basolateral, and superficial subregions of the bilateral amygdala as seed regions, whole-brain FC was compared between OCD patients and HCs and among patients with different OCD symptom subtypes, which included contamination fear and washing, obsessive (i.e., harm due to injury, aggression, sexual, and religious), and compulsive (i.e., symmetry, ordering, counting, and checking) subtypes. RESULTS: Compared to HCs, compulsive-type OCD patients exhibited hypoconnectivity between the left centromedial amygdala (CMA) and bilateral superior frontal gyri. Compared with patients with contamination fear and washing OCD subtypes, patients with compulsive-type OCD showed hypoconnectivity between the left CMA and left frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: CMA-frontal cortex hypoconnectivity may contribute to the compulsive presentation of OCD through impaired control of behavioral responses to negative emotions. Our findings underscored the potential significance of the distinct neural underpinnings of different OCD manifestations, which could pave the way for more targeted treatment strategies in the future.

Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in subregions of amygdala in adults and adolescents with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: The different symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents compared to adults suggested there may be differences in the pathophysiology between adolescents and adults with MDD. However, despite the amygdala being considered critical in the pathophysiology, there was limited knowledge about the commonalities and differences in the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of amygdala subregions in MDD patients of different age groups. METHODS: In the current study, 65 adolescents (46 with MDD and 19 controls) and 91 adults (35 with MDD and 56 controls) were included. A seed-based functional connectivity analysis was performed for each of the amygdala subregions. A 2 × 2 ANOVA was used to analyze the main effect of age, diagnosis, and their interaction on the rsFC of each subregion. RESULTS: A significant main effect of age was revealed in the rsFC of bilateral centromedial (CM) subregions and right laterobasal (LB) subregion with several brain regions in the limbic system and frontoparietal network. The significant main effect of diagnosis showed MDD patients of different ages showed higher connectivity than controls between the right LB and left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). CONCLUSIONS: The rsFC of specific amygdala subregions with brain regions in the limbic system and frontoparietal network is affected by age, indicating a distinct amygdala connectivity profile in adolescents. The decreased rsFC between the right LB and the left MFG in adolescents and adults with MDD could serve as a diagnostic biomarker and a target of nonpharmacological treatment for MDD.

Selective disrupted gray matter volume covariance of amygdala subregions in schizophrenia.

Objective: Although extensive structural and functional abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia, the gray matter volume (GMV) covariance of the amygdala remain unknown. The amygdala contains several subregions with different connection patterns and functions, but it is unclear whether the GMV covariance of these subregions are selectively affected in schizophrenia. Methods: To address this issue, we compared the GMV covariance of each amygdala subregion between 807 schizophrenia patients and 845 healthy controls from 11 centers. The amygdala was segmented into nine subregions using FreeSurfer (v7.1.1), including the lateral (La), basal (Ba), accessory-basal (AB), anterior-amygdaloid-area (AAA), central (Ce), medial (Me), cortical (Co), corticoamygdaloid-transition (CAT), and paralaminar (PL) nucleus. We developed an operational combat harmonization model for 11 centers, subsequently employing a voxel-wise general linear model to investigate the differences in GMV covariance between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls across these subregions and the entire brain, while adjusting for age, sex and TIV. Results: Our findings revealed that five amygdala subregions of schizophrenia patients, including bilateral AAA, CAT, and right Ba, demonstrated significantly increased GMV covariance with the hippocampus, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and so on (permutation test, P< 0.05, corrected). These findings could be replicated in most centers. Rigorous correlation analysis failed to identify relationships between the altered GMV covariance with positive and negative symptom scale, duration of illness, and antipsychotic medication measure. Conclusion: Our research is the first to discover selectively impaired GMV covariance patterns of amygdala subregion in a large multicenter sample size of patients with schizophrenia.

Negative family and interpersonal relationship are associated with centromedial amygdala functional connectivity alterations in adolescent depression.

