Microencapsulation of Chilean Papaya Waste Extract and Its Impact on Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties.

The microencapsulation of bioactive extracts of Chilean papaya waste, including both seeds and skin, was investigated. Papaya waste extract microcapsules utilizing maltodextrin at 10% (MD10), 20% (MD20), and 30% (MD30) (w/v) as the wall material through the freeze-drying process were obtained, and subsequently their physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The TPC efficiency and yield values achieved were more than 60% for the microencapsulated seed and skin extracts, respectively. The best results for phenolic and antioxidant compounds were found in the microencapsulated seed extract with MD20, with a value of 44.20 ± 3.32 EAG/g DW for total phenols and an antioxidant capacity of 12.0 ± 0.32 mol ET/g DW for the DPPH and 236.3 ± 4.1 mol ET/g DW for the FRAP assay. In addition, the seed and skin samples reduced ROS generation in H2O2-treated Hek293 cells. In terms of antimicrobial activity, values ranging from 7 to 15 mm of inhibitory halos were found, with the maximum value corresponding to the inhibition of S. aureus, for both microencapsulated extracts. Therefore, the successful microencapsulation of the waste bioactive extracts (seed and skin) with the demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties highlight the bioactivity from Chilean papaya waste resources.

Conversion of Wheat Bran to Xylanases and Dye Adsorbent by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus.

Agro-byproducts can be utilized as effective and low-cost nutrient sources for microbial fermentation to produce a variety of usable products. In this study, wheat bran powder (WBP) was found to be the most effective carbon source for xylanase production by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus TKU045. The optimal media for xylanase production was 2% (w/v) WBP, 1.50% (w/v) KNO3, 0.05% (w/v) MgSO4, and 0.10% (w/v) K2HPO4, and the optimal culture conditions were 50 mL (in a 250 mL-volume Erlenmeyer flask), initial pH 9.0, 37 °C, 125 rpm, and 48 h. Accordingly, the highest xylanase activity was 6.393 ± 0.130 U/mL, 6.9-fold higher than that from un-optimized conditions. S. thermocarboxydus TKU045 secreted at least four xylanases with the molecular weights of >180, 36, 29, and 27 kDa when cultured on the WBP-containing medium. The enzyme cocktail produced by S. thermocarboxydus TKU045 was optimally active over a broad range of temperature and pH (40-70 °C and pH 5-8, respectively) and could hydrolyze birchwood xylan to produce xylobiose as the major product. The obtained xylose oligosaccharide (XOS) were investigated for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and the growth effect of lactic acid bacteria. Finally, the solid waste from the WBP fermentation using S. thermocarboxydus TKU045 revealed the high adsorption of Congo red, Red 7, and Methyl blue. Thus, S. thermocarboxydus TKU045 could be a potential strain to utilize wheat bran to produce xylanases for XOS preparation and dye adsorbent.

In Vitro Iron Bioavailability of Brazilian Food-Based by-Products.

Background: Iron deficiency is a public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries. Introduction of agro-industrial food by-products, as additional source of nutrients, could help alleviate this micronutrient deficiency, provide alternative sources of nutrients and calories in developed countries, and be a partial solution for disposal of agro-industry by-products. Methods: The aim of this study was to determine iron bioavailability of 5 by-products from Brazilian agro-industry (peels from cucumber, pumpkin, and jackfruit, cupuaçu seed peel, and rice bran), using the in vitro digestion/ Caco-2 cell model; with Caco-2 cell ferritin formation as a surrogate marker of iron bioavailability. Total and dialyzable Fe, macronutrients, the concentrations of iron-uptake inhibitors (phytic acid, tannins, fiber) and their correlation with iron bioavailability were also evaluated. Results: The iron content of all by-products was high, but the concentration of iron and predicted bioavailability were not related. Rice bran and cupuaçu seed peel had the highest amount of phytic acid and tannins, and lowest iron bioavailability. Cucumber peels alone, and with added extrinsic Fe, and pumpkin peels with extrinsic added iron, had the highest iron bioavailability. Conclusion: The results suggest that cucumber and pumpkin peel could be valuable alternative sources of bioavailable Fe to reduce iron deficiency in at-risk populations.

Effects of natural blends of garlic and eucalypt essential oils on biogas production of four fibrous feeds at short-term of incubation in the ruminal anaerobic biosystem.

