Lesión hepática asociado a hemoperitoneo masivo secundario a trauma, reporte de caso / Liver injury associated with massive hemoperitoneum secondary to trauma, case report

Resumen Descripción del caso: Paciente de 23 años con hemorragia abdominal de origen no claro, que posteriormente presenta inestabilidad hemodinámica, requiriendo manejo quirúrgico en tres ocasiones con evolución satisfactoria. Hallazgos clínicos: Presentó sangrado cuantificado de 5500 cc en cavidad abdominal (grado IV - clasificación ATLS) con lesiones hepáticas en los segmentos I, IV y VIII, sin hallazgos sugestivos de trauma al examen físico, ni otros hallazgos traumáticos internos. Tratamiento y resultados: Se llevó a cabo una intervención quirúrgica precoz mediante laparotomía exploratoria con hallazgos ya descritos, además de dos tiempos quirúrgicos adicionales que llevaron al control del sangrado, con evolución satisfactoria. Relevancia clínica: El sangrado abdominal y laceración de víscera sólida secundario a trauma cerrado de abdomen es una etiología común en pacientes jóvenes masculinos, siendo contrario a esta afirmación el sangrado de origen hepático sin trauma es una etiología poco común. El presente caso resulta ser una dificultad diagnóstica en cuanto a la etiología, ya que lo evidenciado en la exploración quirúrgica no concuerda con el examen físico externo, sin una historia clínica clara al ingreso se deja la interrogante de la causa.

Summary: Case description: 23-year-old patient with abdominal hemorrhage of unclear origin, who subsequently presented hemodynamic instability, requiring surgical management on three occasions with satisfactory evolution. Clinical findings: she presented quantified bleeding of 5500 cc in the abdominal cavity (grade IV-ATLS classification) with liver lesions in segments I, IV and VIII, without findings suggestive of trauma on physical examination, or other internal traumatic findings. Treatment and results: An early surgical intervention was carried out through exploratory laparotomy with findings already described, in addition to two additional surgical procedures that led to control of bleeding, with satisfactory evolution. Clinical relevance: Abdominal bleeding and solid viscus laceration secondary to blunt abdominal trauma is a common etiology in young male patients, contrary to this statement, bleeding of hepatic origin without trauma is a rare etiology. The present case turns out to be a diagnostic difficulty in terms of etiology, since what was evidenced in the surgical exploration does not agree with the external physical examination, without a clear clinical history at admission, the question of the cause is left.

Hemorrhagic shock secondary to ruptured hypogastric artery pseudoaneurysm. A rare complication of colorectal anastomotic leakage.

Massive bleeding due to rupture of hypogastric artery pseudoaneurysm is an exceptional complication of colorectal anastomotic leakage. A 41-year-old woman with history of rectal cancer surgery, who debuted with massive rectorrhagia and hypovolemic shock due to rupture of a hypogastric artery pseudoaneurysm as a late complication of a colorectal anastomosis leak. The ruptured hypogastric artery pseudoaneurysm should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of patients with massive rectorrhagia and history of colorectal anastomosis leak. Endovascular embolization is considered the first-line treatment.

La hemorragia masiva por rotura de un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria hipogástrica es una complicación muy rara de la fuga anastomótica colorrectal. Mujer de 41 años con antecedentes de cirugía por cáncer de recto, que debutó con un cuadro de rectorragias masivo y shock hipovolémico secundario a la rotura de un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria hipogástrica como complicación tardía de una fuga de la anastomosis colorrectal. La rotura de un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria hipogástrica se debe tener presente en el diagnostico diferencial de pacientes con rectorragia masiva y antecedentes de dehiscencia de anastomosis colorrectal. La embolización endovascular es actualmente el tratamiento de elección.

Uso de la tomografía corporal total en pacientes con heridas de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables: ¿Rompiendo paradigmas de atención inicial? / Whole-body computed tomography in hemodynamically unstable patients with gunshot wounds: A paradigm shift in trauma management?

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el impacto del uso de la tomografía corporal total en la evaluación de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables atendidos en un centro de referencia de trauma. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo, con base en un subanálisis del registro de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma ­ Fundación Valle del Lili. Se incluyeron los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego atendidos entre 2018 y 2021. Se excluyeron los pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo, trauma leve y en condición in extremis. Resultados. Doscientos pacientes cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, 115 fueron estudiados con tomografía corporal total y se compararon con 85 controles. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el grupo de tomografía fue de 4/115 (3,5 %) vs 10/85 (12 %) en el grupo control. En el análisis multivariado se identificó que la tomografía no tenía asociación significativa con la mortalidad (aOR=0,46; IC95% 0,10-1,94). El grupo de tomografía tuvo una reducción relativa del 39 % en la frecuencia de cirugías mayores, con un efecto asociado en la disminución de la necesidad de cirugía (aOR=0,47; IC95% 0,22-0,98). Conclusiones. La tomografía corporal total fue empleada en el abordaje inicial de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables. Su uso no se asoció con una mayor mortalidad, pero sí con una menor frecuencia de cirugías mayores.

