Total dietary antioxidant capacity and food groups and their relationship with the sleep time of Brazilian graduates (CUME Study).

To investigate the association between the Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (dTAC) and the Total Antioxidant Capacity of food groups (fgTAC) with the sleep time of Brazilian graduates participating in the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Study). This cross-sectional study analyzed 6,387 graduates (2,052 men, 4,335 women, 35.3 ± 9.3 years old) from the CUME Study. Data was collected online, and dTAC was obtained by the Ferric Reduction Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. Daily sleep time was classified as short sleep, normal sleep, and long sleep (≤6, 7-8, and ≥9 h, respectively). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) between short sleep and long sleep with quartiles of dTAC and the fgTAC. Lower odds of short sleep was observed for the third quartile of dTAC and for fourth quartile of fgTAC of fruits, beans, and lentils, and for the third quartile of fgTAC of vegetables and oils and fats. Higher odds of short sleep for the fourth quartile of fgTAC of teas and coffees. For long sleep, inverse associations were observed for the fourth quartile of fgTAC of oilseeds and the third quartile of fgTAC of teas and coffees. Higher odds of long sleep were observed for the third quartile of artificial juices and sodas. We cannot independently assert an association between higher dTAC and sleep time. In turn, the associations between sleep time and fgTAC show the importance of the food matrix that antioxidants are inserted, requiring longitudinal studies to observe the direction of associations.

Validity and Reproducibility of a Culture-Specific Electronic Food Frequency Questionnaire: A Trinidad and Tobago Diet Assessment Study.

Nutritional epidemiologists use culture-specific food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) to assess the dietary intake of groups based on country, region or ethnic groups. This study aimed to validate a culture-specific semi-quantitative electronic Food Frequency Questionnaire (e-FFQ) to estimate food group intake in the adult population of Trinidad and Tobago. A 139-item semi-quantitative e-FFQ containing local dishes and street food was administered twice to adults 18 years and older and compared against four 1-day food records (FRs) using digital photographs, which served as the reference method. The validity and reproducibility of the e-FFQ food group intake estimates were determined using paired t-tests, bivariate correlations, and cross-classifications. Reproducibility correlations between the reported food group intakes in the first and repeat administration of the e-FFQ ranged from moderate (r = .44, P ≤ .0001) for sweetened beverages to high (r = .91 P ≤ .0001) for alcohol. The cross-classification agreements ranged from 70% (street food) to 92% (alcohol). Energy-adjusted deattenuated validity correlations between the e-FFQ and FR ranged from (r = .08) for water to (r = .81) for food from animal sources, with a mean validity correlation of .36. An average of 68% of the e-FFQ estimates was correctly classified within the ±1 quintile of the exact agreement with the FRs. Agreements between the e-FFQ and FRs ranged from 55% for street foods to 95% for water, all significant at P ≤ .0001. This study shows that the culture-specific e-FFQ is a valid tool for assessing and ranking food category intake estimates of the adult population living in Trinidad and Tobago.

Overall diet quality, food groups and mental health disorders among Brazilians older than 15 years old: Brazilian National Health Survey - 2019.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to a nutrient-dense diet can have an impact on depression and other mental health issues. Little is known whether this is attributed to some or all components and how these differ in a country that is known to have a vast diversity of nutrient-dense foods. The aim was to examine whether there is a relationship between individual food groups with depression and other mental health disorders. METHODS: Data was from 89,955 Brazilians from the National Health Survey. Mental health and diet were accessed using a screener questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were calculated. RESULTS: Persons living with depression had significantly lower diet scores for vegetables/fruits (ß = -0.08, 95 % CI -0.13, -0.02), grains/roots (ß = -0.05; 95%CI (-0.07, -0.03)), beans (ß = -0.03; 95%CI (-0.04, -0.01)) and higher scores for sweetened beverages (ß = 0.04; 95%CI (0.01, 0.07)), sweets and sugars (ß = 0.03; 95%CI (0.01, 0.05) and high fat/sodium products (ß = 0.04; 9%CI (0.01, 0.07). Individuals living with other mental disorders showed lower scores for grains/roots (ß = -0.03; 95%CI (-0.06, -0.01)) and higher scores for sweets and sugars (ß = 0.06; 95%CI (0.03, 0.09)) and high fat/sodium products (ß = 0.05; 95%CI (0.01, 0.09)). CONCLUSION: People with mental health disorders are more likely to have an unhealthy diet. Relationships were slightly stronger with depression in particular food groups as other mental disorders. Further studies are needed to help in the prevention of these disorders.

