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1.
Rev. esp. salud pública ; 98: e202402001, Feb. 2024.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-231344

RESUMO

Desde el inicio de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en marzo de 2020, el uso de la mascarilla ha constituido un pilar fundamental para el control de la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 en diferentes ámbitos. Su obligatoriedad ha sido regulada por diferentes normativas, y la efectividad de la misma para la reducción de la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 y de otros virus respiratorios ha sido fuertemente probada. Al respecto, destaca el impacto beneficioso en los centros sanitarios en los que ha demostrado reducir la transmisión de las infecciones respiratorias, tanto en pacientes como en profesionales sanitarios. Este documento plantea una propuesta de recomendaciones para el uso de la mascarilla en los centros sanitarios en el momento actual en el que nos encontramos con un cese de la obligatoriedad de su uso en España. Están dirigidas a profesionales sanitarios, pacientes y acompañantes/visitantes y pretenden protegerles de adquirir infecciones respiratorias agudas como consecuencia de las complejas relaciones establecidas en el ámbito sanitario.(AU)


Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, the use of masks has been a fundamental pillar for controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in different areas. Its mandatory nature has been regulated by different regulations, and its effectiveness in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses has been strongly proven. In this regard, the beneficial impact stands out in healthcare centers where it has been shown to reduce the transmission of respiratory infections, both in patients and healthcare professionals. This document proposes recommendations for the use of masks in health centers at the current time when we find ourselves with an end to the mandatory use of masks in Spain. They are aimed at healthcare professionals, patients and companions/visitors and aim to protect them from acquiring acute respiratory infections as a result of the complex relationships established in the healthcare field.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Máscaras , Instalações de Saúde , Prevenção de Doenças , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , /prevenção & controle , Espanha , Saúde Pública , /epidemiologia
2.
Rev. esp. salud pública ; 98: e202402002, Feb. 2024. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-231345

RESUMO

Fundamentos: Durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 se implementaron medidas de prevención con el propósito de reducir su transmisión comunitaria. El grado de cumplimiento con estas medidas estuvo influenciado por diversos factores sociodemográficos y ambientales. Sin embargo, existe escasa literatura científica que aborde el cumplimiento de las medidas preventivas en la población general. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre factores sociodemográficos y ambientales, así como la adhesión al uso de mascarillas en contactos estrechos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 1.778 individuos, identificados mediante el rastreo de contactos estrechos de personas con SARS-CoV-2 por la Central de Coordinación de la COVID-19 de Mallorca, entre febrero y junio de 2021. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar los factores asociados al incumplimiento del uso de mascarillas.Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue de 42,8±17,4 años (53,6% de mujeres). El 60,8% (IC 95%: 57,8-62,3) de los contactos estrechos no utilizó mascarilla durante su contacto. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del sexo o grupo etario (p=0,497 y p=0,536, respectivamente). Las situaciones de mayor incumplimiento con el uso de mascarillas se dieron en el entorno domiciliario, espacios cerrados sin ventilación y al mantener distancias cortas (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos indican una menor adhesión al uso de mascarillas en escenarios de mayor riesgo. Frente a futuras situaciones de crisis sanitaria, se deberían diseñar intervenciones que realcen la conciencia sobre los riesgos y que promuevan una mayor adhesión a medidas de prevención y control.(AU)


Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, prevention measures were implemented to mitigate the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Compliance with these measures was influenced by several sociodemographic and environmental factors. However, literature addressing compliance with these prevention measures among the general population remains limited. The study aimed to assess the association of sociodemographic and environmental factors and mask usage during close contact situations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1,778 individuals identified through close contact tracing of indivi-duals diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 by the COVID-19 Coordination Center of Mallorca, from February to June 2021. A descriptive analysis was conducted, and a logistic regression model was utilized to evaluate factors associated with mask non-compliance. Results: The mean age of the participants was 42.8±17.4 years, with 53.6% being female. Among close contacts, 60.8% (95% CI: 57.8-62.3) did not use masks during their contact. No significant differences were observed between genders or across age groups (p=0.497 and p=0.536, respectively). Factors linked to mask non-compliance included the home setting, indoor spaces without venti-lation, and closer physical distances (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that mask adherence was notably lower among close contacts exposed to higher risk. In future public health crises, interventions should be developed to raise awareness about risks and promote adherence to preventive and control measures.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Máscaras , Proteção Pessoal , /prevenção & controle , Doenças Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Prevenção de Doenças , Saúde Pública , /epidemiologia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Espanha , Estudos Transversais
3.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 37(1): 17-28, Feb. 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-230419

RESUMO

Despite having emerged from pandemic status, the incidence of COVID-19 episodes has recently increased in Spain, including pediatric cases and admissions to Intensive Care Units. Several recombinant variants are circulating among us, particularly XBB arising from two Omicron BA.2 sublineages with mutations in the genes encoding the spicule proteins that could increase binding to the ACE2 receptor and be more prone to immune escape. Faced with these, 3 pharmaceutical companies have developed vaccines adapted to the XBB.1.5 sublineage that are already available for administration in our setting with risks that should not be different from those of previous mRNA vaccines and with clearly favorable benefit/risk ratios. They should be applied to patients with potential for poor COVID-19 evolution and to collectives that have a particular relationship of proximity with them. Their application should be understood not only from a perspective of individual convenience but also from that of collective responsibility. The most convenient seems to be a simultaneous immunization of COVID-19 and influenza in our environment. In the therapeutic aspect, there is little to expect right now from antisera, but the already known antiviral drugs are still available and indicated, although their efficacy will have to be reevaluated due to their impact on populations that are mostly immunized and with a better prognosis than in the past. In our opinion, it is necessary to continue to make a reasonable and timely use of masks and other non-pharmacological means of protection. (AU)


