Fiabilidad y validez de un instrumento de medición del desempeño competitivo de las instituciones de salud mediante las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación / Reliability and validity of an instrument for measuring the competitive performance of health institutions through the use of Information and Communication Technologies

Resumen Desde su surgimiento, la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación ha logrado mayores ventajas competitivas en las empresas y organismos públicos, incluyendo el sector salud, aunque sobre este hay poca evidencia científica. El objetivo de la investigación fue validar un cuestionario para la medición del desempeño competitivo de las instituciones de salud del estado de Baja California, mediante el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. El enfoque del estudio es cuantitativo, con alcance descriptivo de tipo retrospectivo y diseño no experimental de corte transversal. El cuestionario elaborado con base en la revisión de literatura se aplicó entre septiembre de 2020 y mayo de 2021 a una muestra de profesionales de la salud (n = 203). Constó de 59 ítems, como resultado de la medición de 9 dimensiones, en donde su índice de validez de contenido para n = 13 expertos fue catalogado como adecuado (0.79). La fiabilidad obtenida en la prueba piloto fue alta (alfa de Cronbach = 0.86). Para evaluar la validez de constructo se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial exploratorio, que determinó 9 factores que explican el 84.5 % de la varianza total y una fuerte correlación entre las variables. El instrumento obtenido presentó adecuadas propiedades psicométricas de confiabilidad y validez, que a su vez permitieron medir el impacto que tienen las tecnologías de la información y comunicación sobre el desempeño competitivo de las instituciones de salud.

Abstract Since their emergence, the use of information and communication technologies has achieved greater competitive advantages in companies and public organizations, including the health sector, although there is little scientific evidence about it. The objective of the research was to validate a questionnaire to measure the competitive performance of health institutions in the state of Baja California, through the use of information and communication technologies. The study approach is quantitative, with a retrospective descriptive scope and a non-experimental cross-sectional design. The questionnaire developed based on the literature review was administered between September 2020 and May 2021 to a sample of health professionals (n = 203). It consisted of 59 items, as a result of measuring 9 dimensions, where its content validity index for n = 13 experts was classified as adequate (0.79). The reliability obtained in the pilot test was high (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.86). To evaluate the construct validity, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out, which determined 9 factors that explain 84.5 % of the total variance and a strong correlation between the variables. The obtained instrument presented adequate psychometric properties of reliability and validity, which in turn made it possible to measure the impact of information and communication technologies on the competitive performance of health institutions.

The influence of nursing leadership styles on the outcomes of patients, professionals and institutions: An integrative review.

AIM: This review was conducted to map leadership styles that positively impact patients, professionals and institutions. BACKGROUND: Leadership is a topic widely studied because it is a fundamental skill in establishing favourable work environments, in addition to enabling nurses to influence their team in the search for better results. Therefore, a synthesis of the various studies produced to date is essential for nurses, managers and researchers to understand the different styles of leadership that positively influence organizational results, so they can choose the style they deem most appropriate. EVALUATION: An integrative literature review retrieved articles from five databases, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The level of evidence and its quality were assessed using the criteria of the Joanna Briggs Institute. KEY ISSUES: Thirty-five studies were included, 18 of which reported the influence of leadership styles on patients (safety), nine on professionals (burnout) and eight on institutions (turnover and absenteeism). CONCLUSION: Transformational leadership had positive results for patients, professionals, and institutions alike. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The results showed the need for nurses to improve their leadership skills, especially in the transformational style, to achieve positive results.

Scarce Resource Allocation in a Pandemic: A Protocol to Promote Equity, Timeliness, and Transparency.

Shortages of equipment, medication, and staff under coronavirus disease 2019 may force hospitals to make wrenching decisions. Although bioethical guidance is available, published procedures for decision-making processes to resolve the time-sensitive conflicts are rare. Failure to establish decision-making procedures before scarcities arise exposes clinicians to moral distress and potential legal liability, entrenches existing systemic biases, and leaves hospitals without processes to guarantee transparency and consistency in the application of ethical guidelines. Formal institutional processes can reduce the panic, inequity, and irresolution that arise from confronting ethical conflicts under duress. Drawing on expertise in critical care medicine, bioethics, and political science, we propose a decision-making protocol to ensure fairness in the resolution of conflict, timely decision-making, and accountability to improve system response.