Introduction. This study aims to assess the impact of whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) in the evaluation of patients with penetrating gunshot wounds (GSW) who are hemodynamically unstable and treated at a trauma referral center. Methods. An analytical, retrospective study was conducted based on a subanalysis of the Panamerican Trauma Society-FVL registry. Patients with GSW treated between 2018 and 2021 were included. Patients with severe cranioencephalic trauma, minor trauma, and those in extremis were excluded. Patients with and without WBCT were compared. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was the frequency of major surgeries (thoracotomy, sternotomy, cervicotomy, and/or laparotomy) during initial care. Results. Two hundred eligible patients were included, with 115 undergoing WBCT and compared to 85 controls. In-hospital mortality in the WBCT group was 4/115 (3.5%) compared to 10/85 (12%) in the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that WBCT was not significantly associated to mortality (aOR: 0.46; 95% CI 0.10-1.94). The WBCT group had a relative reduction of 39% in the frequency of major surgeries, with an associated effect on reducing the need for surgery (aOR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.22-0.98). Conclusions. Whole-body computed tomography was employed in the initial management of patients with penetrating firearm projectile injuries and hemodynamic instability. The use of WBCT was not associated with mortality but rather with a reduction in the frequency of major surgery.

Influence of blood hemodynamics on the treatment outcomes of limited fluid resuscitation in emergency patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock.

OBJECTIVES: Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is a major death-related factor contributing to mortality in emergencies and can be effectively handled by the Limited Fluid Resuscitation (LFR) method. In the current investigation, the authors analyzed the influence of different administrating blood pressure on the treatment outcomes of LFR. METHODS: 276 participants were enrolled in the current study retrospectively from January 2016 to December 2021 and were divided into three groups based on the administrating blood pressure of LFR. The difference among the three groups regarding serum levels of cytokines as well as blood hemodynamics parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: The results showed after the T2 stage treatment, cytokine levels in the three groups were all significantly influenced by different LFR strategies with medium MAP showing the strongest effects on the expression of all cytokine genes. Moreover, the MAP value was in positive correlation with IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels, but showed no clear relation with IL-4 level in all three groups. Regarding the effects on hemodynamics parameters, the levels of CVP, CO, and CI were slightly increased by the different LFR administrating strategies, and the effect of medium and high MAP was statistically stronger than that of low MAP. CONCLUSION: The present results showed that LFR would influence serum inflammatory levels by improving blood hemodynamics parameters. Medium MAP showed the strongest improving effects with the least side effects, which can be employed as the optimal administrating strategy for LFR in the future.

Características de los pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático

Introducción: El choque hemorrágico traumático es una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes con trauma grave. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó 207 pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático. Para la descripción de las características de los pacientes se consideraron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Se realizó un análisis de frecuencias, con un nivel de significación de p< 0,05 y para las variables cuantitativas se estimó la media, desviación típica. Resultados: Hubo predominio del sexo masculino (85 % de los pacientes), con una edad media de 43,7 ± 15,7 años. El 42,5 % (p= 0,000) de los pacientes eran hipertensos. Predominaron los accidentes de tránsito (63,2 %), los traumas contusos (57,5 %) y politraumatizados (42,5 %). La acidosis metabólica estuvo presente en 66,7 % (p= 0,000) de los pacientes. La media del tiempo entre ingreso y tratamiento definitivo fue de 3,52 ± 1,19 horas El tratamiento médico quirúrgico de control de daño se aplicó en el 2,9 % y 5,4 % de los pacientes respectivamente. La muerte precoz fue de 30 %. Conclusiones: Predominaron los pacientes masculinos, menores de 60 años, las complicaciones precoces que tuvieron significación estadística y el tiempo entre ingreso y comienzo del tratamiento definitivo de 3 horas y más. El tratamiento médico quirúrgico de control de daño no se aplicó con frecuencia y la muerte precoz fue elevada.