The amygdala, known for its functional heterogeneity, plays a critical role in the neural mechanism of adolescent major depressive disorder (aMDD). However, changes in its subregional functional networks in relation to stressful factors remain unclear. We recruited 78 comorbidity-free, medication-naive aMDD patients and 40 matched healthy controls (HC) to explore changes in resting-state functional connectivity (FC) across four amygdala subregions: the centromedial nucleus (CM), the basolateral nucleus (LB), the superficial nucleus (SF), and the amygdalostriatal transition area (Astr). Then, we performed partial correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between amygdala subregional FC and stressful factors as measured by the Chinese Version of Family Environment Scale (FES-CV) and the Adolescent Self-Rated Life Events Scale (ASLEC). Compared to HC, aMDD patients demonstrated significantly decreased functional connectivity between the left CM and left precentral gyrus, as well as between left SF and left precentral gyrus, and between left LB and posterior cingulate gyrus (PCC)/precuneus. In aMDD group, left CM-precentral gyrus FC exhibited negative correlation with interpersonal relationship and punishment, and positive correlation with family cohesion and expressiveness. This study reveals distinct patterns of abnormal functional connectivity among amygdala subregions in aMDD. Our findings suggest that the CM network, in particular, may be involved in stress-related factors in aMDD, which provide a potential target for the prevention and treatment of adolescent depression.

Structural characteristics of amygdala subregions in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients often suffer from depressive symptoms, which seriously affect cooperation in treatment and nursing. The amygdala plays a significant role in depression. This study aims to explore the microstructural alterations of the amygdala in T2DM and to investigate the relationship between the alterations and depressive symptoms. Fifty T2DM and 50 healthy controls were included. Firstly, the volumes of subcortical regions and subregions of amygdala were calculated by FreeSurfer. Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was conducted between the two groups with covariates of age, sex, and estimated total intracranial volume to explore the differences in volume of subcortical regions and subregions of amygdala. Furthermore, the structural covariance within the amygdala subregions was performed. Moreover, we investigate the correlation between depressive symptoms and the volume of subcortical regions and amygdala subregions in T2DM. We observed a reduction in the volume of the bilateral cortico-amygdaloid transition area, left basal nucleus, bilateral accessory basal nucleus, left anterior amygdaloid area of amygdala, the left thalamus and left hippocampus in T2DM. T2DM patients showed decreased structural covariance connectivity between left paralaminar nucleus and the right central nucleus. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between self-rating depression scale scores and the volume of the bilateral cortico-amygdaloid transition area in T2DM. This study reveals extensive structural alterations in the amygdala subregions of T2DM patients. The reduction in the volume of the bilateral cortico-amygdaloid transition area may be a promising imaging marker for early recognition of depressive symptoms in T2DM.

Altered volume of the amygdala subregions in patients with chronic low back pain.

Background: Neuroimaging studies have suggested a pivotal role for the amygdala involvement in chronic low back pain (CLBP). However, the relationship between the amygdala subregions and CLBP has not yet been delineated. This study aimed to analyze whether the amygdala subregions were linked to the development of CLBP. Methods: A total of 45 patients with CLBP and 45 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. All subjects were asked to complete a three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (3D-T1 MRI) scan. FreeSurfer 7.3.2 was applied to preprocess the structural MRI images and segment the amygdala into nine subregions. Afterwards, comparisons were made between the two groups in terms of the volumes of the amygdala subregions. Correlation analysis is utilized to examine the relationship between the amygdala subregion and the scale scores, as well as the pain duration in patients with CLBP. Additionally, logistic regression was used to explore the risk of the amygdala and its subregions for CLBP. Results: In comparison to HCs, patients with CLBP exhibited a significant enlargement of the left central nucleus (Ce) and left cortical nucleus (Co). Furthermore, the increased volume of the left Ce was associated with a higher risk of CLBP. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the left Ce and left Co may be involved in the pathophysiological processes of CLBP. Moreover, the volume of the left Ce may be a biomarker for detecting the risk of CLBP.