Influencia de la calidad de vida laboral sobre el desempeño de trabajadores de hospitales públicos de México: una visión desde la gestión directiva / Influence of the labor quality of life on the employee performance of public hospitals from Mexico: a vision based on the team management

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre calidad de vida laboral (CVL) y el desempeño organizacional (DO) de trabajadores de siete hospitales públicos, a partir del análisis de la influencia de la gestión directiva (GD) como mediadora de esta relación. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 866 profesionales y directivos de hospitales públicos de Tlaxcala y de la Ciudad de México. La CVL fue medida con un instrumento validado, el DO con 34 indicadores y la GD con un instrumento diseñado para este estudio. Resultados: Los puntajes de gestión directiva, CVL, DO y GD fueron significativamente menores en los trabajadores de Tlaxcala. Los participantes que percibieron adecuada GD incrementaron 2.7 veces más la probabilidad de percibir elevada CVL y los participantes categorizados en elevada CVL presentaron 69% mayor probabilidad de tener adecuado DO. Conclusiones: La adecuada GD se asoció con una mejor CVL, lo que mostró ser una variable mediadora de la relación positiva entre CVL y DO.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the relationship between labor quality of life (LQL) and organizational workers performance (OWP) from seven public hospitals, analyzing the influence of the personnel management (PM) as mediator of this relationship. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 866 professionals and managers of public hospitals from Tlaxcala and Mexico City. The LQL was assessed with a validated questionnaire, OWP with 34 indicators, and PM with an instrument designed for this study. Results: Mean scores of LQL, were significantly lower among workers from Tlaxcala. Participants who perceived an adequate PM, they increased at 2.7 times their likelihood of having highest LQL, and participants categorized in the high LQL presented 69% higher likelihood of having an adequate OWP. Conclusions: The appropriate PM was associated with greater LQL, showing to be a mediator variable between the positive relationship of CVL and the OWP.

[Influence of the labor quality of life on the employeeperformance of public hospitals from Mexico: a vision based on the team management]. / Influencia de la calidad de vida laboral sobre el desempeño de trabajadores de hospitales públicos de México: una visión desde la gestión directiva.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between labor quality of life (LQL) and organizational workers performance (OWP) from seven public hospitals, analyzing the influence of the personnel management (PM) as mediator of this relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 866 professionals and managers of public hospitals from Tlaxcala and Mexico City. The LQL was assessed with a validated questionnaire, OWP with 34 indicators, and PM with an instrument designed for this study. RESULTS: Mean scores of LQL, were significantly lower among workers from Tlaxcala. Participants who perceived an adequate PM, they increased at 2.7 times their likelihood of having highest LQL, and participants categorized in the high LQL presented 69% higher likelihood of having an adequate OWP. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate PM was associated with greater LQL, showing to be a mediator variable between the positive relationship of CVL and the OWP.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación entre calidad de vida laboral (CVL) y el desempeño organizacional (DO) de trabajadores de siete hospitales públicos, a partir del análisis de la influencia de la gestión directiva (GD) como mediadora de esta relación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 866 profesionales y directivos de hospitales públicos de Tlaxcala y de la Ciudad de México. La CVL fue medida con un instrumento validado, el DO con 34 indicadores y la GD con un instrumento diseñado para este estudio. RESULTADOS: Los puntajes de gestión directiva, CVL, DO y GD fueron sig- nificativamente menores en los trabajadores de Tlaxcala. Los participantes que percibieron adecuada GD incrementaron 2.7 veces más la probabilidad de percibir elevada CVL y los participantes categorizados en elevada CVL presentaron 69% mayor probabilidad de tener adecuado DO. CONCLUSIONES: La adecuada GD se asoció con una mejor CVL, lo que mostró ser una variable mediadora de la relación positiva entre CVL y DO.

O modelo de remuneração definindo a forma de cuidar: por que premiar a ineficiência no cuidado ao idoso? / The remuneration model defining care: why is inefficiency in elderly care rewarded?