Pese a haber salido de la situación de pandemia, la incidencia de episodios de COVID-19 ha aumentado recientemente en España, incluidos los casos pediátricos y los ingresos en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Circulan entre nosotros diversas variantes recombinantes, particularmente la XBB surgidas de dos sublinajes Omicron BA.2 con mutaciones en los genes que codifican las proteínas de la espícula y que pudieran aumentar la unión al receptor ACE2 y ser más propensas al escape inmune. Frente a ellas, 3 empresas farmacéuticas han elaborado vacunas adaptadas al sublinaje XBB.1.5 que ya se encuentran disponibles para su administración en nuestro medio con riesgos que no deben ser diferentes a los de las vacunas mRNA previas y con relaciones beneficio/riesgos claramente favorables. Deben aplicarse a pacientes con potencial de mala evolución de COVID-19 y a los colectivos que tienen una particular relación de proximidad con ellos. Su aplicación debe ser entendida no sólo desde una perspectiva de conveniencia individual sino desde la de la responsabilidad colectiva. Lo más conveniente parece hacer una inmunización simultánea de COVID-19 y gripe en nuestro medio. En el aspecto terapéutico hay poco que esperar ahora mismo de los antisueros pero siguen estando disponibles e indicados los fármacos antivirales ya conocidos aunque su eficacia tendrá que reevaluarse por su impacto en poblaciones mayoritariamente inmunizadas y con pronóstico mejor que las de tiempos pasados. A nuestro juicio, es necesario seguir haciendo un uso razonable y puntual de mascarillas y otros medios no farmacológicos de protección. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , /prevenção & controle , /terapia , /instrumentação , /métodos , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Influenza/uso terapêutico , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Máscaras , Vacinas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas/provisão & distribuição , Vacinas/uso terapêutico , Ritonavir
4.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 36(5): 466-469, oct. 2023. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-225881

RESUMO

We address the advantages and disadvantages of main taining the mandatory use of masks in health centers and nursing homes in the current epidemiological situation in Spain and after the declaration of the World Health Organiza tion on May 5, 2023 of the end of COVID-19 as public health emergency. We advocate for prudence and flexibility, respect ing the individual decision to wear a mask and emphasizing the need for its use when symptoms suggestive of a respira tory infection appear, in situations of special vulnerability (such as immunosuppression), or when caring for patients with those infections. At present, given the observed low risk of se vere COVID-19 and the low transmission of other respiratory infections, we believe that it is disproportionate to maintain the mandatory use of masks in a general way in health centers and nursing homes. However, this could change depending on the results of epidemiological surveillance and it would be necessary to reconsider returning to the obligation in periods with a high incidence of respiratory infections (AU)


Abordamos las ventajas e inconvenientes de mantener la obligatoriedad del uso de las mascarillas en centros sani tarios y sociosanitarios en la situación epidemiológica actual de España y tras la declaración de la Organización Mundial de la Salud el 5 de mayo de 2023 del fin de la COVID-19 como emergencia de salud pública. Propugnamos prudencia y flexi bilidad, respetando la decisión individual de usar mascarilla y enfatizando la necesidad de su uso ante la aparición de sín tomas sugestivos de infección respiratoria, en situaciones de especial vulnerabilidad (como inmunodepresión) o al attender pacientes con dichas infecciones. En la actualidad, dado el ba jo riesgo observado de COVID-19 grave y la baja transmisión de otras infecciones respiratorias, creemos que es despropor cionado mantener el uso obligatorio de mascarillas de forma generalizada en centros sanitarios y sociosanitarios. No obs tante, esto podría cambiar en función de los resultados de la vigilancia epidemiológica y habría que reconsiderar volver a la obligatoriedad en periodos con alta incidencia de infecciones respiratorias (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Máscaras/normas , Instalações de Saúde/normas
5.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 36(2): 114-124, abr. 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-217393

RESUMO

Predictions for a near end of the pandemic by the World Health Organization should be interpreted with caution. Current evidence indicates that the efficacy of a fourth dose of classical mRNA vaccines (BT162b2 or mRNA-1273) is low and short-lived in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in its predominant variant (Omicron). However, its efficacy is high against severe symptomatic infection, hospitalization and death. The new vaccines being introduced are bivalent and active against the Omicron variants. Potential new vaccines to be introduced in the coming year include a vaccine based on a recombinant protein that emulates the receptor binding domain of the Spike protein under development by the Spanish company Hipra, as well as vaccines for nasal or oral administration. Available information suggests that vaccines against COVID-19 can be administered in association with influenza vaccination without particular complications. New drugs against COVID-19, both antiviral and anti-inflammatory, are under investigation, but this does not seem to be the case with monoclonal antibodies. The indication to use masks in some circumstances will be maintained next year in view of the accumulation of scientific data on their efficacy. Finally, the long COVID or Post-COVID syndrome may continue to affect a very high proportion of patients who have had the disease, requiring combined diagnostic and therapeutic resources. (AU)