The modulation effects of the mind-body and physical exercises on the basolateral amygdala-temporal pole pathway on individuals with knee osteoarthritis / Los efectos de modulación de la mente-cuerpo y los ejercicios físicos en la vía del polo basolateral amígdala-temporal en personas con osteoartritis de rodilla

Background/Objective: To investigate the modulatory effects of different physical exercise modalities on connectivity of amygdala subregions and its association with pain symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods: 140 patients with KOA were randomly allocated either to the Tai Chi, Baduanjin, Stationary cycling, or health education group and conducted a 12 week-long intervention in one of the four groups. The behavioral, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and blood data were collected at baseline and the end of the study. Results: Compared to the control group, all physical exercise modalities lead to significant increases in Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) pain score (pain relief) and serum Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) levels. Additionally, all physical exercise modalities resulted in decreased resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the basolateral amygdala (BA)-temporal pole and BA-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The overlapping BA-temporal pole rsFC observed in both Tai Chi and Baduanjin groups was significantly associated with pain relief, while the BA-mPFC rsFC was significantly associated with PD-1 levels. In addition, we found increased fractional anisotropy (FA) values, a measurement of water diffusion anisotropy of tissue that responded to changes in brain microstructure, within the mind-body exercise groups' BA-temporal pole pathway. The average FA value of this pathway was positively correlated with KOOS pain score at baseline across all subjects. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that physical exercise has the potential to modulate both functional and anatomical connectivity of the amygdala subregions, indicating a possible shared pathway for various physical exercise modalities.(AU)

Childhood abuse influences clinical features of major depressive disorder by modulating the functional network of the right amygdala subregions.

Childhood trauma and the amygdala play essential roles in major depressive disorder (MDD) mechanisms. However, the neurobiological mechanism among them remains unclear. Therefore, we explored the relationship among the amygdala subregion's abnormal functional connectivity (FC), clinical features, and childhood trauma in MDD. We obtained resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 115 MDD patients and 91 well-matched healthy controls (HC). Amygdala subregions were defined according to the Human Brainnetome Atlas. The case vs. control difference in FCs was extracted. After controlling for age, sex, and education years, the mediations between the detected abnormal FCs and clinical features were analyzed, including the onset age of MDD and the Hamilton Depression Scale-24 (HAMD-24) reductive rate. Compared with HC subjects, we found, only the right amygdala subregions, namely the right medial amygdala (mAmyg.R) and the right lateral amygdala (lAmyg.R), showed a significant decrease in whole-brain FCs in MDD patients. Only childhood abuse experiences were significantly associated with amygdala subregion connectivity and clinical features in MDD patients. Additionally, The FCs between the mAmyg.R and extensive frontal, temporal, and subcortical regions mediated between the early life abuses and disease onset or treatment outcome. The findings indicate that the abnormal connectivity of the right amygdala subregions is involved in MDD's pathogenesis and clinical characteristics.

The modulation effects of the mind-body and physical exercises on the basolateral amygdala-temporal pole pathway on individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Background/Objective: To investigate the modulatory effects of different physical exercise modalities on connectivity of amygdala subregions and its association with pain symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods: 140 patients with KOA were randomly allocated either to the Tai Chi, Baduanjin, Stationary cycling, or health education group and conducted a 12 week-long intervention in one of the four groups. The behavioral, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and blood data were collected at baseline and the end of the study. Results: Compared to the control group, all physical exercise modalities lead to significant increases in Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) pain score (pain relief) and serum Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) levels. Additionally, all physical exercise modalities resulted in decreased resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the basolateral amygdala (BA)-temporal pole and BA-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The overlapping BA-temporal pole rsFC observed in both Tai Chi and Baduanjin groups was significantly associated with pain relief, while the BA-mPFC rsFC was significantly associated with PD-1 levels. In addition, we found increased fractional anisotropy (FA) values, a measurement of water diffusion anisotropy of tissue that responded to changes in brain microstructure, within the mind-body exercise groups' BA-temporal pole pathway. The average FA value of this pathway was positively correlated with KOOS pain score at baseline across all subjects. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that physical exercise has the potential to modulate both functional and anatomical connectivity of the amygdala subregions, indicating a possible shared pathway for various physical exercise modalities.