A Clustering Study of Dietary Patterns and Physical Activity among Workers of the Uruguayan State Electrical Company.

Recent studies have shown that certain nutrients, specific food groups, or general dietary patterns (DPs) can promote health and prevent noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCCDs). Both developed and developing countries experience a high prevalence of NCCDs due to poor lifestyle habits, DPs, and low physical activity levels. This study aims to examine the dietary, physical activity, sociodemographic, and lifestyle patterns of Uruguayan State Electrical Company workers (the IN-UTE study). A total of 2194 workers participated in the study, providing information about their sociodemographics, lifestyles, and dietary habits through different questionnaires. To identify DPs from 16 food groups, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. A hierarchical cluster algorithm was used to combine food groups and sociodemographic/lifestyle variables. Four DPs were extracted from the data; the first DP was related to the intake of energy-dense foods, the second DP to the characteristics of the job, the third DP to a Mediterranean-style diet, and the fourth DP to age and body mass index. In addition, cluster analysis involving a larger number of lifestyle variables produced similar results to the PCA. Lifestyle and sociodemographic factors, including night work, working outside, and moderate and intense PA, were significantly correlated with the dietary clusters, suggesting that working conditions, socioeconomic status, and PA may play an important role in determining DPs to some extent. Accordingly, these findings should be used to design lifestyle interventions to reverse the appearance of unhealthy DPs in the UTE population.

Food Insecurity is Associated with Low Dietary Diversity in Rural Women in Mexico: Results from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey, ENSANUT 2018.

Rural women suffer greater vulnerability to food insecurity (FI) compared to their urban or male counterparts. We analyzed the association between food security (FS) status and dietary diversity (DD) in rural women through data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) 2018 from 2,099 rural women. DD was measured using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. FS was measured using the Latin America and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA). The prevalence of any level of FI was 70.1%. Mean DD score was 3.8. Mild FI was associated with low DD (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.06, 2.10). Results highlight the need for government strategies targeted to this population sector to improve their diet quality.

Maternal diet in pregnancy and acute leukemia in infants: a case-control study in Mexico City.

Introduction: Epidemiological studies around the world on acute leukemia (AL) and risk factors in infants are scarce. Infant AL has been proposed to originate in utero, which facilitates its study by establishing a short exposure time in pregnant women to environmental and dietary factors that could contribute to the risk of or protection against leukemia. We hypothesized that maternal diet during pregnancy may be an important factor involved in AL in offspring. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study from 2010 to 2019 on maternal diet during pregnancy in nine high-specialty public hospitals of different health institutions that diagnose and offer treatment to children with AL in Mexico City. Cases (n=109) were children ≤24 months of age with de novo diagnosis of AL, and controls (n=252) were children obtained in hospitals from second-level medical care matched for age, sex, and health institution. Maternal diet during pregnancy was obtained by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess the association between food groups and infant AL. Potential confounders were assessed by constructing directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) with Dagitty software in which adjusted options were identified for the construction of unconditional logistic regression models. Results: Cases were slightly predominantly female (52.3%). The years of education of the mother in cases and controls was 0-9 on average, and those who reported smoking cigarettes and consuming alcohol during pregnancy did so at a low frequency. Regarding the mother's diet, the main findings were that the consumption of allium vegetables during pregnancy was inversely associated with AL for medium and high consumption (OR=0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.46; P-trend< 0.001). In contrast, the high consumption of high-fat dairy products had a positive association with AL (OR=2.37, 95% CI 1.30-4.34; P-trend<0.001). No association was found between consumption of topoisomerase II inhibitor foods during pregnancy and AL. Conclusion: The results suggest that maternal intake during pregnancy of allium vegetables, specifically garlic, is inversely associated with the development of AL in children ≤24 months old. On the other hand, consumption of high-fat dairy products is positively associated with AL in children ≤24 months old.

Dietary and Nutrient Intake, Eating Habits, and Its Association with Maternal Gestational Weight Gain and Offspring's Birth Weight in Pregnant Adolescents.