Las predicciones para un próximo fin de la pandemia de la Organización Mundial de la Salud deben interpretarse con precaución. La evidencia actual indica que la eficacia de una cuarta dosis de las vacunas clásicas ARNm (BNT162b2 o mRNA-1273) es baja y de corta duración para prevenir la infección de SARS-CoV-2 en su variante predominante (Omicron). No obstante, su eficacia es alta frente a la infección sintomática grave, hospitalización y muerte. Las nuevas vacunas que están siendo introducidas son bivalentes y activas frente a las variantes Omicron. Entre las potenciales nuevas vacunas que se introducirán en el próximo año, se encuentra una vacuna basada en una proteína recombinante que emula el dominio de unión al receptor de la proteína Spike en desarrollo por la compañía española Hipra, así como vacunas de administración nasal u oral. La información disponible apunta a que las vacunas frente al COVID-19 podrán administrarse asociadas a la vacunación antigripal sin particulares complicaciones. Se encuentran en investigación nuevos fármacos frente a COVID-19 tanto antivirales como anti-inflamatorios pero no parece ocurrir lo mismo con los anticuerpos monoclonales. La indicación de utilizar mascarillas en algunas circunstancias se mantendrá el próximo año en vista a la acumulación de datos científicos sobre su eficacia. Finalmente, el síndrome del COVID largo o Post-COVID puede que siga afectando a una proporción muy elevada de los pacientes que sufrieron la enfermedad, requiriendo recursos diagnósticos y terapéuticos combinados. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Pandemias , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave , Vacinação em Massa , Máscaras/tendências
6.
Rev. cuba. med. mil ; 51(2): e1933, abr.-jun. 2022. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1408814

RESUMO

RESUMEN Introducción: El uso de la mascarilla es indispensable para reducir la propagación de la COVID-19, pero, un porcentaje importante de personas se rehúsan a su uso. Es posible que las creencias jueguen un rol sustancial en la aceptación o rechazo de su uso. Sin embargo, se carece de una escala para evaluar las creencias sobre el uso de mascarillas para prevenir el contagio de la COVID-19. Objetivo: Traducir y determinar las evidencias de validez, de estructura interna y confiabilidad del autoinforme de creencias sobre el uso de las mascarillas. Métodos: El autoinforme de creencias sobre el uso de las mascarillas fue administrado a 1 218 personas de diferentes provincias del Perú (Medad = 27,4 años, DE = 12,6), elegidas de forma no probabilística. El instrumento fue sometido a un proceso de doble traducción del inglés al español y viceversa; además, mediante el programa Proyecto Jamovi versión 1.6, se determinó la estructura interna con análisis factorial (exploratorio y confirmatorio) y finalmente se estimó la confiabilidad. Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio identificó cuatro factores emergentes que explicaron el 53,7 % de la varianza. El modelo fue verificado y obtuvo índices de ajuste aceptables (χ² = 154 gl = 46; p < 0,01; CFI = 0,96; TLI = 0,942; RMSEA = 0,602). Además, se apreciaron cargas factoriales estandarizadas mayores a 0,30. Conclusión: La versión en español del autoinforme de creencias sobre el uso de las mascarillas muestra evidencias de validez, de estructura y confiabilidad por consistencia interna adecuadas.


ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of a mask is essential to reduce the spread of COVID-19, however, a significant percentage of people refuse to use it. Beliefs may play an important role in accepting or rejecting their use. Objective: To translate and determine the evidence of validity of internal structure and reliability of the self-report of beliefs about the use of masks. Methods: The self-report of beliefs about the use of masks was administered to 1218 people from different provinces of Peru (M age = 27,4 years, SD = 12,6), chosen in a non-probabilistic way. The instrument was subjected to a process of double translation from English to Spanish and vice versa; In addition, using the Jamovi Project version 1.6 program, the internal structure was determined with factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory), and finally reliability was estimated. Results: The exploratory factor analysis identified four emerging factors that explained 53.7% of the variance. The model was verified and obtained acceptable fit indices (χ² = 154 gl = 46; p < 0,01; CFI = 0,96; TLI = 0,942; RMSEA = 0,602). In addition, standardized factor loadings greater than 0,30 were observed. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the self-report of beliefs about the use of masks shows evidence of validity of structure and reliability due to adequate internal consistency.