Structural and functional improvement of amygdala sub-regions in postpartum depression after acupuncture.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the changes in structure and function in amygdala sub-regions in patients with postpartum depression (PPD) before and after acupuncture. Methods: A total of 52 patients with PPD (All-PPD group) were included in this trial, 22 of which completed 8 weeks of acupuncture treatment (Acu-PPD group). An age-matched control group of 24 healthy postpartum women (HPW) from the hospital and community were also included. Results from the 17-Hamilton Depression Scale (17-HAMD) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were evaluated, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans were performed at baseline and after the acupuncture treatment. Sub-regions of the amygdala were used as seed regions to measure gray matter volume (GMV) and analyzed for resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) values separately. Finally, correlation analyses were performed on all patients with PPD to evaluate association values between the clinical scale scores, GMV, and RSFC values, while controlling for age and education. Pearson's correlation analyses were conducted to investigate the relevance between GMV and RSFC values of brain regions that differed before and after acupuncture treatment and clinical scale scores in Acu-PPD patients. Results: The HAMD scores for Acu-PPD were reduced after acupuncture treatment (P < 0.05), suggesting the positive effects of acupuncture on depression symptoms. Structurally, the All-PPD group showed significantly decreased GMV in the left lateral part of the amygdala (lAMG.L) and the right lateral part of the amygdala (lAMG.R) compared to the HPW group (P < 0.05). In addition, the GMV of lAMG.R was marginally increased in the Acu-PPD group after acupuncture (P < 0.05). Functionally, the Acu-PPD group showed a significantly enhanced RSFC between the left medial part of the amygdala (mAMG.L) and the left vermis_6, an increased RSFC between the right medial part of the amygdala (mAMG.R) and left vermis_6, and an increased RSFC between the lAMG.R and left cerebelum_crus1 (P < 0.05). Moreover, correlation studies revealed that the GMV in the lAMG.R was significantly related to the EPDS scores in the All-PPD group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that the structure of amygdala sub-regions is impaired in patients with PPD. Acupuncture may improve depressive symptoms in patients with PPD, and the mechanism may be attributed to changes in the amygdala sub-region structure and the functional connections of brain areas linked to the processing of negative emotions. The fMRI-based technique can provide comprehensive neuroimaging evidence to visualize the central mechanism of action of acupuncture in PPD.

Regional superficial amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in adults infers childhood maltreatment severity.

Background: Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a potential risk factor for some neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood (e.g. depression and anxiety) and alters trajectories of brain development. Accumulating evidence suggests that functional connectivity of the limbic system, especially the amygdala, is highly associated with childhood maltreatment, although not all studies have found this. These inconsistent results may be due to differential alterations of amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) following childhood maltreatment. Objective: Our aim was to investigate the relationship between the rsFC of amygdala subregions and CM severity, as well as to develop a stable rsFC-based model for inferring the severity of CM. Methods: In this study, we employed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) to assess CM severity in each individual. We explored the relationship between the rsFC of amygdala subregions (i.e. centromedial -CMA, basolateral -BLA, superficial-SFA amygdala) and CM experience in a discovery dataset of n = 110 healthy Chinese participants by linear multiple regression analysis. Subsequent dimensional and categorical approach were performed to elucidate the relationship between rsFCs and CM severity and CM subtypes, respectively. A support vector regression model was then conducted to validate the associations between rsFCs and total CTQ scores. Moreover, we also verified the model into another independent replication dataset (n = 38). Results: Our findings suggested that childhood maltreatment was negatively associated with rsFC between the right superficial amygdala and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC)/postcentral gyrus (PCG) but not the other two amygdala subregions. Moreover, SFA-pgACC coupling was more associated with physical neglect whereas the SFA-PCG was more related to emotional neglect. In addition, supervised machine learning confirmed that using these two rsFCs as predictors could stably estimate continuous maltreatment severity in both discovery and replication datasets. Conclusion: The current study supports that the rsFCs of superficial amygdala are related to childhood maltreatment and which may be a potential biomarker for the effects of childhood maltreatment-related psychiatric disorders (i.e. depression and anxiety).