Pregnant adolescents' diet and eating habits are inadequate; however, their association with gestational weight gain (GWG) is uncertain. We aimed to analyze whether there is an association between dietary and nutrient intake and eating habits with GWG among pregnant adolescents and their offspring's birth weight. A longitudinal study was performed with 530 participants. We assessed GWG and applied several tools, such as a food frequency questionnaire and 24-h recall, to obtain dietary and nutrient intake and eating habits. The birth weight of adolescents' offspring was registered. Later, we performed crude and adjusted Poisson models. The mean age was 15.8 ± 1.3 years. Of all food groups, the lowest frequency of adequate intake corresponded to vegetables (7%) and legumes (10.2%). Excessive (36.8%) and insufficient (40.9%) GWG were observed. Pregnant adolescents with inadequate legumes intake increased the probability of excessive GWG: (PR 1.86 95% CI 1.00-3.44). Cereals and grains were positively associated with GWG: (PR 1.65, 95% CI 1.18-2.29). Energy, macronutrient intake, and eating habits were not associated with GWG. Offspring's small gestational age (SGA) increased when pregnant adolescents had inadequate sugar-sweetened beverages intake: PR (1.58, 95% CI 1.01-2.49) and when pregnant adolescent watched television (TV). In our sample of Mexican adolescents, dietary and nutrient intake and eating habits were inadequate. Excessive dietary intake from cereals, grains, and animal-sourced foods along with insufficient legumes were associated with excessive GWG. Watching TV while adolescents ate was associated with the birth weight of the offspring.

Alcohol Contribution to Total Energy Intake and Its Association with Nutritional Status and Diet Quality in Eight Latina American Countries.

Alcohol consumption is a modifiable risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to characterize alcohol consumers at the nutritional, anthropometric, and sociodemographic levels. Data from 9218 participants from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela participating in "Latin American Health and Nutrition Study (ELANS)", a multi-country, population-based study, were used. Dietary intake was collected through two, 24 h recalls. Participants were classified into consumers (n = 1073) and non-alcohol consumers (n = 8145) using a cut-off criterium of ≥15 g/day of alcohol consumption calculated from the estimation of their usual daily intake. Among alcohol consumers, the mean alcohol consumption was 69.22 ± 2.18 grams (4.6. beverages/day), contributing to 484.62 kcal, which corresponded to 16.86% of the total energy intake. We found that the risk of alcohol consumption was higher in young and middle-aged men from low and middle socioeconomic status. Argentine, Brazil, and Chile had the highest percentage of consumers, while Ecuador showed the highest alcohol consumption. Alcohol drinkers were characterized by having higher body weight and wider neck, waist, hips circumferences. Alcohol drinkers had a higher energy intake, with macronutrients providing relatively less energy at the expense of the energy derived from alcohol. Alcohol drinkers showed lower and higher consumptions of healthy and unhealthy food groups, respectively. In addition, adequacy ratios for all micronutrients assessed were lower in alcohol consumers. All these deleterious effects of alcohol on nutritional and anthropometric parameters increased with the number of alcoholic beverages consumed daily. Altogether, these findings suggest that limiting alcohol consumption can contribute to reducing the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diet-related diseases.

Toward a healthy and sustainable diet in Mexico: where are we and how can we move forward?

BACKGROUND: Dietary recommendations worldwide have focused on promoting healthy diets to prevent diseases. In 2019, the EAT-Lancet Commission presented global scientific targets for healthy diets and sustainable food production and proposed a healthy reference diet (EAT-HRD) that can be adapted to the culture, geography, and demography of the population and individuals in any country. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the daily energy intake from food groups and subgroups in Mexican adults relative to the EAT-HRD and propose an adaptation of the EAT-HRD to the Mexican context. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys in 2012 and 2016. Diet information was obtained using the 5-step multiple-pass 24-h dietary recall method. We estimated the mean energy intake from food groups and subgroups and compared these figures with the midpoint of the EAT-HRD and with the Mexican Dietary Guidelines (MDGs). We also proposed an adaptation of the EAT-HRD to the Mexican context based on the mean energy intake and the comparison between the MDGs and the EAT-HRD. RESULTS: Mexican adults consume higher than the EAT-HRD for grains (mostly refined), dairy, added sugars, and animal-based proteins (particularly red meat, poultry, eggs, and processed meats); and lower than the EAT-HRD for vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, tubers and starchy vegetables, fish, and added fats. Based on these findings, we propose a healthy and sustainable reference diet adapted for the Mexican population. CONCLUSIONS: Mexican adults have a diet that is far from being healthy and is not sustainable. The adaptation of the EAT-HRD to the Mexican context is a timely input for current government efforts to move to a sustainable and healthy food system, including the update of the current MDGs.