Introduction: Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is one of the main causes of death in patients with severe trauma. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 207 patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. To describe the characteristics of the patients, sociodemographic, clinical, and surgical variables were considered. A frequency analysis was performed, with a significance level of p<0.05 and for the quantitative variables the mean and standard deviation were estimated. Results: There was a predominance of the male sex (85% of the patients), with a mean age of 43.7 ± 15.7 years. 42.5% (p= 0.000) of the patients were hypertensive. Traffic accidents (63.2%), blunt trauma (57.5%) and polytraumatized (42.5%) predominated. Metabolic acidosis was present in 66.7% (p= 0.000) of the patients. The mean time between admission and definitive treatment was 3.52 ± 1.19 hours. Surgical medical treatment for damage control was applied in 2.9% and 5.4% of the patients, respectively. Early death was 30%. Conclusions: There was a predominance of male patients, under 60 years of age, more, and early complications that had statistical significance and the time between admission and the start of definitive treatment of 3 hours. Damage control surgical medical treatment was not frequently applied and early death was high.

Microcirculatory effects of rewarming in experimental hemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUND: Rewarming is a recommended therapy during the resuscitation of hypothermic patients with hemorrhagic shock. In experimental models, however, it increases inflammatory response and mortality. Although microcirculation is potential target of inflammation, the microvascular effects of rewarming during the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock have not been studied. Our goal was to assess the systemic and microcirculatory effects of an increase in core temperature (T°) during the retransfusion of hemorrhagic shock in sheep. Our hypothesis was that rewarming could hamper microcirculation. METHODS: In anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep, we measured systemic, intestinal, and renal hemodynamics and oxygen transport. O2 consumption (VO2) and respiratory quotient were measured by indirect calorimetry. Cortical renal, intestinal villi and sublingual microcirculation were assessed by IDF-videomicroscopy. After basal measurements, hemorrhagic shock was induced and T° was reduced to ~33 °C. After 1 h of shock and hypothermia, blood was retransfused and Ringer lactate solution was administered to prevent arterial hypotension. In the control group (n = 12), T° was not modified, while in the intervention (rewarming) group, it was elevated ~3 °C. Measurements were repeated after 1 h. RESULTS: During shock, both groups showed similar systemic and microvascular derangements. After retransfusion, VO2 remained decreased compared to baseline in both groups, but was lower in the control compared to the rewarming group. Perfused vascular density has a similar behavior in both groups. Compared to baseline, it remained reduced in peritubular (control vs. rewarming group, 13.8 [8.7-17.5] vs. 15.7 [10.1-17.9] mm/mm2, PNS) and villi capillaries (14.7 [13.6-16.8] vs. 16.3 [14.2-16.9] mm/mm2, PNS), and normalized in sublingual mucosa (19.1 [16.0-20.3] vs. 16.6 [14.7-17.2] mm/mm2, PNS). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first experimental study assessing the effect of rewarming on systemic, regional, and microcirculatory perfusion in hypothermic hemorrhagic shock. We found that a 3 °C increase in T° neither improved nor impaired the microvascular alterations that persisted after retransfusion. In addition, sublingual mucosa was less susceptible to reperfusion injury than villi and renal microcirculation.

Uso do ácido tranexâmico em usuários atendidos no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do distrito federal / Use of tranexamic acid in users served in federal district public air pre-hospital service

Objective: to analyze the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the pre-hospital public air service in the Federal District. Method: descriptive study with cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. The study encompasses the documentary analysis of secondary data from the electronic medical records and attendance sheets of the Aeromedical Service (SA) of the Federal District (DF). Results: There was a reduction in the degree of shock and improvement in hemodynamic parameters from the Pre-Hospital (APH) to the in-hospital moment after using TXA. Conclusion: it was observed in the present study that the use of TXA associated with other hemorrhage control measures proved to be effective in improving the hemodynamic condition of patients. Volemic resuscitation of patients in the pre-hospital period and other measures to contain bleeding proved to be effective for resuscitation in severe degrees of shock. The administration of TXA in the APH occurred in the 1st hour of care with a dosage of 1g, with improvement.(AU)