O modelo hegemônico de remuneração dos serviços de saúde em muitos países, tanto em sistemas públicos quanto naqueles orientados ao mercado de planos privados de saúde, ainda é o de fee-for-service. Este se caracteriza, essencialmente, pelo estímulo à competição por usuários e remuneração por quantidade de serviços produzidos (volume). Não basta mudar o modelo de remuneração sem alterar o modelo assistencial e vice-versa, pois os dois são interdependentes. O importante na escolha de um modelo diferenciado de remuneração é que seja adequado ao tipo de assistência executado e ao objetivo que se deseja atingir. Ao longo de anos de aplicação de determinado modelo assistencial associado a um modelo de remuneração, todo um sistema de saúde fica moldado e programado para um fim. Essa é a principal discussão a ser feita atualmente. Alguns dos problemas do sistema de saúde brasileiro, em especial o suplementar, e que afetam primordialmente o idoso são consequência do modelo adotado há décadas. Para dar conta dessa nova e urgente demanda da sociedade, modelos alternativos de remuneração devem ser implementados para romper o círculo vicioso de sucessão de consultas fragmentadas e descontextualizadas da realidade social e de saúde da pessoa idosa, além da produção de procedimentos desconectados do desfecho esperado.

The hegemonic remuneration model in health services in many countries, both in public and private systems is still fee-for-service. This is characterized, essentially, by the stimulus to the competition for doing procedures and remuneration by quantity of services produced (volume). It is not enough to change the remuneration model without changing the care model, as both are interdependent. What is important in choosing a differentiated remuneration model is if it is appropriate to the type of assistance performed and the objective to be achieved. Throughout years of applying a particular care model associated to a compensation model, a whole health system is shaped and programmed to deliver this result. This is the main discussion to be made nowadays. Some of the problems that we have in our health system, especially the supplementary one, and that primarily affect the elderly, are a consequence of the model adopted decades ago. In order to deal with this new and urgent demand from society, alternative remuneration models must be implemented to break with the vicious circle of succession of fragmented health care of the elderly, as well as the production of procedures disconnected from the expected outcome.

CLÚSTER DE TURISMO DE SALUD EN COLOMBIA: REFERENTES PARA LA COMPETITIVIDAD / CLUSTER OF HEALTH TOURISM IN COLOMBIA: REGARDING COMPETITIVENESS

El presente artículo presenta parte de los resultados del proyecto de investigación "Estrategias para el incremento de la competitividad mediante la conformación del Clúster de Turismo de Salud en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga -AMB", requisito para optar al título de Magíster en Desarrollo Empresarial de la Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales de la Universidad del Magdalena. El objetivo del presente escrito consiste en evidenciar los avances de la conformación autónoma del clúster de turismo de salud en Colombia, evaluando metodológica y rigurosamente las perspectivas del mercado de turismo en salud a partir de revisión bibliográfica en inglés y español de carácter institucional público, privado y científico por iniciativa empresarial, y de estudios realizados en regiones de Colombia y a nivel mundial, que han implementado este renglón como opción de desarrollo mediante el aprovechamiento de ventajas competitivas circundantes. Entre los resultados obtenidos se muestran con precisión los ángulos o dimensiones de este fenómeno en el contexto económico y social; además, se destacan los patrones de turismo y, a partir de estos, las razones por las cuales se viene avanzando en la conformación de los diferentes clústeres a nivel nacional, permitiendo apreciaciones profundas en el tema a partir de la visión multisectorial de interés.

This article presents part of the results of the research project "Strategies for Increasing Competitiveness through the Conformation of the Health Tourism Cluster in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga -AMB", required to qualify for the Master's degree in Business Development of the Faculty of Business Sciences of Universidad del Magdalena. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the progress of the autonomous conformation of the health tourism cluster in Colombia. In this regard, we assess, in a methodological and rigorous way, the prospects of the health tourism market, from bibliographic review in English and Spanish ­of a public, private and scientific institutional nature­ by business initiative, as well as from studies carried out in regions of Colombia and worldwide, that have implemented this line as a development option by exploiting surrounding competitive advantages. Among the obtained results, the angles or dimensions of this phenomenon, in the economic and social context, become clear. In addition, the tourism patterns are highlighted, as well as the reasons why progress has been made in the conformation of the different clusters at a national level. This allowed deep insights into the issue, based on the interest multisectoral vision.