Dietary Diversity and Micronutrients Adequacy in Women of Childbearing Age: Results from ELANS Study.

Dietary diversity, an important component of diet quality, is associated with an increased probability of adequate micronutrient intake. Women of childbearing age (WCA) are particularly vulnerable to micronutrient inadequacy. The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) has been used widely as a proxy measurement of micronutrient adequacy. This study aimed to assess the association between MDD-W and nutrients adequacy among WCA of eight Latin American countries. Nutrient intakes from 3704 WCA were analyzed with two 24-hour dietary recalls. Dietary diversity was calculated based on ten food groups with a cut-off point of intake ≥5 groups. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.72 points, and 57.7% of WCA achieved MDD-W. Vitamin D and E showed a mean Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) of 0.03 and 0.38, respectively. WCA with a diverse diet (MDD-W > 5) reported a significantly higher intake of most micronutrients and healthy food groups with less consumption of red and processed meats and sugar-sweetened beverages. MDD-W was significantly associated with the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of 18 micronutrients evaluated. Nevertheless, even those women with a diverse diet fell short of meeting the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for vitamins D and E. MDD-W is an appropriate tool to evaluate micronutrients adequacy in WCA from Latin America, showing that women who achieved the MDD-W reported higher adequacy ratios for most micronutrients and an overall healthier diet.

Are Household Expenditures on Food Groups Associated with Children's Future Heights in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam?

Household expenditure surveys, routinely conducted in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), usually include questions pertaining to recent household expenditures on key food groups. When child anthropometrics are also available, such expenditure data can provide insights into household food purchasing patterns that are associated with subsequent child growth measures. We used data from 6993 children, born around 2001, from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, from the Young Lives younger cohort. We compared associations between two weeks of household food expenditures (in PPP-Purchasing Power Parity adjusted dollars) on food groups and child height-for-age-Z score (HAZ) at subsequent time points to assess longitudinal associations. Total food expenditures, rural/urban residence, maternal and paternal schooling, and child sex were included in our adjusted models because they may affect the relations between household food group expenditures and future child HAZ. In Ethiopia, India, and Peru every extra PPP$ spent on fats was associated with 0.02-0.07 higher future HAZ. In Vietnam every extra PPP$ spent on starches, was significantly associated with a 0.01 lower future HAZ. Across countries, different patterns of food expenditure and procurement may be differentially critical for predicting child HAZ. Our results demonstrate how expenditures on specific food groups can be associated with children's linear growth. This study provides additional evidence of the utility of longitudinal household food expenditure data in understanding child nutritional status.

Intake of selected foods and beverages and serum uric acid levels in adults: ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the intake of selected food groups and beverages and serum uric acid (UA). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using the baseline data (2008-2010) from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Food intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire with 114 items. Linear and logistic regressions investigated the associations between the daily intake of each food group (servings/d) and UA (mg/dl) and hyperuricemia (UA ≥ 6·8 mg/dl), respectively. All the analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, energy intake and all food groups. SETTING: Teaching and research institutions from six Brazilians states. SUBJECTS: The participants were 14 320 active and retired civil servants, aged 35-74 years. RESULTS: Higher intake of dairy products was associated with lower serum UA levels in both sexes, with a statistical dose-response gradient. High meat intake was associated with high UA only in women, and high intake of organ meats, in men. Intake of fish and fruits, vegetables and legumes were not associated with serum UA. In men, moderate and high intake of alcoholic beverages, specifically beer and spirits, but not wine, increased UA. In women, only high intake of alcoholic beverages, specifically beer, was associated with increased serum UA. Similar associations were seen for hyperuricemia. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest a potential beneficial role of dairy products consumption on UA levels. The association between alcohol intake and UA differed according to type of beverage and between sexes. Results reinforce the need to consider the whole diet in the analysis and to conduct sex stratified analysis.