Objetivo:analisar o uso do ácido tranexâmico (TXA) no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do Distrito Federal. Método: estudo descritivo com delineamento transversal e abordagem. O estudo engloba a análise documental de dados secundários provenientes dos prontuários eletrônicos e fichas de atendimento do Serviço Aeromédico (SA) do Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: O correu redução no grau de choque e melhora dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos do momento Pré-Hospitalar (APH) para o intra-hospitalar após uso do TXA. Conclusão: observou-se no presente estudo que o uso do TXA associado a outras medidas de controle de hemorragia mostrou-se eficaz para melhora da condição hemodinâmica dos pacientes. A reposição volêmica dos pacientes ainda no período pré-hospitalar e demais medidas para contenção de hemorragia mostraram-se efetiva para reanimação em graus severos de choque. A administração do TXA no APH ocorreu na 1ª hora do atendimento com dosagem de 1g com melhora nos dos parâmetros clínicos.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el uso del ácido tranexámico (TXA) en el servicio público aéreo prehospitalario en el Distrito Federal. Método: estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal y enfoque cuantitativo. El estudio abarca el análisis documental de datos secundarios de las historias clínicas electrónicas y planillas de asistencia del Servicio Aeromédico (SA) del Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: Hubo una reducción en el grado de shock y mejoría en los parámetros hemodinámicos desde el momento Pre-Hospitalario (HAP) hasta el intrahospitalario después de utilizar ATX. Conclusión: se observó en el presente estudio que el uso de ATX asociado a otras medidas de control de la hemorragia demostró ser eficaz en la mejoría del estado hemodinámico de los pacientes. La reanimación volémica de pacientes en el período prehospitalario y otras medidas para contener el sangrado demostraron ser efectivas para la reanimación en grados severos de shock. La administración de TXA en el HAP se produjo en la 1ª hora de atención con dosis de 1g, con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos.(AU)

Uso do ácido tranexâmico em usuários atendidos no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do distrito federal / Uso de ácido tranexámico en usuarios atentidos en servicio prehospitalario del aire píblico del distrito federal / Use of tranexamic acid in users served in federal district public air pre-hospital service

Objetivo:analisar o uso do ácido tranexâmico (TXA) no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do Distrito Federal. Método: estudo descritivo com delineamento transversal e abordagem. O estudo engloba a análise documental de dados secundários provenientes dos prontuários eletrônicos e fichas de atendimento do Serviço Aeromédico (SA) do Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: O correu redução no grau de choque e melhora dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos do momento Pré-Hospitalar (APH) para o intra-hospitalar após uso do TXA. Conclusão: observou-se no presente estudo que o uso do TXA associado a outras medidas de controle de hemorragia mostrou-se eficaz para melhora da condição hemodinâmica dos pacientes. A reposição volêmica dos pacientes ainda no período pré-hospitalar e demais medidas para contenção de hemorragia mostraram-se efetiva para reanimação em graus severos de choque. A administração do TXA no APH ocorreu na 1ª hora do atendimento com dosagem de 1g com melhora nos dos parâmetros clínicos.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the pre-hospital public air service in the Federal District. Method: descriptive study with cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. The study encompasses the documentary analysis of secondary data from the electronic medical records and attendance sheets of the Aeromedical Service (SA) of the Federal District (DF). Results: There was a reduction in the degree of shock and improvement in hemodynamic parameters from the Pre-Hospital (APH) to the in-hospital moment after using TXA. Conclusion: it was observed in the present study that the use of TXA associated with other hemorrhage control measures proved to be effective in improving the hemodynamic condition of patients. Volemic resuscitation of patients in the pre-hospital period and other measures to contain bleeding proved to be effective for resuscitation in severe degrees of shock. The administration of TXA in the APH occurred in the 1st hour of care with a dosage of 1g, with improvement in the clinical parameters.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el uso del ácido tranexámico (TXA) en el servicio público aéreo prehospitalario en el Distrito Federal. Método: estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal y enfoque cuantitativo. El estudio abarca el análisis documental de datos secundarios de las historias clínicas electrónicas y planillas de asistencia del Servicio Aeromédico (SA) del Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: Hubo una reducción en el grado de shock y mejoría en los parámetros hemodinámicos desde el momento Pre-Hospitalario (HAP) hasta el intrahospitalario después de utilizar ATX. Conclusión: se observó en el presente estudio que el uso de ATX asociado a otras medidas de control de la hemorragia demostró ser eficaz en la mejoría del estado hemodinámico de los pacientes. La reanimación volémica de pacientes en el período prehospitalario y otras medidas para contener el sangrado demostraron ser efectivas para la reanimación en grados severos de shock. La administración de TXA en el HAP se produjo en la 1a hora de atención con dosis de 1g, con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos(AU)