Eficiencia en el uso de mamógrafos públicos en una región de Argentina / Efficiency in the use of public mammography devices in an Argentinean region

Introducción: En Argentina el cáncer de mama es el de mayor incidencia en mujeres. La mamografía es un método de prevención secundario que permite su detección temprana y mejora notoriamente las perspectivas de curación. Objetivo: Determinar si un incremento en la demanda efectiva de mamografías requiere aumentar la oferta de equipos o si puede satisfacerse mejorando la eficiencia en su uso. Métodos: Investigación evaluativa realizada entre 2010 y 2012. Se consideraron las mujeres sin cobertura médica residentes en los partidos que componen la Región Sanitaria I de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. La demanda potencial de mamografías se estimó utilizando dos protocolos clínicos alternativos. Para estimar la eficiencia relativa de los mamógrafos públicos de la Región Sanitaria I se empleó el análisis de envolvente de datos, mediante un modelo básico orientado a insumos suponiendo en primer lugar la existencia de rendimientos constantes a escala, para luego contemplar la existencia de rendimientos variables. En cada caso se calcularon los coeficientes de eficiencia relativa y las holguras (slacks) de las variables de insumos y producto. Resultados: Dada la cantidad de mamografías efectivamente realizados, en ningún caso se cubrió la totalidad de la demanda potencial. En 2012 solo uno de los ocho mamógrafos existentes en esta región operó en condiciones de plena eficiencia (técnica y de escala). Conclusiones: De mediar incrementos en la eficiencia, sería posible aumentar la cantidad de mamografías realizadas con los recursos disponibles y cubrir la demanda potencial de las mujeres sin cobertura médica de la Región Sanitaria I(AU)

Introduction: In Argentina, breast cancer is the one with the highest incidence in women. Mammography is a secondary prevention method that allows early detection and improves the prospects of cure. Objective: To determine if an increase in the effective demand for mammographies requires increasing the supply of equipment, or if it can be satisfied by improving the efficiency of its use. Methods: Evaluative research conducted from 2010 to 2012. Women without medical coverage who are residents in Sanitary Region I of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) were the ones included in the study. The potential demand for mammograms was estimated using two alternative clinical protocols. In order to estimate the relative efficiency of the public mammography devices of Sanitary Region I, Data Envelopment Analysis was used, through a basic input-oriented model. Firstly, it was assumed the existence of constant outputs to scale and then considering the existence of unsettled outputs. In each case, the relative efficiency coefficients and the slacks of the input and output variables were calculated. Results: Given the number of mammographies actually carried out, in no case the total potential demand was covered. In 2012, only one of the eight mammography devices in this region operated under full efficiency conditions (technical and scale). Conclusions: If efficiency increases, it would be possible to increase the number of mammographies performed with available resources, and to cover the potential demand of women without medical coverage in the Sanitary Region I(AU)

Eficiencia en la calidad del servicio de las Entidades Promotoras de Salud del régimen subsidiado colombiano / Efficiency in the quality of the service of health promotion entities of the colombian subsidized regime / Eficiência na qualidade do serviço de entidades promotoras de saúde do régimen subsidiado colombiano

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia en la calidad del servicio de las Entidades Promotoras de Salud del régimen subsidiado durante los períodos comprendidos entre 2011-1 y 2014-1. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de la calidad del servicio en las entidades promotoras de salud del régimen subsidiado soportado en la metodología del análisis envolvente de datos (DEA), utilizando el modelo propuesto por Charnes, Cooper y Rhodes orientado a las salidas. Se realiza una selección de un conjunto de variables a partir de la base de datos de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud. Resultados: Los resultados indican que 14 de las 22 entidades evaluadas tienen una eficiencia superior al 90% durante el periodo de estudio. Conclusiones: El análisis envolvente de datos permitió identificar las entidades promotoras de salud (EPS) del régimen subsidiado que obtuvieron un buen desempeño en el período de estudio así mismo la eficiencia promedio no superó el 70%, lo que muestra que en la actualidad Colombia está pasando por una crisis en el sector de la salud.