Prevalence of anemia and consumption of iron-rich food groups in Mexican children and adolescents: Ensanut MC 2016 / Prevalencia de anemia y consumo de grupos de alimentos en niños y adolescentes mexicanos: Ensanut MC 2016

Abstract: Objective: To describe the prevalence of anemia and consumption of iron rich groups among Mexican children and adolescents who participated in the Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2016. Materials and methods: Our study sample included children and adolescents who provided full capillary hemoglobin data. Anemia was defined according to WHO criteria. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association among consumption of iron-rich food groups, sociodemographic characteristics and anemia. Results: In 2016, the prevalence of anemia was 26.9% in children aged 1 to 4 years old, 12.5% in those aged 5 to 11, and 9.6% in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Rates were the highest among females who lived in the southern and central parts of Mexico, belonged to an indigenous ethnic group and fell within the first tercile of the Household Wealth Index. Consumption of beef by preschoolers and viscera by adolescents was associated with lower risk for anemia; higher risk was associated with consumption of Liconsa milk and non-heme iron by preschoolers. Conclusions: Anemia is highly prevalent in Mexican children and adolescents, affecting mainly the poorest and youngest populations. Sources of heme iron are the principal dietary factor associated with low risk for anemia.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de anemia y el consumo de alimentos fuente de hierro en niños y adolescentes mexicanos participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016. Material y métodos: Se analizó la información de hemoglobina capilar de niños y adolescentes. La anemia se definió con base en el criterio de la OMS. Se usaron modelos de regresión logística para identificar los grupos de alimentos y características de los individuos asociados con anemia. Resultados: La prevalencia de anemia fue de 26.9% en niños de 1 a 4 años; 12.5% en el grupo de 5 a 11 y 9.6% para el de 12 a 19. La mayor prevalencia de anemia se dio entre las mujeres habitantes de la región Sur y Centro, indígenas y en el primer tercil de condición de bienestar. El consumo de carne de res en preescolares y de vísceras en adolescentes se asoció con menor riesgo de anemia. El consumo de leche Liconsa y el hierro no hemo en preescolares se asoció con mayor riesgo de anemia. Conclusiones: La anemia es altamente prevalente en niños y adolescentes mexicanos, afectando principalmente a la población pobre y a los más jóvenes. Las fuentes dietéticas de hierro hemo permanecen como los principales factores dietéticos asociados con menor riesgo de anemia.

Prevalence of anemia and consumption of iron-rich food groups in Mexican children and adolescents: Ensanut MC 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of anemia and con-sumption of iron rich groups among Mexican children and adolescents who participated in the Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study sample included children and adolescents who provided full capillary hemoglobin data. Anemia was defined accord-ing to WHO criteria. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association among consumption of iron-rich food groups, sociodemographic characteristics and anemia. RESULTS: In 2016, the prevalence of anemia was 26.9% in children aged 1 to 4 years old, 12.5% in those aged 5 to 11, and 9.6% in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Rates were the highest among females who lived in the southern and central parts of Mexico, belonged to an indigenous ethnic group and fell within the first tercile of the Household Wealth Index. Consumption of beef by preschoolers and viscera by ado-lescents was associated with lower risk for anemia; higher risk was associated with consumption of Liconsa milk and non-heme iron by preschoolers. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is highly prevalent in Mexican children and adolescents, affect-ing mainly the poorest and youngest populations. Sources of heme iron are the principal dietary factor associated with low risk for anemia.

Food Security in Acajete, Veracruz / Seguridad alimentaria en Acajete, Veracruz / Segurança alimentar em Acajete, Veracruz / Sécurité alimentaire à Acajete, Veracruz