Influence of blood hemodynamics on the treatment outcomes of limited fluid resuscitation in emergency patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Objectives Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is a major death-related factor contributing to mortality in emergencies and can be effectively handled by the Limited Fluid Resuscitation (LFR) method. In the current investigation, the authors analyzed the influence of different administrating blood pressure on the treatment outcomes of LFR. Methods 276 participants were enrolled in the current study retrospectively from January 2016 to December 2021 and were divided into three groups based on the administrating blood pressure of LFR. The difference among the three groups regarding serum levels of cytokines as well as blood hemodynamics parameters was analyzed. Results The results showed after the T2 stage treatment, cytokine levels in the three groups were all significantly influenced by different LFR strategies with medium MAP showing the strongest effects on the expression of all cytokine genes. Moreover, the MAP value was in positive correlation with IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels, but showed no clear relation with IL-4 level in all three groups. Regarding the effects on hemodynamics parameters, the levels of CVP, CO, and CI were slightly increased by the different LFR administrating strategies, and the effect of medium and high MAP was statistically stronger than that of low MAP. Conclusion The present results showed that LFR would influence serum inflammatory levels by improving blood hemodynamics parameters. Medium MAP showed the strongest improving effects with the least side effects, which can be employed as the optimal administrating strategy for LFR in the future.

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in civilian pre-hospital care: a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a damage control tool with a potential role in the hemodynamic resuscitation of severely ill patients in the civilian pre-hospital setting. REBOA ensures blood flow to vital organs by early proximal control of the source of bleeding. However, there is no consensus on the use of REBOA in the pre-hospital setting. This article aims to perform a systematic review of the literature about the feasibility, survival, indications, complications, and potential candidates for civilian pre-hospital REBOA. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, LILACS and Web of Science databases. Primary outcome variables included overall survival and feasibility. Secondary outcome variables included complications and potential candidates for endovascular occlusion. RESULTS: The search identified 8 articles. Five studies described the use of REBOA in pre-hospital settings, reporting a total of 47 patients in whom the procedure was attempted. Pre-hospital REBOA was feasible in 68-100% of trauma patients and 100% of non-traumatic patients with cardiac arrest. Survival rates and complications varied widely. Pre-hospital REBOA requires a coordinated and integrated emergency health care system with a well-trained and equipped team. The remaining three studies performed a retrospective analysis identifying 784 potential REBOA candidates. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-hospital REBOA could be a feasible intervention for a significant portion of severely ill patients in the civilian setting. However, the evidence is limited. The impact of pre-hospital REBOA should be assessed in future studies.

Bleeding, Hemorrhagic Shock, and the Global Blood Supply.

Hemorrhage is responsible for at least 40% of deaths after trauma and 27% of maternal deaths worldwide. Patients with hemorrhagic shock require attentive critical care and transfusion of blood products. Access to a safe and affordable blood supply is critical to providing safe surgical care. Traumatic injury, obstetric hemorrhage, and upper gastrointestinal bleed are the main causes of severe bleeding requiring transfusion. This article discusses the presentation and management of these causes across the world and provides a brief overview of the current challenges in maintaining a global blood supply.

Hemotórax mortal secundario a lesiones de arterias intercostales posteriores: Reporte de caso / Fatal hemothorax secondary to posterior intercostal artery injuries: case report

Resumen La lesión de la arteria intercostal es un diagnóstico diferencial poco sospechado. Puede complicarse con una inestabilidad hemodinámica por un hemotórax o un hematoma intratorácico, lo que contribuye a su morbilidad y mortalidad. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 61 años sin antecedentes patológicos conocidos que acudió al servicio de urgencias por dolor asociado a dificultad respiratoria posterior a un trauma torácico cerrado por caída de 8 días de evolución. Los estudios de imagen revelaron un hemotórax derecho, que ameritó la colocación de un tubo pleural. Se realizó una laparotomía exploratoria sin evidencia de hemorragias ni colecciones intrabdominales, y que posteriormente falleció. En el examen de necropsia se evidenciaron fracturas del noveno y décimo arco costal posterior derecho, asociado a un hematoma. El hemotórax secundario a la lesión de la arteria intercostal es poco frecuente, pero es una emergencia que requiere un diagnóstico asertivo y una intervención oportuna.

Abstract Intercostal artery injury is a poorly suspected differential diagnosis. It can be complicated by hemodynamic instability due to hemothorax or intrathoracic hematoma, which contributes to morbidity and mortality. We report the case of a 61-year-old patient with no pathological history known, who was presented to the emergency department for pain associated with respiratory distress following a blunt chest trauma due to a fall 8 days earlier. The Imaging studies revealed a right hemothorax, which required the placement of a pleural tube. An exploratory laparotomy was performed without evidence of bleeding or intra-abdominal collections, and he subsequently died. The necropsy examination revealed fractures of the ninth and tenth right posterior costal arch, associated with a posterior costal hematoma. The hemothorax that is secondary to an intercostal artery injury is rare, but it is an emergency that requires assertive diagnosis and timely intervention.

Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis sobre eficacia de las drogas vasoactivas en el shock hemorrágico en animales / Systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of vasoactive drugs in hemorrhagic shock in animals

The objective of this review was to evalúate the efficacy of the use of vasoactive drugs in the initial resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in animals. The search was developed using the databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the database was also included: Clinical Trial.gov; no date restriction of publication or language. We included randomized controlled clinical trials in animals that compared the use of vasoactive drugs with any other resuscitation strategy for hemorrhagic shock. The analysis was developed using of review manager version 5.4, with the random effects model and the Mantel Haenszel method for dichotomous data. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated with the statisgraph I. The strength of evidence was assessed for each outcome according to the statements of the working group for the classification of the quality of the evidence (GRADE). 18 trials (n = 533 participant) were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with control, vasopressors were associated with lower relative risk of mortality during initial resuscitation from hae- morrhagic shock, with an overall risk estimate of 0.53 (0.39, 0.71) 95% confidence interval. There is evidence of the efficacy of vasopressors in resuscitation hemorrhagic shock in animals, this is of moderate to low quality; Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement randomized clinical trials that allow an evaluation of the efficacy and safety of these drugs in humans for their use systematically in patients with hemorrhagic shock.

El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar la eficacia del uso de drogas vasoactivas en la resucitación inicial del hemorrágico en animales. La búsqueda fue desarrollada usando las bases de datos: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, fue incluida además la base de datos: Clinical Trial.gov; sin restricción por fecha de publicación o idioma. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados en animales que compararon el uso de drogas vasoactivas con cualquier otra estrategia de resucitación del hemorrágico. El análisis fue desarrollado con el uso de review manager versión 5.4, con el modelo de efectos aleatorios y el método de Mantel Haenszel para datos dicotómicos. Heterogeneidad estadística fue evaluada con el estadígrafo I. La fuerza de la evidencia fue evaluada para cada resultado acorde a las declaraciones del grupo de trabajo para la clasificación de la calidad de la evidencia (GRADE). 18 ensayos (n = 533 participante) fueron incluidos en este metaanálisis. Comparado con el control, los vasopresores fueron asociados con menor riesgo relativo de mortalidad durante la reanimación inicial del hemorrágico, con una estimación global del riesgo de 0,53 (0,39, 0,71) intervalo de confianza de 95%. Existe evidencia de la eficacia de los vasopresores en la reanimación inicial del hemorrágico en animales, esta es de calidad moderada a baja; por lo que, es necesario desarrollar e implementar ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que permitan una evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de estas drogas en humanos para su uso de manera sistemática en pacientes con hemorrágico.

Sangre total leucorreducida y filtro ahorrador de plaquetas preserva su función hemostática por 21 días: ¿La resucitación hemostática podría ser una realidad en Colombia? / Leukoreduced whole blood and platelet-sparing filter preserves its hemostatic function for 21 days: Could hemostatic resuscitation become a reality in Colombia?

Introducción. La resucitación hemostática es una estrategia para compensar la pérdida sanguínea y disminuir el impacto de la coagulación inducida por trauma. Debido a que la disponibilidad de transfundir una razón equilibrada de hemocomponentes es difícil de lograr en el entorno clínico, la sangre total ha reaparecido como una estrategia fisiológica, con ventajas logísticas, que le permiten ser accesible para iniciar tempranamente la resucitación hemostática. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades celulares, coagulantes y viscoelásticas de la sangre total almacenada por 21 días. Métodos. Las unidades de sangre total fueron obtenidas de 20 donantes voluntarios sanos. Se procesaron mediante un sistema de leucorreducción ahorrador de plaquetas y fueron almacenadas en refrigeración (1-6°C) sin agitación. Se analizaron los días 0, 6, 11 y 21. Las bolsas fueron analizadas para evaluar las líneas celulares, niveles de factores de coagulación y propiedades viscoelásticas mediante tromboelastografía. Resultados. El conteo eritrocitario y la hemoglobina se mantuvieron estables. El conteo de plaquetas tuvo una reducción del 50 % al sexto día, pero se mantuvo estable el resto del seguimiento. Los factores de coagulación II-V-VII-X, fibrinógeno y proteína C se mantuvieron dentro del rango normal. La tromboelastografía mostró una prolongación en el tiempo del inicio de la formación del coágulo, pero sin alterar la formación final de un coágulo estable. Conclusiones. La sangre total leucorreducida y con filtro ahorrador de plaquetas conserva sus propiedades hemostáticas por 21 días. Este es el primer paso en Colombia para la evaluación clínica de esta opción, que permita hacer una realidad universal la resucitación hemostática del paciente con trauma severo.