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency in the quality of Health Promotion Entities service of the subsidized regime between 2011-1 and 2014-1. Materials and Methods: A descriptive retrospective study of the quality in the subsidized regime health promotion entities service was performed supported by the data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology using the output-oriented model proposed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes. A selection of a set of variables was performed from the database of the National Health Board. Results: The results indicate that 14 of the 22 evaluated entities showed efficiency greater than 90% during the study period. Conclusions: The envelopment analysis of data allowed identifying the subsidized regime Health Promotion Entities (EPS) that obtained a good performance in the period of study, as well as the average efficiency that did not exceed 70%, which shows that Colombia is currently undergoing a crisis in the health sector.

Objetivo: avaliar a eficiência na qualidade do serviço das Entidades Promotoras de Saúde do regime subsidiado durante os períodos compreendidos entre 2011-1 e 2014-1. Materiais e Métodos: Realizou se um estudo descritivo retrospectivo da qualidade do serviço nas entidades promotoras de saúde do regime subsidiado suportado na metodologia de análise envolvente de dados (DEA), utilizado o modelo proposto por Charnes, Cooper e Rhodes orientado às saídas. Realiza uma seleção de um conjunto de variáveis a partir da base de dados da Superintendência Nacional de Saúde. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que 14 das 22 entidades avaliadas têm uma eficiência superior a 90% durante o período de estudo. Conclusões: A análise envolvente de dados permitiu identificar as entidades promotoras de saúde (EPS) do regime subsidiado que obtiveram um bom desempenho no período de estudo assim mesmo a eficiência a média não superou o 70%, o que amostra que na atualidade Colômbia está passando por una crise no setor da saúde

Aplicação da Análise Envoltória de Dados para avaliar a eficiência de hospitais do SUS em Mato Grosso / Data Envelopment Analysis application to evaluate the efficiency of SUS's hospitals in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Os hospitais são organizações complexas, e um dos desafios na gestão é o aumento da eficiência. No SUS, convivem hospitais públicos e privados, emergindo a seguinte questão: qual deles é mais eficiente? Este trabalho é um estudo exploratório de natureza quantitativa, realizado em dez hospitais do SUS localizados em três regiões de saúde do estado de Mato Grosso. A Análise Envoltória de Dados aplicada foi orientada a output, possibilitando o cálculo da Eficiência Total e Eficiência Técnica dos hospitais selecionados. O resultado mostrou que, utilizando tal modelo e nesse grupo de estabelecimentos, os hospitais privados seriam mais eficientes que os públicos, mesmo quando excluídos os mais heterogêneos. O uso de avaliações de eficiência hospitalar no SUS envolve ajuizamento que é dependente: do modelo adotado, das variáveis utilizadas e do contexto das unidades analisadas, destacando-se: porte, complexidade, demanda, financiamento, qualidade, vínculo funcional, entre outras especificidades. Além do mais, os resultados deste trabalho identificam pelo menos três importantes questões que devem ser consideradas com cuidado na aplicação da Análise Envoltória de Dados a hospitais do SUS: a complexidade da avaliação da eficiência hospitalar; a escolha do método e das variáveis para tal avaliação; e como considerar o contexto em abordagens fundamentalmente quantitativas.

Hospitals are complex organizations, and one of their challenges is the management increased efficiency. The SUS comprises public and private hospitals, and the following question emerges: which one is more efficient? This work is an exploratory quantitative study, conducted in ten hospitals in the SUS located in three health regions of Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied oriented output, enabling the calculation of the Total Efficiency and Technical Efficiency of selected hospitals. The result showed that using this model and this group of establishments, private hospitals would be more efficient than the public, even the most heterogeneous excluded. The use of hospital efficiency ratings in the SUS involves filing that is dependent on: the adopted model, the variables used and the context of the analyzed units, particularly: size, complexity, demand, financing, quality, functional link, among other characteristics. Moreover, the results of this study identified at least three important issues that must be considered carefully in applying the DEA to SUS hospitals: the complexity of the assessment of hospital efficiency; the choice of method and the variables for such evaluation; and to consider the context in fundamentally quantitative approaches.