Altered resting state dynamic functional connectivity of amygdala subregions in patients with autism spectrum disorder: A multi-site fMRI study.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with altered brain connectivity. Previous studies have focused on the static functional connectivity pattern from amygdala subregions in ASD while ignoring its dynamics. Considering that dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) can provide different perspectives, the present study aims to investigate the dFC pattern of the amygdala subregions in ASD patients. METHODS: Data of 618 ASD patients and 836 typical controls (TCs) of 30 sites were obtained from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) database. The sliding window approach was applied to conduct seed-based dFC analysis. The seed regions were bilateral basolateral (BLA) and centromedial-superficial amygdala (CSA). A two-sample t-test was done at each site. Image-based meta-analysis (IBMA) based on the results from all sites was performed. Correlation analysis was conducted between the dFC values and the clinical scores. RESULTS: The ASD patients showed lower dFC between the left BLA and the bilateral inferior temporal (ITG)/left superior frontal gyrus, between the right BLA and right ITG/right thalamus/left superior temporal gyrus, and between the right CSA and middle temporal gyrus. The ASD patients showed higher dFC between the left BLA and temporal lobe/right supramarginal gyrus, between the right BLA and left calcarine gyrus, and between the left CSA and left calcarine gyrus. Correlation analysis revealed that the symptom severity was positively correlated with the dFC between the bilateral BLA and ITG in ASD. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal dFC of the specific amygdala subregions may provide new insights into the pathological mechanisms of ASD.

The resting-state functional connectivity of amygdala subregions associated with post-traumatic stress symptom and sleep quality in trauma survivors.

Neuroimaging findings suggest that the amygdala plays a primary role in both the psychopathology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and poor sleep quality, which are common in trauma survivors. However, the neural mechanisms of these two problems in trauma survivors associated with amygdala remain unclear. In the current study, we aimed to explore the role of functional connectivity of amygdala subregions in both PTSD symptoms and poor sleep quality. A total of 94 trauma-exposed subjects were scanned on a 3T MR system using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Both Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores were negatively correlated with the resting-state functional connectivity between the left basolateral amygdala-left medial prefrontal cortex and the right basolateral amygdala-right medial prefrontal cortex. Our findings suggest a shared amygdala subregional neural circuitry underlying the neuropathological mechanisms of PTSD symptoms and poor sleep quality in trauma survivors.

The participation of basolateral amygdala in the efficacy of acupuncture with deqi treating for functional dyspepsia.

Deqi is taken as an indispensable requirement to achieve acupuncture efficacy. This study aimed to explore the central influence of deqi on the efficacy of acupuncture for functional dyspepsia (FD). 70 FD patients were randomized to receive 20 sessions' acupuncture treatment with (n = 35) and without deqi (n = 35). In each group, 25 FD patients randomly selected underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after treatment. After group re-division according to deqi response, changes of amygdala subregions-based resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) were compared between the acupuncture with and without obvious deqi group. The clinical changes of the Nepean Dyspepsia Symptom Index (NDSI) measuring FD symptoms were also used to further assess the correlation with amygdala subregions rsFC in FD patients. The decrease in the NDSI scores (pre-pos) in the obvious deqi group was significantly greater than that in the acupuncture without obvious deqi group (p < 0.05). Compared to the without obvious deqi group, the obvious deqi group showed significantly decreased the left basolateral amygdala (BLA) rsFC with bilateral insular (INS), putamen and middle/posterior cingulate cortex (MCC/PCC), right pallidum and hippocampus (HIPP) after treatment. The changed NDSI scores(pre-post) of all 41 FD patients was significantly positively correlated with their Fisher's transformed z value of the left BLA rsFC with left INS (r = 0.376, FDR corrected p = 0.015), and rsFC with right HIPP (r = 0.394, FDR corrected p = 0.015). The changed NDSI scores(pre-post) of the obvious deqi group was significantly negatively correlated with their Fisher's transformed z value of the right centromedial amygdala (CMA) rsFC with left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (r = -0.463, p = 0.035). The results tested the hypothesis that the advantage of deqi on efficacy is related to affecting the BLA and CMA rsFC. It suggested that deqi might influence the abnormal rsFC within the salience network (SN), and participate in the adaptive modulation of disrupted relationship between the SN and default mode network (DMN).