Background. Hemostatic resuscitation is a strategy to compensate blood loss and reduce the impact of trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, balanced resuscitation presents challenges in its application in the clinical setting. Whole blood has re-emerged as a physiologic strategy with logistical advantages that offer the opportunity for early initiation of hemostatic resuscitation. The study aims to evaluate the cellular, coagulation, and viscoelastic properties of whole blood preserved for 21 days. Methods. Whole blood units were donated by 20 healthy volunteers. These units were processed using a platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Units were stored under refrigeration (1-6°C) without agitation and were sampled on days 0, 6, 11, 16, and 21. The units were tested to assess its cellular properties and coagulation factors levels. In addition, viscoelastic features were tested using tromboelastography.Results. Red blood cells count and hemoglobin levels remained stables. Platelet count had a 50% reduction on day 6, and then remained stable for 21 days. Factors II-V-VII-X, fibrinogen, and protein C remained within normal range. Tromboelastrography test showed that the reaction time of clot formation is prolonged, but the final clot formation is not altered. Conclusion. Whole blood retains its hemostatic properties for 21 days. This is the first step to evaluate the use of whole blood in the resuscitation protocols for Colombia allowing hemostatic resuscitation become a universal reality.

Damage control in the intensive care unit: what should the intensive care physician know and do?

Damage control surgery has transformed the management of severely injured trauma patients. It was initially described as a three-step process that included bleeding control, abdominal cavity contamination, and resuscitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) before definitive repair of the injuries. When the patient is admitted into the ICU, the physician should identify all the physiological alterations to establish resuscitation management goals. These strategies allow an early correction of trauma-induced coagulopathy and hypoperfusion increasing the likelihood of survival. The objective of this article is to describe the physiological alterations in a severely injured trauma patient who undergo damage control surgery and to establish an adequate management approach. The physician should always be aware and correct the hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy and hypocalcemia presented in the severely injured trauma patients.

Cuando el paciente de trauma ingresa a la unidad de cuidado intensivo después de una cirugía de control de daños, generalmente aún presenta algún grado de hemorragia, hipoperfusión y lesiones que requieren reparo definitivo. La evaluación por parte del intensivista del grado de severidad de tales alteraciones, y las repercusiones sistémicas, permitirán establecer las necesidades de reanimación, prever potenciales complicaciones y hacer los ajustes al tratamiento con el fin de minimizar la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada al trauma. El objetivo de este artículo es describir las alteraciones que presentan los pacientes con trauma severo manejados con cirugía de control de daños y las consideraciones a tener en cuenta para su abordaje terapéutico. Se presentan los aspectos más relevantes del manejo del paciente con trauma severo y cirugía de control de daños a su ingreso a la UCI. El intensivista debe conocer las alteraciones fisiológicas que puede presentar el paciente de trauma sometido a cirugía de control de daños, especialmente las causadas por la hemorragia masiva. La evaluación de estas alteraciones, de la severidad del sangrado y del estado de choque, y estimar en qué punto de la reanimación se encuentra el paciente a su ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos son fundamentales para definir la estrategia de monitoria y soporte a seguir. La corrección de la hipotermia, la acidosis y la coagulopatía es la prioridad en el tratamiento del paciente con trauma severo.

"Packing" torácico en urgencias torácicas / Thoracic packing in thoracic emergencies

RESUMEN El control de daños es un procedimiento en tres etapas en pacientes con riesgo vital. Primera etapa: laparotomía abreviada para el control de sangrados y contaminación. Segunda etapa: en cuidados críticos para corregir alteraciones fisiológicas y tercera etapa: con resolución definitiva de las lesiones. Se describió el empaquetamiento (packing) torácico como adaptación del empaquetamiento abdominal como procedimiento contemporizador y hemostático. El objetivo fue presentar nuestra experiencia con la cirugía de empaquetamiento torácico y mostrar su utilidad en la cirugía de control de daños en tórax. Las lesiones traumáticas de tórax pueden ir desde lesiones de leve entidad hasta lesiones graves que amenacen la vida del paciente. La decisión de empaquetar el tórax se adopta al tomar contacto con un paciente "in extremis". En conclusión, el empaquetamiento torácico se muestra eficaz para el control del sangrado en pacientes que no admiten medidas definitivas para él.