Abstract Objective: To determine the dietary diversity, the level of food security and its relationship with living conditions in families in Acajete, Veracruz. Materials and methods: Proportional stratified sampling, with 95% confidence, 5% error, and 50% response distribution. Household selection was made randomly, resulting in 211 dwellings as a sample. Results: Marginal food security with 40.3% (n = 85), followed by 32.7% of families with food security (n = 69). Regarding the nutritional status of surveyed people, the mode and median was normal weight (57.7%), overweight and obese 25.5% and underweight 16.8%. 33.6% of the people consume three food groups throughout the day, 27.5% four groups, 15.2% two groups, and the same percentage five food groups. There were significant differences (p=0.039) between the education level of the respondents in relation to their food security status, where 84.2% of the illiterate population has some degree of food insecurity, and 15.8% are in Food security. Conclusions: The housing characteristics considered in this study are not a determinant risk factor for Food Insecurity; no significant differences were found with overcrowding (p=0.239), housing ownership (p=0.987); and an unsafe source of drinking water (p = 0.973). The average scores of the Mexican Food Security Survey (EMSA) were statistically significant, therefore it is observed that lower food diversity results in lower food security. The inhabitants of Acajete who are in low or very low food security, only feed on two food groups: cereals or tubers; and legumes, nuts or seeds. When there is marginal food security add meat or fish.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad alimentaria, el nivel de la seguridad alimentaria y su relación con las condiciones de vida en familias en la localidad de Acajete, Veracruz. Materiales y métodos: Muestreo estratificado proporcional, con una confianza del 95%, un error del 5%, y un 50% de distribución de respuesta. La selección de los hogares se realizó de manera aleatoria, resultando 211 viviendas como muestra. Resultados: Inseguridad alimentaria leve con un 40.3% (n=85), seguido del 32.7% de las familias con seguridad alimentaria (n=69). Respecto al estado nutricio de las personas encuestadas, la moda y mediana fue de normopeso (57.7%), en sobrepeso y obesidad 25.5% y en bajo peso 16.8%. El 33.6% de los encuestados consume tres grupos de alimentos durante todo el día, 27.5% cuatro grupos, 15.2% dos grupos, y con el mismo porcentaje cinco grupos de alimentos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p=0.039) entre el nivel de educación de los encuestados en relación con su estado de seguridad alimentaria, donde el 84.2% de la población analfabeta cursa con algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria, y el 15.8% se encuentra en seguridad alimentaria. Conclusiones: Las características de la vivienda que se consideraron en este estudio no son un factor de riesgo determinante para la Inseguridad Alimentaria, no se encontraron diferencias significativas con el hacinamiento (p=0.239), propiedad de la vivienda (p=0.987); y fuente insegura de agua para beber (p=0.973). Los puntajes promedio de la Encuesta Mexicana para la Seguridad Alimentaria resultaron estadísticamente significativos, por consiguiente se observa que una menor diversidad de alimentos resulta en mayor inseguridad alimentaria. Las familias en Inseguridad Alimentaria Moderada o Severa, se alimentan únicamente de dos grupos de alimentos: cereales o tubérculos; y de legumbres. Cuando hay inseguridad alimentaria leve agregan la carne o el pescado.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a diversidade alimentar, o nivel de segurança alimentar e sua relação com as condições de vida das familias na cidade de Acajete, Veracruz. Materiais e métodos: Amostragem estratificada proporcional, com uma confiaba de 95%, um erro de 5%, e distribuição de resposta de 50%. A selecção dos agregados foi realizada de forma aleatória, resultando invólucro 211, como mostrado. Resultados: Insegurança aliemtar leve, com 40,3% (n = 85), seguido por 32,7% das familias com seguraba alimentar (n = 69). Com relação ao estado nutricional dos entrevistados, moda e mediana foi de peso normal (57,7%) em sobrepeso e obesidade de 25,5% e 16,8% abaixo do peso. 33,6% dos encuestados consumem três grupos de alimentos ao longo do dia, quatro grupos de 27,5%, 15,2% dois grupos, e a mesma percentagem de cinco grupos de alimentos. Diferenças significativas (p = 0,039) entre o nivel de escolaridade dos entrevistados sobre sua situação de segurança alimentar, onde 84,2% da população analfabeta apresenta com algum grau de insegurançã alimentar foram encontrados, e 15,8% estão em segurança alimentar. Conclusões: As características da habitação que foram considerados neste estudo não são um factor determinante para o risco de segurança alimentar, não há diferenças significativas com a superlotação (p = 0,239), a posse (p = 0,987) que foram encontrados; e a fonte de água não potável (p = 0,973). Os escores médios do Inquérito de Segurança Alimentar mexicano foram estatisticamente significativos, portanto, mostra que menos diversidade de alimentos resulta em maior insegurança alimentar. Familias insegura alimentar moderada ou grave, são alimentados apenas dois grupos de alimentos: cereais ou de tubérculos; e leguminosas. Quando há ligeira insegurança alimentar, eles adicionam carne ou peixe.