Análise das produções científicas e dos resultados da aplicação do modelo Lean em Serviços de Saúde: uma revisão integrativa / Analysis of scientific production and application of the results of the Lean model in Health Services: an integrative review

O Lean é uma filosofia e estratégia de negócios que surgiu na indústria automobilística na busca da melhoria de processos, resultados e satisfação dos clientes. Foi introduzido na área da saúde devido à crescente demanda da população, déficits dos profissionais e cultura não orientada a gestão de processos. Objetivou-se analisar e identificar as produções científicas e os resultados da aplicação do modelo Lean em instituições de saúde. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, de 2007 à 2014. Foram selecionados 23 artigos, sendo 30% publicações americanas, 23% dos países do Reino Unido e 47% de países da Europa, Ásia e América do Sul. Encontrou-se falhas no fluxo do paciente, redundância de informações, espera no atendimento, procedimentos desnecessários, ausência de sistematização. Após a sua implantação houve uma melhora no fluxo dos pacientes, simplificação dos processos, diminuição do tempo de espera, satisfação dos funcionários e clientes, redução de erros, aumento da qualidade.

Lean is a philosophy and business strategy that emerged in the automotive industry in the pursuit of improving processes, results and customer satisfaction. This new trend was introduced in health due to growing demand of the population, professional deficits and not oriented culture management processes. This study aimed to analyze and identify the scientific production and the results of applying the Lean model in health institutions. This is an integrative review from 2007 to 2014. There was selected 23 articles, 30% are American publications, 23% of the UK countries and 47% from other countries in Europe, Asia and South America. There was observed some flaws related to patient flow, information redundancy, waiting in attendance, unnecessary procedures, lack of systematization. After the Lean deployment there was an improvement in the flow of patients, simplification of processes, decreased waiting time, employee and customer satisfaction, reduce errors, increase quality.

Oportunidades y retos de la medición de la eficiencia organizacional de las farmacias comunitarias cubanas / Opportunities and challenges of the measurement of organizational efficiency in the Cuban community pharmacies

En Cuba, el sector de la salud está inmerso en la implementación de las transformaciones necesarias que se dirigen al uso eficiente y racional de los recursos, las farmacias comunitarias no escapan a este llamado. En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis crítico de las oportunidades y retos existente para la medición de la eficiencia organizacional de los servicios farmacéuticos comunitarios cubanos. La realidad sanitaria cubana actual ofrece entre los elementos de oportunidad: el contexto político, la inserción de los servicios farmacéuticos como parte del Sistema Nacional de Salud y las experiencias previas metodológicas. A la vez, existen varios retos como: la complejidad de la selección y medida de los resultados, la calidad de la información disponible y el desencuentro entre el tratamiento de estas unidades como empresas o como unidades de salud. Los estudios de eficiencia organizacional de las farmacias comunitarias cubanas constituyen una demanda y una necesidad del perfeccionamiento de la salud pública, pero a la vez constituyen un reto debido al entorno organizacional singular que las caracteriza. Se impone rescatar la visión de las farmacias comunitarias como instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud y no solo como unidades empresariales expendedoras de medicamentos(AU)

The health sector in Cuba is immersed in the implementation of necessary changes for the rational and efficient use of resources, a process in which the community pharmacies are also included. The present paper made a critical analysis of the opportunities and challenges of the measurement of organizational efficiency in the Cuban community pharmacy services. The Cuban health realities currently offer opportunity elements such as the political context, the insertion of pharmacy services into the national health system and previous methodological experiences. At the same time, there are several challenges to be met as the complexity of selection and measurement of results, the quality of available information and the differences as to dealing with these units as enterprises or as health units. The organizational efficiency studies in the Cuban community pharmacies are both a demand of and a requirement for the public health improvement, but they are in turn a challenge due to their peculiar organizational environment. Recovering the vision of community pharmacies as health service providers rather than entrepreneurial drug sale units is a must(AU)

Oportunidades y retos de la medición de la eficiencia organizacional de las farmacias comunitarias cubanas / Opportunities and challenges of the measurement of organizational efficiency in the Cuban community pharmacies

En Cuba, el sector de la salud está inmerso en la implementación de las transformaciones necesarias que se dirigen al uso eficiente y racional de los recursos, las farmacias comunitarias no escapan a este llamado. En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis crítico de las oportunidades y retos existente para la medición de la eficiencia organizacional de los servicios farmacéuticos comunitarios cubanos. La realidad sanitaria cubana actual ofrece entre los elementos de oportunidad: el contexto político, la inserción de los servicios farmacéuticos como parte del Sistema Nacional de Salud y las experiencias previas metodológicas. A la vez, existen varios retos como: la complejidad de la selección y medida de los resultados, la calidad de la información disponible y el desencuentro entre el tratamiento de estas unidades como empresas o como unidades de salud. Los estudios de eficiencia organizacional de las farmacias comunitarias cubanas constituyen una demanda y una necesidad del perfeccionamiento de la salud pública, pero a la vez constituyen un reto debido al entorno organizacional singular que las caracteriza. Se impone rescatar la visión de las farmacias comunitarias como instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud y no solo como unidades empresariales expendedoras de medicamentos(AU)