7.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 35(1): 7-15, feb.-mar. 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-205304

RESUMO

The access to COVID vaccines by millions of human beings and their high level of protection against the disease, both in its mild and severe forms, together with a plausible decrease in the transmission of the infection from vaccinated patients, has prompted a series of questions from the members of the College of Physicians of Madrid (ICOMEM) and the society. The ICOMEM Scientific Committee on this subject has tried to answer these questions after discussion and consensus among its members. The main answers can be summarized as follows:The occurrence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections in both vaccinated and previously infected patients is very low, in the observation time we already have. When breakthrough infections do occur, they are usually asymptomatic or mild and, purportedly, should have a lower capacity for transmission to other persons.Vaccinated subjects who have contact with a SARSCoV-2 infected patient can avoid quarantine as long as they are asymptomatic, although this decision depends on variables such as age, occupation, circulating variants, degree of contact and time since vaccination. In countries with a high proportion of the population vaccinated, it is already suggested that fully vaccinated persons could avoid the use of masks and social distancing in most circumstances.Systematic use of diagnostic tests to assess the immune response or the degree of protection against reinfection after natural infection or vaccination is discouraged, since their practical consequences are not known at this time. The existing information precludes any precision regarding a possible need for future revaccination. (AU)


El acceso a las vacunas frente a COVID-19 de millones de seres humanos y su alto nivel de protección frente a la enfermedad, tanto en sus formas leves como graves, junto a una verosímil disminución de la transmisión de la infección desde pacientes vacunados, ha motivado una serie de preguntas de los colegiados y de la sociedad. El Comité Científico del ICOMEM sobre esta materia ha tratado de responder a dichas preguntas tras discusión y consenso entre sus miembros. Las respuestas principales pueden resumirse así: La aparición de nuevas infecciones por SARS-CoV-2 tanto en vacunados como en previamente infectados, es muy escasa, en el tiempo de observación del que ya disponemos. Cuando ocurren infecciones de brecha, suelen ser asintomáticas o paucisintomáticas y, en principio, tendrían una menor capacidad de trasmisión a otras personas.Los sujetos vacunados que tienen contacto con un paciente infectado por SARS-CoV-2 pueden evitar la cuarentena, mientras se encuentren asintomáticos, si bien esta decisión depende de la edad, la profesión, las variantes circulantes, el grado de contacto y el tiempo pasado desde la vacunación. En países con una alta proporción de la población vacunada se sugiere ya la posibilidad de que las personas plenamente vacunadas prescindan del uso de las mascarillas y el distanciamiento social en la mayoría de las circunstancias.Se desaconseja la utilización de pruebas diagnósticas de manera sistemática para evaluar la respuesta inmune o el grado de protección frente a la reinfección tras la infección natural o la vacunación, dado que en este momento se ignoran sus consecuencias prácticas. La información existente hasta este momento, impide hacer cualquier precisión frente a una posible necesidad de revacunación futura. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por Coronavirus , Epidemiologia , Pandemias , Vacinação em Massa , Máscaras , Quarentena
8.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 39(9): 436-444, Nov. 2021. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-213632

RESUMO

Introducción: La emergencia sanitaria global causada por la actual pandemia de COVID-19 está suponiendo un enorme desafío a todos los niveles. El uso de la mascarilla puede reducir la propagación de la infección al minimizar la excreción de las gotitas de Flügge. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una recopilación de la evidencia disponible sobre el uso de mascarillas en relación con las infecciones respiratorias. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión de revisiones sistemáticas (umbrella review). Dos revisores realizaron de forma independiente el proceso de cribado, la extracción y el análisis de datos. Las discrepancias fueron solventadas con un tercer revisor, y la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo de los trabajos se realizó mediante la herramienta AMSTAR-2. Para el proceso de cribado se utilizó el programa Rayyan QCRI. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 8 revisiones sistemáticas. Los estudios analizaron el uso en población general, en centros de cuidados de larga duración, centros hospitalarios, eventos masivos y compararon la efectividad para evitar las infecciones. Los resultados de esta revisión ponen de manifiesto que el uso de las mascarillas se asocia a un efecto protector frente a las infecciones respiratorias, tanto en los centros sanitarios como en los centros de cuidados de larga duración y en los eventos masivos. Conclusiones: A la luz de los resultados parece razonable recomendar el uso de las mascarillas a la población general, pero este uso debe venir acompañado de un plan de formación para mejorar el cumplimiento, ya que su uso inadecuado puede favorecer la infección.(AU)


Introduction: The global health emergency caused by the current COVID-19 pandemic is resulting in a huge challenge at all levels. The use of masks may reduce the spread of the infection by minimising the excretion of Flügge droplets. The objective of this study was to compile the evidence available on the use of masks in relation to respiratory infections. Methodology: An umbrella review (review of systematic reviews) was conducted. Two reviewers independently carried out the screening process, data extraction and data analysis. Discrepancies were resolved with a third reviewer, and the assessment of the risk of bias of the studies was carried out using the AMSTAR 2 tool. The Rayyan QCRI program was used for the screening process. Results: A total of eight systematic reviews were included. The studies analysed the use of masks in the general population, in long-term care facilities, in hospitals and at mass gatherings, and compared the effectiveness thereof in preventing infection. The results of this review revealed that the use of masks is associated with a protective effect against respiratory infections in healthcare facilities, in long-term care facilities and at mass gatherings. Conclusions: In light of the results, it seems reasonable to recommend the use of masks to the general population, but this use should be accompanied by a training programme to improve compliance, as not using them properly may increase the risk of infection.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções Respiratórias , Máscaras , Pandemias , Infecções por Coronavirus , Microbiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis
9.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 38(3): 391-398, jul.-sep. 2021. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1357384