Résumé Objectif: Déterminer la diversité et le niveau de sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que leur relation avec les conditions de vie de familles résidant a Acajete, Veracruz. Matériaux et méthode: Échantillonnage stratifié proportionnel, avec un intervalle de confiance de 95%, une marge d'erreur de 5% et 50% de distribution des réponses. La sélection des ménages a été faite au hasard et a donné lieu a un échantillon de 211 logements. Résultats: 40.3% des familles (n=85) ont indiqué une insécurité alimentaire légére et 32.7% (n = 69) une sécurité alimentaire. En ce qui concerne l'état nutritionnel, 57% des personnes interrogées ont présenté un poids normal (valeur du mode et la médiane), 25,5% surpoids ou obésité 25,5% et 16,8% une insuffisance pondérale. 33,6% des personnes interrogées consomment trois groupes alimentaires dans la journée, 27,5% quatre groupes, 15,2% deux groupes, et 15,2% également cinq groupes. Des différences significatives (p = 0,039) de niveau d'éducation ont été trouvées en relation au statut de sécurité alimentaire: 84,2% des analphabétes expérimentent un certain degré d'insécurité alimentaire et 15,8% sont en sécurité alimentaire. Conclusions: Les caractéristiques du logement prises en compte dans cette étude ne sont pas un facteur de risque déterminant d'insécurité alimentaire. Aucune différence significative n'a été observée en fonction du surpeuplement (p = 0,239), de la propriété du logement (p = 0,987); et de l'existence d'une source non fiable d'eau pour boire (p = 0,973). Les valeurs moyennes de la Encuesta Mexicana para la Seguridad Alimentaria (EMSA) se sont révélés statistiquement significatifs ; on a ainsi observé qu'une moindre diversité alimentaire entrame une insécurité alimentaire majeure. Les familles en situation d'insécurité alimentaire modérée ou sévére ne se nourrissent que de deux groupes d'aliments: céréales et tubercules, et légumineuses. Dans les cas d'insécurité alimentaire légére, a cela s'ajoute de la viande ou du poisson.

A Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire Validated in Hispanic Infants and Toddlers Aged 0 to 24 Months.

BACKGROUND: There are limited validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) for infants and toddlers, most of which were evaluated in Europe or Oceania, and the ones available for use in the United States have important limitations. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the validity of an FFQ developed for infants and toddlers. DESIGN: A semi-quantitative FFQ was developed that included 52 food items, their sources, and portion sizes. The FFQ inquired about diets over the previous 7 days. Its validity was assessed in a cross-sectional study. Participants completed the FFQ, followed by a 24-hour recall on two occasions with 1 week between data collection. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: A total of 296 caregivers of infants and toddlers aged 0 to 24 months enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, Puerto Rico. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intake of nutrients and food groups were averaged for the two FFQs and the two 24-hour food recalls, and adjusted for energy intake. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Spearman correlations were performed for intakes of energy, nutrients, and foods between administrations and between instruments. Correlation coefficients were de-attenuated to account for variation in the 24-hour recalls. RESULTS: A total of 241 participants completed the study. Intake of all nutrients and foods were significantly correlated between FFQs and 24-hour recalls and between the means of FFQs and 24-hour food recalls. The de-attenuated correlation for nutrients between the FFQs and 24-hour recalls ranged from 0.26 (folate) to 0.77 (energy), with a mean correlation of 0.53. The de-attenuated correlation for food groups between the FFQs and 24-hour recalls ranged from 0.28 (sweets) to 0.80 (breast milk), with a mean correlation of 0.55. When analyses were restricted to those consuming foods other than breast milk or formula (n=186), results were similar. CONCLUSIONS: This semi-quantitative FFQ is a tool that offers reasonably valid rankings for intake of energy, nutrients, foods, and food groups in this sample of infants and toddlers.

Discretionary Foods Have a High Contribution and Fruit, Vegetables, and Legumes Have a Low Contribution to the Total Energy Intake of the Mexican Population.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity prevalences in Mexico are among the highest in the world, with dietary factors being the third-leading category of risk contributing to the burden of disease. Consequently, studying the compliance of the Mexican population to food-based dietary recommendations is essential for informing nutritional policies. OBJECTIVES: We described the energy contribution of food groups to total dietary energy intake of the Mexican population and by sociodemographic subgroups and compared these results with Mexican dietary recommendations. METHODS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls for participants aged ≥5 y (n = 7983) from the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey were used. Foods and beverages were classified into 8 groups (the first 6 were called "basic foods" and the last 2 "discretionary foods"), as follows: 1) cereals, 2) legumes, 3) milk and dairy, 4) meat and animal products, 5) fruit and vegetables, 6) fats and oils, 7) sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and 8) products high in saturated fat and/or added sugar (HSFAS). Recommendations were based on the Mexican Dietary Guidelines (MDG). Energy contributions from the food groups by age, sex, region, residence (rural or urban), and socioeconomic status (SES) were estimated. RESULTS: The highest contribution to total energy intake came from cereals (33%) followed by HSFAS (16%), meat and animal products (14%), and SSBs (9.8%). Fruit and vegetables (5.7%) and legumes (3.8%) had the lowest contribution. Energy contribution of several food groups differed significantly between population subgroups. Overall, discretionary foods contributed more than one-quarter of total energy intake (26%) and were 13 percentage points above the maximum allowed by the recommendations, whereas the intakes of legumes and fruit and vegetables were much lower than recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the need to generate a food environment conducive to a healthier diet in the Mexican population.