The health sector in Cuba is immersed in the implementation of necessary changes for the rational and efficient use of resources, a process in which the community pharmacies are also included. The present paper made a critical analysis of the opportunities and challenges of the measurement of organizational efficiency in the Cuban community pharmacy services. The Cuban health realities currently offer opportunity elements such as the political context, the insertion of pharmacy services into the national health system and previous methodological experiences. At the same time, there are several challenges to be met as the complexity of selection and measurement of results, the quality of available information and the differences as to dealing with these units as enterprises or as health units. The organizational efficiency studies in the Cuban community pharmacies are both a demand of and a requirement for the public health improvement, but they are in turn a challenge due to their peculiar organizational environment. Recovering the vision of community pharmacies as health service providers rather than entrepreneurial drug sale units is a must(AU)

Evaluación cuantitativa de la satisfacción laboral en personal directivo y operativo de empresas de calzado y cuero usuarios del IMSS, como modelo de atención / Quantitative evaluation of job satisfaction in leather and footwear workers affiliated to the IMSS as model attention

INTRODUCCIÓN: La satisfacción laboral está determinada por factores propios del trabajador en conjunto con variables del trabajo, esto es, por elementos intrínsecos y extrínsecos; la ausencia de uso no necesariamente determina la presencia de otros. OBJETIVO: La finalidad de este estudio fue evaluar la satisfacción laboral del personal con giros distintos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El diseño del estudio fue transversal comparativo, teniendo como unidad de muestreo a los trabajadores de dos empresas: una de calzado y otra de cuero, ambas ubicadas en la ciudad de León, Guanajuato, México, y cuyos trabajadores están adscritos al IMSS como proceso de atención. Para identificar el grado y tipo de satisfacción laboral en los trabajadores y directivos de dos empresas manufactureras, una de calzado (n = 51) y otra de curtiduría (n = 24), se aplicó una Escala de Satisfacción Laboral. Estos trabajadores pertenecen al Subsistema de salud adheridos al IMSS. RESULTADOS: Se compararon los resultados entre las submuestras y con los valores estandarizados. La mayoría de los factores de satisfacción identificados en este estudio estuvieron relacionados con el contenido del trabajo y se corresponden con características de las tareas (identidad, interés, variedad, significatividad). Así, atendiendo a la teoría bifactorial de Herzberg. CONCLUSIÓN Y DISCUSIÓN: En cuanto a los factores de contexto de trabajo, llamados higiénicos, únicamente el factor "ambiente social" o relaciones interpersonales destacaron entre los más mencionados. Los grupos mencionados arriba no sienten insatisfacción en el proceso de atención en los servicios de salud, de hecho ven el subsistema al que pertenecen como una ventaja en caso de un accidente en lo personal y familiar. Al evaluarse la satisfacción laboral general (de los dos grupos) se observa que existe una satisfacción general buena de acuerdo con el puntaje estandarizado. Específicamente la satisfacción intrínseca se mostró más elevada (p ≤ 0.001) en la empresa de cuero (puntaje promedio de 35.45 ± 2.87) que en la de calzado (34.67 ± 2.49).

INTRODUCTION: Job satisfaction is determinated by own worker's factors related to different variables either intrinsinc and extrinsic elements that belong to their own job. The absence of one of them not necessarily determines the presence of other. OBJECTIVE: To assess job satisfaction in two different companies: leather products and footwear. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A comparative cross-sectional study was realized with sampling units including workers of two companies: leather products and footwear, in León, Guanajuato, México. All workers were affiliated to the IMSS for health care. Job satisfaction scale was applied to identify the level and type of job satisfaction among workers and managers: leather products (n = 24) and footwear (n = 51). RESULTS: The results of subsamples and standardized values were compared. Most satisfaction factors were related to job contents and features to corresponding tasks (identity, interest, variety, meaningfulness). Thus, based on the two-factor theory of Herzberg. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: About the work context factors, called hygienic factors only "social environment" or related highlighted more among the most frequently mentioned. The groups mentioned did not feel dissatisfaction in the process of care in health services in fact the feeling is like an advantage in case of accident to themselves or their families. When evaluating the general job satisfaction in both groups, we observed a good overall satisfaction according to the standardized score. Specifically, the intrinsic satisfaction was higher (p ≤ 0.001) in leather workers (average score 35.45 ± 2.87) than in the footwear workers (34.67 ± 2.49).