RESUMO

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar una metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria de respiradores, mascarillas quirúrgicas y mascarillas comunitarias que usa la población peruana, usando partículas de un tamaño similar a las que contienen al virus activo del SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Se ha determinado una relación lineal directa entre el logaritmo de la concentración de partículas suspendidas en aire y el tiempo transcurrido; por lo cual es posible comparar la cantidad de partículas internas y externas a la mascarilla o respirador en un mismo periodo y conocer el porcentaje de protección respiratoria de cada muestra evaluada. Resultados: Se ha logrado implementar una metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria ante aerosoles menores a 5,0 µm. Asimismo, el empleo de accesorios como ligas o ajustadores detrás de cabeza y nuca, y el uso de clips nasales robustos, incrementan significativamente el nivel de protección respiratoria ante partículas con alta probabilidad de contener al SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: Se observa una concordancia entre los valores de protección respiratoria obtenidos y los esperados, considerando el nivel de filtración del material empleado de cada mascarilla quirúrgica o respirador, y su nivel de ajuste. Se observó un incremento significativo en los niveles de protección respiratoria.


ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a methodology for evaluating the level of respiratory protection provided by respirators, surgical masks and community face masks used by the Peruvian population; protection was evaluated against particles of a size similar to those containing active SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and methods: A direct linear relationship has been determined between the logarithm of the concentration of airborne particles and the elapsed time; thus, it is possible to compare the quantity of particles inside and outside of the mask or respirator in the same time period, as well as to obtain the percentage of respiratory protection for each evaluated sample. Results: A methodology was established to evaluate the level of respiratory protection against aerosols smaller than 5.0 μm. Also, the use of accessories such as rubber bands or adjusters behind the head and neck, and the use of robust nasal clips, significantly increased the level of respiratory protection against particles with a high probability of containing SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: We found concordance between the obtained respiratory protection values and those expected, considering the filtration level of the material used for each surgical mask or respirator, as well as the tightness. A significant increase in the levels of respiratory protection was observed.


Assuntos
Dispositivos de Proteção Respiratória , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Máscaras , Ventiladores Mecânicos , Aerossóis , Níveis Máximos Permitidos , Pandemias , Filtração
10.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) ; 39(9): 436-444, 2021 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34446392

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The global health emergency caused by the current COVID-19 pandemic is resulting in a huge challenge at all levels. The use of masks may reduce the spread of the infection by minimising the excretion of Flügge droplets. The objective of this study was to compile the evidence available on the use of masks in relation to respiratory infections. METHODOLOGY: An umbrella review (review of systematic reviews) was conducted. Two reviewers independently carried out the screening process, data extraction and data analysis. Discrepancies were resolved with a third reviewer, and the assessment of the risk of bias of the studies was carried out using the AMSTAR 2 tool. The Rayyan QCRI program was used for the screening process. RESULTS: A total of eight systematic reviews were included. The studies analysed the use of masks in the general population, in long-term care facilities, in hospitals and at mass gatherings, and compared the effectiveness thereof in preventing infection. The results of this review revealed that the use of masks is associated with a protective effect against respiratory infections in healthcare facilities, in long-term care facilities and at mass gatherings. CONCLUSIONS: In light of the results, it seems reasonable to recommend the use of masks to the general population, but this use should be accompanied by a training programme to improve compliance, as not using them properly may increase the risk of infection.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecções Respiratórias , Humanos , Máscaras , Pandemias , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2 , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto
11.
Farm. hosp ; 45(4): 193-197, julio-agosto 2021. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-218703

RESUMO

Objetivo: Revisar los requisitos de calidad y usos recomendados de losdiferentes tipos de mascarillas con objeto de optimizar su uso y facilitar laidentificación de los productos no conformes.Método: Se hizo una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, en el BoletínOficial del Estado y Eudralex; se revisaron las páginas web de los Ministerios de Industria, Comercio y Turismo y Sanidad, así como las normasUNE.Resultados: Los diferentes tipos de mascarillas que se pueden encontrar en el mercado se acogen a diferentes exigencias regulatorias. Lasmascarillas higiénicas no se consideran productos sanitarios ni equipode protección individual y no necesitan autorización. No llevan marcado CE y deben cumplir con la normativa general de los productosde consumo. Para las mascarillas quirúrgicas, los criterios de calidadestán definidos en la UNE-EN 14683:2019, son productos sanitarios declase I según el Reglamento (UE) 745/2017, se les requiere declaraciónUE de conformidad y debe colocar el marcado CE en el producto. Lasmascarillas filtrantes son equipos de protección individual de categoría III, están reguladas por el Reglamento (UE) 2016/425 y deben llevarmarcado CE conforme al mismo. Por otro lado, los instrumentos de control de mercado han detectado mascarillas fraudulentas, por ello, antecualquier duda se debe solicitar información adicional al fabricante oproveedor. (AU)