Adherence to Dietary Recommendations for Food Group Intakes Is Low in the Mexican Population.

BACKGROUND: Given the high prevalence of obesity and noncommunicable diseases in Mexico and the key role of dietary quality in these conditions, it is important to determine Mexicans' adherence to dietary recommendations. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to estimate the percentage of the Mexican population who adhere to dietary recommendations for key food groups. METHODS: We analyzed 7983 participants aged ≥5 y from the nationally representative Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. Dietary intake data were collected by using one 24-h recall and a repeated 24-h recall in 9% of the sample. We used the National Cancer Institute method for episodically consumed foods, which uses a 2-part (probability and amount) mixed regression model to estimate the usual intake distribution and its association with sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: For the food groups that are encouraged, only 1-4% of the population (range across sex and age groups) reached the recommended intake of legumes, 4-8% for seafood, 7-16% for fruit and vegetables, and 9-23% for dairy. For food groups that are discouraged, only 10-22% did not exceed the recommended upper limit for sugar-sweetened beverages, 14-42% for high saturated fat and/or added sugar (HSFAS) products, and 9-50% for processed meats, whereas the majority (77-93%) did not exceed the limit for red meat. A lower proportion of adolescents than children and adults adhered to recommendations for several food groups. Participants with higher socioeconomic status (SES) and living in urban areas consumed more (probability of consuming and/or amount consumed) fruit and vegetables, dairy, and HSFAS products, but they consumed fewer legumes than those of lower SES and living in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal the poor dietary quality of the Mexican population and the urgent need to shift these habits. If current intakes continue, the burden of disease due to obesity and noncommunicable chronic diseases will likely remain elevated in the Mexican population.

Current food classifications in epidemiological studies do not enable solid nutritional recommendations for preventing diet-related chronic diseases: the impact of food processing.

To date, observational studies in nutrition have categorized foods into groups such as dairy, cereals, fruits, and vegetables. However, the strength of the association between food groups and chronic diseases is far from convincing. In most international expert surveys, risks are most commonly scored as probable, limited, or insufficient rather than convincing. In this position paper, we hypothesize that current food classifications based on botanical or animal origins can be improved to yield solid recommendations. We propose using a food classification that employs food processes to rank foods in epidemiological studies. Indeed, food health potential results from both nutrient density and food structure (i.e., the matrix effect), both of which can potentially be positively or negatively modified by processing. For example, cereal-based foods may be more or less refined, fractionated, and recombined with added salt, sugars, and fats, yielding a panoply of products with very different nutritional values. The same is true for other food groups. Finally, we propose that from a nutritional perspective, food processing will be an important issue to consider in the coming years, particularly in terms of strengthening the links between food and health and for proposing improved nutritional recommendations or actions.

Provision of lipid-based nutrient supplements to Honduran children increases their dietary macro- and micronutrient intake without displacing other foods.

Inadequate energy intake and poor diet quality are important causes of chronic child undernutrition. Strategies for improving diet quality using lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) are currently being tested in several countries. To date, information on children's dietary intakes during LNS use is available only from Africa. In this study, we collected 24-h dietary recalls at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months on Honduran children (n = 298) participating in a cluster-randomised trial of LNS. Generalised estimating equations were used to examine differences in number of servings of 12 food groups in the LNS and control arms, and multi-level mixed effects models were used to compare macro- and micronutrient intakes. Models accounted for clustering and adjusted for child's age, season and breastfeeding status. Mean daily servings of 12 food groups did not differ by study arm at baseline and remained similar throughout the study with the exception of groups that were partially or entirely supplied by LNS (nuts and nut butters, fats, and sweets). Baseline intakes of energy, fat, carbohydrates, protein, folate and vitamin A, but not vitamin B12, iron and zinc were lower in the LNS than control arm. The change in all macro- and micronutrients from baseline to each study visit was larger for the LNS arm than the control, except for carbohydrates from baseline to 9 months. These findings indicate that LNS improved the macro- and micronutrient intakes of young non-malnourished Honduran children without replacing other foods in their diet.