Análisis de la Incidencia del Miedo en la Organización Desde la Perspectiva Psicobiológica / Analysis of the Incidence of Fear in Organizations From a Psycho-biological Perspective / Análise da Incidência do Medo na Organização a Partir da Perspectiva Psicobiológica

La emoción del miedo ha sido un foco de atención por parte de teóricos de la administración en virtud de los efectos negativos que genera en las organizaciones. Sin embargo, las investigaciones realizadas se enfocaron en esclarecer cómo las organizaciones se ven afectadas por el miedo, sin formular argumentos que permitan una sólida explicación de por qué se presenta este fenómeno. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión teórica desde la perspectiva psicobiológica sobre la naturaleza del miedo y sus reacciones, con el objetivo de facilitar un mayor entendimiento sobre los efectos negativos de dicha emoción en las organizaciones.

Abstract The emotion of fear has received a great deal of attention from theoreticians of administration, due to the negative impact it has on organizations. However, most of the research has focused on the way organizations are affected by fear, without providing arguments to explain why the phenomenon arises. From the psycho-biological perspective, the article carries out a theoretical review of the nature of fear and the reactions to it, in order to facilitate greater understanding of the negative effects this emotion can have on organizations.

A emoção do medo tem sido um foco de atenção por parte de teóricos da administração em virtude dos efeitos negativos que gera nas organizações. Contudo, as pesquisas realizadas se enfocaram em esclarecer como as organizações se veem afetadas pelo medo, sem formular argumentos que permitam uma sólida explicação de por que se apresenta esse fenômeno. No presente artigo, faz-se uma revisão teórica a partir da perspectiva psicobiológica sobre a natureza do medo e suas reações, com o objetivo de facilitar um maior entendimento sobre os efeitos negativos dessa emoção nas organizações.

Avaliação da eficiência produtiva de hospitais do SUS de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Evaluation of productive efficiency in the Unified National Health System hospitals in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil

O presente trabalho avaliou a eficiência produtiva de 112 hospitais conveniados ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, com o objetivo de verificar quais são os hospitais eficientes quanto ao aproveitamento de seus recursos. Os dados do estudo são de 2003, obtidos por meio do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS). Aplicou-se a abordagem DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) para retornos variáveis às mudanças na escala de produção (modelo DEA-BCC). A abordagem preconizou a avaliação de hospitais gerais com características de especificidade semelhantes. Os resultados do estudo indicaram 23 hospitais eficientes, além de apontar as metas eficientes de produção para cada unidade avaliada. De acordo com o modelo empírico definido, o número de internações com altas poderia ser aumentado em 15 por cento de acordo com o modelo DEA orientado para expansão da produção. Quando se aplica o modelo DEA orientado para a redução de insumos, o número de médicos, técnicos de enfermagem e auxiliares de enfermagem poderia ser reduzido em 25 por cento, o número de leitos em 17 por cento e o valor de AIH em 13 por cento para a rede hospitalar em estudo.

This study evaluated the productive efficiency of 112 hospitals under the Unified National Health System (SUS) in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The objective was to verify which hospitals apply the available resources efficiently. The research was based on data from 2003 collected from the SUS Hospital Data System (SIH-SUS). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied under the assumption of variable returns to scale. The study focused exclusively on general hospitals with similar characteristics in terms of size and specialization. The results identified 23 efficient hospitals and efficiency targets for each hospital. According to the empirical model, the number of hospitalizations with discharges could be increased by 15 percent. Application of an input reduction model would result in savings of 25 percent on human resources (physicians and nurse technicians), 17 percent on hospital beds, and 13 percent on admissions costs for the overall hospital system.