Objective: The objective of this article is to review the quality requirements and recommended uses of the different types of face masks witha view to helping optimize their use and facilitating identification of nonconforming products.Method: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, the SpanishOfficial State Gazette and Eudralex. The websites of the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism and of the Ministry of Health, as well as therelevant UNE standards were also reviewed.Results: The different types of face masks available on the market meetdifferent regulatory requirements. Community masks are not consideredmedical devices or personal protective equipment and do not require marketing authorization. They do not carry a CE mark and need not complywith the general regulations applicable to consumer products. Surgicalmasks, for their part, must meet the quality criteria defined in UNE-ENstandard 14683: 2019. According to Regulation (EU) 745/2017 they areclass I devices, subject to an EU declaration of conformity, and must beara CE mark. Filtering masks are considered category III personal protectiveequipment, regulated by Regulation (EU) 2016/425, and must also beara CE mark. In spite the abundant regulations in place, market controlinstruments have detected counterfeit face masks, which means that publicauthorities and users should ask manufacturers or suppliers for additionalinformation in case of doubt. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave , Infecções por Coronavirus , Máscaras , Pandemias , Espanha
12.
Bol. malariol. salud ambient ; 61(3): 496-503, ago. 2021. t, ilus.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1418347

RESUMO

El uso de mascarillas por parte de la población general como elemento de protección personal frente al COVID-19 se mantuvo en ascenso durante la primera mitad del 2020, en medio de constantes actualizaciones de la OMS acerca del público objetivo, su correcto uso y posibles beneficios, pero donde no se definieron protocolos para el manejo del desecho resultante. Durante el segundo semestre del 2020 la población mundial usaba diariamente 4.300 millones de mascarillas, de las cuales el 78,5% se descartaban de forma incorrecta, llegando a generar un volumen de 2,61 (2,26-2,94; IC=95%) millones de toneladas de desecho diseminadas en el medio ambiente. Los componentes plásticos incorporados en la fabricación de mascarillas como PP, PE y PET pueden tardar 400 años en degradarse en condiciones ambientales, fragmentándose paulatinamente en microplásticos, que afectan a la flora, fauna, agua y suelos de su entorno. Adicionalmente, algunos aditivos sintéticos antioxidantes (AO) usados en la fabricación de plásticos pueden retardar aún más las reacciones de degradación de las mascarillas descartadas hacia el ambiente, aumentando su daño potencial. Se calculó que 216,9 (188,5-245,3; IC=95%) toneladas de AO168, 190 (165,2-214,9; IC=96%) toneladas de AO168O y 442,7 (384,8-500,6; IC=95%) toneladas de AO1010 fueron expuestas al medio ambiente debido a la disposición incorrecta de mascarillas en la segunda mitad de 2020. Aunque la masa conjunta de estos componentes sintéticos sólo representa el 0,017% de las mascarillas desechadas en el mismo lapso, su concentración resulta suficiente para acrecentar el riesgo de daño al ambiente(AU)


The use of masks by the general population as an element of personal protection against COVID-19 continued to rise during the first half of 2020, amid constant updates from the WHO about the target audience, their correct use and possible benefits, but where no protocols were defined for the management of the resulting waste. During the second half of 2020, the world population used 4.3 billion masks daily, of which 78.5% were discarded incorrectly, generating a volume of 2.61 (2.26-2.94; IC = 95%) million tons of waste disseminated in the environment. The plastic components incorporated in the manufacture of masks such as PP, PE and PET can take 400 years to degrade under environmental conditions, gradually fragmenting into microplastics, which affect the flora, fauna, water and soils of their environment. Additionally, some synthetic antioxidant additives (OA) used in the manufacture of plastics can further delay the degradation reactions of discarded masks into the environment, increasing their potential damage. It was calculated that 216.9 (188.5-245.3; IC = 95%) tons of AO168, 190 (165.2-214.9; IC = 96%) tons of AO168O and 442.7 (384.8 -500.6; IC = 95%) tons of AO1010 were exposed to the environment due to the incorrect disposal of masks in the second half of 2020. Although the combined mass of these synthetic components only represents 0.017% of the masks discarded in the same period, its concentration is sufficient to increase the risk of damage to the environment(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Equipamentos Descartáveis , Poluição Ambiental , Equipamento de Proteção Individual , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Máscaras , Resíduos , Saúde Ambiental , Microplásticos/toxicidade
13.
Rev. med. cine ; 17(2)6 May. 2021. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-228653

RESUMO

Las mascarillas, de demostrada eficacia a partir del siglo XIX (antisepsia-asepsia), se han visto reactualizadas debido a la pandemia COVID-19. En 1897, el cirujano Jan Mikulicz (1850-1905) fue el creador de las mascarillas quirúrgicas, al demostrar la teoría de la infección por las gotas de saliva (Flügge). No obstante, existen precedentes «pre-científicos» que conocemos fundamentalmente a través de grabados (s. XVII) y pinturas (s. XVIII). Presentamos una obra del pintor barroco Michel Serre (1658-1773), donde se observan personas utilizando mascarillas durante la gran peste de Marsella de 1720. (AU)


The masks, of proven efficacy from the 19th century (antisepsis-asepsis), have been updated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 1897, the surgeon Jan Mikulicz (1850-1905) was the creator of surgical masks, by demonstrating the theory of infection by drops of saliva (Flügge). However, there are «pre-scientific» precedents that we know mainly through engravings (17th century) and paintings (18th century). We present a work by the Baroque painter Michel Serre (1658-1773), where people are seen wearing masks during the great plague of Marseille in 1720. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Máscaras/história , Assepsia/história , Assepsia/métodos , Gravuras e Gravação/história , Pinturas/história
14.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 30(4): e2020997, 2021. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês, Português | LILACS | ID: biblio-1356210