BACKGROUND: The present study explored the effect of garlic and/or eucalypt oils on biogas production during in vitro ruminal fermentation of four agro industry byproducts. For this, 0-180 mg oil L-1 incubation medium was added and gas volumes were recorded from 2 to 48 h of incubation. Dry matter substrate degradability and neutral as well as acid detergent fibre were determined after 72 h. RESULTS: Gas production and nutrient degradability was oil type dependent. The oils enhanced (P < 0.05) biogas and asymptotic biogas production for corn stalks and oat straw, although no effect was observed on asymptotic biogas production for sorghum straw and sugarcane bagasse. Addition of both oils decreased (P < 0.05) fermentation pH for corn stalks, sorghum straw and oat straw and also increased (P < 0.05) dry matter degradability for all four byproducts. Neutral detergent fibre degradability for all byproducts was higher (P < 0.05) with garlic oil. Eucalypt oil, however, decreased (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre degradability for sugarcane bagasse and corn stalks, although only weak effects were observed for sorghum and oat straws. CONCLUSION: With respect to ruminal biogas production, the addition of garlic oil showed better environmental effects than the addition of eucalypt oil and increasing oil concentrations resulted in enhanced fermentation characteristics. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Caracterização nutricional da silagem de bagaço de cana de açucar (Saccharum officinarum L) adicionada ou não de soro de queijo e/ou grão de milho / Characterization of nutritional silage of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L) marc added or no of whey and/or grain of corn / Caracterización nutricional de ensilaje del bagazo de cana-de-azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L) añadido o no de suero de queso y/o grano de maiz

O trabalho foi conduzido com o uso de dois subprodutos das agroindústrias regionais - bagaço de cana de açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) e soro de queijo. Estes subprodutos isoladamente apresentam baixo valor nutricional, porém quando associados podem ser reaproveitados para uso na alimentação de ruminantes. Dessa forma, este trabalho objetivou analisar a composição bromatológica de tais subprodutos na forma de ensilagem com adição ou não do grão de milho. Foram confeccionados silos experimentais com canos de PVC de 10 centímetros de diâmetro por 50 cm de comprimento, contendo os seguintes tratamentos: tratamento controle - bagaço de cana de açúcar com adição de água; tratamento 1- bagaço de cana de açúcar com adição de soro de queijo; e tratamento 2- bagaço de cana de açúcar com adição de soro de queijo e grão de milho, com três repetições cada. Amostras de materiais antes da ensilagem e após a abertura dos silos foram colhidas para avaliar os percentuais de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB), cinzas e pH. O maior percentual de MS foi obtido na silagem contendo soro e milho. Os percentuais de PB e cinzas foram pouco influenciados pelos tratamentos. Os valores de pH estiveram no padrão aceitável para silagens de boa qualidade. A adição de soro e grão de milho melhorou os teores de MS, FDA e pH das silagens. Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstraram que a silagem com adição de soro e milho apresentaram melhores resultados nos percentuais de MS, FDA e pH das silagens, o que justifica seu uso na alimentação de ruminantes.

The study was conducted using two byproducts of regional agribusinesses - sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) marc and cheese whey. These by-products have low nutritional value alone, but when combined can be recycled for use in ruminant feed. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of by-products such as silage with or without addition of corn grain. Experimental silos were made with PVC pipes 10 inches in diameter by 50 cm long, containing the following treatments: control diet - sugar cane marc with added water; treatment 1 - sugar cane marc with added whey cheese, and treatment 2 - sugar cane marc with added whey and corn grain, with three replicates each. Samples of material before ensiling and after opening the silos were collected to evaluate the percentage of dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), ash and pH. The highest percentage of MS was obtained in serum-containing and corn silage. The percentages of crude protein and ash were little affected by treatments. The pH values were in the acceptable standard for good quality silage. The addition of serum and improved corn grain DM, FDA and pH of silages. These results demonstrated that the addition of whey silage and corn showed better results in the percentage of MS, FDA and pH of silages, which justifies its use in ruminant feed.

El estudio se realizó con el uso de dos subproductos agroindustriales regionales - bagazo de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) y suero de queso. Estos subproductos aislados presentan bajo valor nutricional, pero cuando asociados pueden ser reaprovechados para uso en la alimentación de rumiantes. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la composición bromatológica de estos subproductos en la forma de ensilaje, con o sin adición de grano de maíz. Silos experimentales fueron hechos con tubos de PVC de 10 cm de diámetro y 50 cm de largo, que contiene los siguientes tratamientos: tratamiento control - bagazo de caña de azúcar con agua añadida; el tratamiento 1 - bagazo de caña de azúcar con adición de suero de queso; y tratamiento 2 - bagazo de caña de azúcar con suero de queso y grano de maíz, con tres repeticiones cada uno. Muestras de materiales antes del ensilaje y después de la apertura de los silos fueron recogidas para evaluar los porcentuales de materia seca (MS), fibra en detergente ácido (FDA), proteína cruda (PC), cenizas y pH. El mayor porcentaje de MS se obtuvo en el ensilaje conteniendo suero y maíz. El porcentaje de proteína cruda y cenizas fueron poco afectados por los tratamientos. Los valores de pH estuvieron en estándar aceptable para ensilajes de buena calidad. La adición de suero y grano de maíz ha mejorado los contenidos de MS, FDA y pH de los ensilajes. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que el ensilaje con adición de suero y maíz presentaron mejores resultados en los porcentuales de MS, FDA y pH de los ensilajes, lo que justifica su uso en la alimentación de los rumiantes.