Brain functional abnormalities in the amygdala subregions is associated with anxious depression.

BACKGROUND: Functional neuroimaging studies have provided strong support for the critical role the amygdala plays in emotional processing. The amygdala is composed of three primary distinct nuclei that have different functions in emotional regulation. Anxious depression (AD) was considered as a common dimensional symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, the neuroimaging basis of this special MDD subtype remains largely unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to study the functional connectivity of the amygdala's subregions in AD patients. METHODS: Eighty-three patients with AD, 70 non-anxious depression (NAD) patients, and 62 healthy controls were collected. Age and gender were well-matched. The functional connectivity of three amygdala subregions, including centromedial (CM), laterobasal (LB), and superficial (SF), were compared among the AD, NAD, and HC groups. The correlation between functional connectivity in the amygdala subregions and the HAMD factor scores were further analyzed. RESULTS: Patients with AD showed decreased functional connectivity between the right CM/LB and the right middle frontal gyrus relative to the NAD group. The NAD patients showed decreased functional connectivity between the right precentral gyrus and the right CM/SF compared to the HC group. The functional connectivity between the right CM and the right middle frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with the anxiety/somatization factor. CONCLUSION: The functional connectivity between the right CM/LB and the right middle frontal gyrus might be the neurobiological mechanism of anxious depression. The FC between the right CM and the right middle frontal gyrus may help to explain the special clinical feature of the AD patients.

Integrity of Amygdala Subregion-Based Functional Networks and Emotional Lability in Drug-Naïve Boys With ADHD.

Objective: This study evaluated the functional networks of amygdala subregions (basolateral [BLA], centromedial [CMA], and superficial amygdala [SFA]) in ADHD and their association with emotional lability (EL) symptoms. Method: Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of amygdala subregions and their correlations with EL scores were evaluated in 35 drug-naïve boys with ADHD and 30 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Results: Compared with HC, altered RSFC were detected differently for each amygdala subregion in ADHD: altered RSFC of BLA with the thalamus and vermis; aberrant RSFC of CMA with the superior temporal gyrus/pole and insula, precuneus and cerebellum; reduced RSFC of SFA with dorsal frontoparietal cortices. Within ADHD, higher EL scores were associated with reduced negative RSFC of SFA with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobe. Conclusion: Diffuse alterations of amygdala subregion-based networks are associated with ADHD, and the weaker SFA-frontoparietal networks might be involved in the hypothesized top-down effortful regulation of emotion.

Symptom severity and disgust-related traits in borderline personality disorder: The role of amygdala subdivisions.

The majority of morphometric studies on borderline personality disorder (BPD) found that diagnosed patients have a reduced amygdala volume. We sought to extend this finding by focusing on amygdala subdivisions (centromedial, laterobasal, superficial) and their association with symptom severity and disgust-related traits. Additional disorder-/disgust-relevant regions (insula, somatosensory cortex) were also investigated. We compared structural imaging data from 25 female BPD patients and 25 healthy women via voxel-based morphometry. Scores on self-report measures for symptom severity, disgust proneness, and self-disgust were correlated with gray matter volume (GMV) of regions of interest. Relative to controls, BPD patients had more GMV in the laterobasal amygdala. The volume of this region was positively correlated with symptom severity. In contrast, GMV of the centromedial amygdala showed a negative correlation with symptom severity. The degree of reported self-injury and self-disgust correlated negatively with the volume of the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII). Our data point to a differential contribution of amygdala subdivisions to symptom severity in BPD. Future longitudinal studies should focus on these subregions and possible volume changes during the course of the disorder. The meaning of altered SII volume for dysfunctional auto-aggressive behavior needs further investigation.