RESUMO

Objetivo: Descrever as recomendações, características físicas, métodos de desinfecção e eficácia de uso de máscaras caseiras na redução da transmissão da COVID-19. Métodos: Realizou-se busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO e Google Scholar, além das recomendações oficiais de uso. Resultados: Foram incluídas 31 referências. A capacidade de filtração de tecidos variou entre 5% e 98%. Tecidos 100% algodão em duas ou três camadas apresentaram eficácia de filtração entre 70% e 99% em estudos in vitro. Máscaras caseiras, cirúrgicas e respiradores apresentaram respirabilidade entre 2,2 e 3,0 Pascal. A capacidade de redução da propagação de microrganismos por pessoas usando máscaras caseiras foi três vezes menor do que usando máscaras cirúrgicas, embora tenha sido superior ao não uso de máscaras. Conclusão: A respirabilidade de máscaras caseiras mostrou-se adequada, enquanto a capacidade de filtração parece ser inferior à das máscaras cirúrgicas, mas superior a não se usar máscara. Não há evidências que respaldem a eficácia e efetividade das máscaras caseiras.


Objetivo: Describir las recomendaciones, características físicas, métodos de desinfección y efectividad de mascarillas caseras para reducir la transmisión de COVID-19. Métodos: La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos MEDLINE, SciELO y Google Scholar, además de las recomendaciones oficiales de uso. Resultados: Se incluyeron 31 referencias. La capacidad de filtración de los tejidos varió entre 5% y 98%. Los tejidos al 100% de algodón, en dos o tres capas, mostraron eficiencia de filtración entre 70% y 99%, en estudios in vitro. Mascarillas caseras, quirúrgicas y de respiradores mostraron respirabilidad entre 2,2 y 3,0 Pascal. La capacidad de reducir la propagación de microorganismos por personas que usan máscarillas caseras fue tres veces menor que cuando usaban mascarillas quirúrgicas, pero superior a no usarlas. Conclusión: La respirabilidad de las mascarillas caseras puede ser adecuada, mientras que la eficiencia de filtración parece ser inferior a la de las mascarillas quirúrgicas, pero superior a no utilizar mascarilla. No hay evidencia que respalde su eficacia y efectividad.


Objective: To describe the recommendations, physical characteristics, disinfection methods and efficacy of the use of homemade face masks to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, SciELO, and Google Scholar, in addition to the official recommendations for the use of masks. Results: Thirty-one references were included. Fabric filtration efficiency ranged from 5% to 98%. The filtration efficacy of three layered 100% cotton fabric face masks ranged from 70% and 99% in vitro studies. Homemade, surgical, and respirator masks showed breathability between 2.2 and 3.0 Pascal. The capacity to reduce the spread of microorganisms by people wearing homemade face masks was three times lower when compared to those wearing surgical masks, although this capacity was higher when compared to those who did not wear masks. Conclusion: The breathability of homemade masks proved to be adequate, while the filtration ability seemed to be lower than that of surgical masks, but it was better than not wearing any masks at all. There is no evidence to support the efficacy and effectiveness of homemade masks.


Assuntos
Humanos , Dispositivos de Proteção Respiratória/normas , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/transmissão , Pandemias , Máscaras/provisão & distribuição
15.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33097294

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The global health emergency caused by the current COVID-19 pandemic is resulting in a huge challenge at all levels. The use of masks may reduce the spread of the infection by minimising the excretion of Flügge droplets. The objective of this study was to compile the evidence available on the use of masks in relation to respiratory infections. METHODOLOGY: An umbrella review (review of systematic reviews) was conducted. Two reviewers independently carried out the screening process, data extraction and data analysis. Discrepancies were resolved with a third reviewer, and the assessment of the risk of bias of the studies was carried out using the AMSTAR 2 tool. The Rayyan QCRI program was used for the screening process. RESULTS: A total of eight systematic reviews were included. The studies analysed the use of masks in the general population, in long-term care facilities, in hospitals and at mass gatherings, and compared the effectiveness thereof in preventing infection. The results of this review revealed that the use of masks is associated with a protective effect against respiratory infections in healthcare facilities, in long-term care facilities and at mass gatherings. CONCLUSIONS: In light of the results, it seems reasonable to recommend the use of masks to the general population, but this use should be accompanied by a training programme to improve compliance, as not using them properly may increase the risk of infection.

16.
J Healthc Qual Res ; 35(4): 245-252, 2020.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32680724

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand of masks has been increased by health professionals and the general population. In this context, it is necessary to summarize the features and indications of the different types of masks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To consult and to compile the different recommendations disseminated by prestigious institutions such as the World Health Organization, the European Center for Disease Prevention, the Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, or the Ministry of Health of the Government of Spain has been reviewed. RESULTS: The institutions consulted recommend reserving FFP respirators for healthcare workers, especially when carrying out aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) (minimum FFP2 protection) and consider some reutilization systems during times of scarcity. The use of surgical masks is recommended to professionals who do not perform AGPs and to the symptomatic population but exist variations in its indications intended for the general healthy population. CONCLUSION: In the context of shortage of personal protective equipment due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a prioritization and rationalization of the use of each type of mask should be established according to the user and the activity performed.


Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Guias como Assunto , Máscaras/normas , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Dispositivos de Proteção Respiratória/normas , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Reutilização de Equipamento/normas , Filtração/instrumentação , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Higiene/normas , Máscaras/classificação , Máscaras/provisão & distribuição , Equipamento de Proteção Individual/normas , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Espanha/epidemiologia
17.
San Salvador; El Salvador. Instituto Nacional de Salud; jul.3,2020. 4 p.
Não convencional em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1103251

RESUMO

La pandemia del Coivd-19 representa un reto de la salud pública para todos los países y requiere de medidas para evitar la transmisión del virus y el aumento de numero de casos de la enfermedad. El uso de mascarillas es parte fundamental de la prevención, su uso correcto puede proteger de la infección a las personas que las llevan y evita que aquellas que presenten síntomas propaguen la enfermedad, sin embargo es importante mencionar que la utilización de las mascarillas no es suficiente para proporcionar un nivel adecuado de protección contra el Coivid-19. También es necesario mantener una distancia física mínima de 1 o 2 metros entre las personas, lavarse las manos frecuentemente y evitar tocarse la cara y la mascarilla.


The Coivd-19 pandemic represents a public health challenge for all countries and requires measures to prevent transmission of the virus and an increase in the number of cases of the disease. The use of masks is a fundamental part of prevention, their correct use can protect the people who wear them from infection and prevent those who have symptoms from spreading the disease, however it is important to mention that the use of masks is not enough to provide an adequate level of protection against Coivid-19. It is also necessary to maintain a minimum physical distance of 1 or 2 meters between people, wash their hands frequently and avoid touching their face and mask


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências , Máscaras
18.
San Salvador; MINSAL; 3 ed; may. 05, 2020. 25 p. ilus.
Não convencional em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1293295

RESUMO

Los presentes Lineamientos establecen las directrices técnicas para la utilización de mascarillas y trajes de protección personal por el personal del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), encargado de la atención de pacientes durante la emergencia por COVID-19


These Guidelines establish the technical guidelines for the use of masks and personal protective suits by the personnel of the National Integrated Health System (SNIS), in charge of patient care during the COVID-19 emergency


Assuntos
Pessoal de Saúde , COVID-19 , Máscaras , Saúde Ocupacional
19.
Neumol. pediátr. (En línea) ; 15(2): 308-316, mayo 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1099522

RESUMO

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has become a global health problem causing severe human respiratory infections. Countries have had to establish strategies to avoid the collapse of health systems. There has been reports describing that the human-to-human transmission is through droplet spread and contact routes as through hands and contaminated surfaces. Social distancing, personal protective equipment, hand washing often, and surface disinfection play a fundamental role in disease control. Some procedures and situations aerosolize the SARS-CoV-2, so protection measures must be extreme. Hard work is underway to develop and implement a vaccine that would provide immunity to the population, but it will take some time. Preventive measures must incorporate good epidemiological monitoring that guarantees adequate control of cases and contacts in order to isolate them from the rest of the population, whether hospitalized or at home.


La pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 se ha convertido en un problema global de salud provocando infecciones respiratorias severas en humanos. Los países han tenido que establecer estrategias para evitar el colapso de los sistemas sanitarios. Se ha descrito una transmisión de persona a persona facilitada por propagación de gotitas, manos o superficies contaminadas. El distanciamiento físico, los elementos de protección personal, el lavado de manos frecuente y la desinfección de superficies cumplen un rol fundamental en el control de la enfermedad. Algunos procedimientos y situaciones aerosolizan el SARS-CoV-2 por lo que se deben extremar las medidas de protección. Se trabaja arduamente para lograr una vacuna que otorgue inmunidad a la población, pero su desarrollo va a tomar algún tiempo. Las medidas preventivas deben incorporar una buena vigilancia epidemiológica que garantice el control adecuado de los casos y contactos, con el objeto de aislarlos del resto de la población, ya sea hospitalizados o en sus domicilios.


Assuntos
Humanos , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Pneumonia Viral/transmissão , Dispositivos de Proteção Respiratória , Vacinas Virais , Desinfecção , Desinfecção das Mãos , Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Pandemias , Máscaras
20.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed) ; 67(4): 212-214, 2020 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32178913

RESUMO

The use of supraglottic airway devices has been increasing in popularity, mostly due to their high success rate and low complications. However, there is very little information available about the potential and group specific concerns regarding their use in children. We present the first description of a child that developed subcutaneous emphysema after the use of a laryngeal mask. We believe that more awareness to the risk of perioperative adverse events with laryngeal mask insertion in the paediatric population is needed.


Assuntos
Complicações Intraoperatórias/etiologia , Máscaras Laríngeas/efeitos adversos , Enfisema Subcutâneo/etiologia , Manuseio das Vias Aéreas/instrumentação , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Complicações Intraoperatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Enfisema Subcutâneo/diagnóstico por imagem
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