ABSTRACT Damage control is defined as an approach with 3 stages in patients with life-threatening injuries. Stage I: abbreviated laparotomy for hemorrhage and contamination control. Stage II: intensive care management to correct physiologic abnormalities; and stage III: definitive repair of injuries. Thoracic packing, an adaptation of abdominal packing, was described as a temporary procedure for hemostatic control. The aim of this study is to report our experience with thoracic packing and show its usefulness in thoracic damage control surgery. Traumatic chest injuries vary from minor trauma to life-threatening injuries. The decision to perform thoracic packing is made during the contact with a critically ill patient. In conclusion, packing is effective for bleeding control in critically ill patients who are not suitable for definitive treatment.

Damage control in the intensive care unit: what should the intensive care physician know and do? / Control de daños en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: ¿qué debe conocer y hacer el médico intensivista?

Abstract Damage control surgery has transformed the management of severely injured trauma patients. It was initially described as a three-step process that included bleeding control, abdominal cavity contamination, and resuscitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) before definitive repair of the injuries. When the patient is admitted into the ICU, the physician should identify all the physiological alterations to establish resuscitation management goals. These strategies allow an early correction of trauma-induced coagulopathy and hypoperfusion increasing the likelihood of survival. The objective of this article is to describe the physiological alterations in a severely injured trauma patient who undergo damage control surgery and to establish an adequate management approach. The physician should always be aware and correct the hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy and hypocalcemia presented in the severely injured trauma patients.

Resumen Cuando el paciente de trauma ingresa a la unidad de cuidado intensivo después de una cirugía de control de daños, generalmente aún presenta algún grado de hemorragia, hipoperfusión y lesiones que requieren reparo definitivo. La evaluación por parte del intensivista del grado de severidad de tales alteraciones, y las repercusiones sistémicas, permitirán establecer las necesidades de reanimación, prever potenciales complicaciones y hacer los ajustes al tratamiento con el fin de minimizar la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada al trauma. El objetivo de este artículo es describir las alteraciones que presentan los pacientes con trauma severo manejados con cirugía de control de daños y las consideraciones a tener en cuenta para su abordaje terapéutico. Se presentan los aspectos más relevantes del manejo del paciente con trauma severo y cirugía de control de daños a su ingreso a la UCI. El intensivista debe conocer las alteraciones fisiológicas que puede presentar el paciente de trauma sometido a cirugía de control de daños, especialmente las causadas por la hemorragia masiva. La evaluación de estas alteraciones, de la severidad del sangrado y del estado de choque, y estimar en qué punto de la reanimación se encuentra el paciente a su ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos son fundamentales para definir la estrategia de monitoria y soporte a seguir. La corrección de la hipotermia, la acidosis y la coagulopatía es la prioridad en el tratamiento del paciente con trauma severo.

Coagulopatía asociada al trauma en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Trauma associated coagulopathy in the Intensive Care Unit / Coagulopatia associada a trauma em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

Resumen: Introducción: la enfermedad traumática es un problema de salud mundial. La coagulopatía asociada al trauma (CAT) constituye una complicación grave, multifactorial y de diagnóstico controversial. Objetivos: valorar la incidencia de CAT, los factores asociados a su desarrollo y su asociación con el pronóstico, en una serie de pacientes traumatizados ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de nuestro hospital. Pacientes y métodos: estudio prospectivo de todos los pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de trauma grave a la UCI. Se definió CAT en base a los parámetros clásicos de laboratorio, por la presencia de al menos uno de: INR mayor a 1,3, plaquetopenia menor a 100.000/mm3, y/o aPTT mayor a 38 segundos. Las variables continuas se expresaron como la media ± desvío estándar. Se realizó análisis de chi cuadrado, test exacto de Fisher y regresión logística binaria para estudiar la asociación entre las variables. Se consideró significativo un valor p < 0,05. Resultados: se analizaron 103 pacientes, con media de edad de 33 años y predominio de sexo masculino. Se encontró CAT en 42 pacientes (40,8%), presentándose al ingreso hospitalario en la mayoría de los casos. Los factores de riesgo asociados a CAT fueron: gravedad al ingreso, shock, hipoperfusión, acidosis, transfusión masiva, sangrado significativo (estudio univariado), así como trauma penetrante y disfunción multiorgánica (estudio multivariado). No se encontró asociación significativa entre CAT y mortalidad. Conclusiones: presentamos el primer reporte de este tema en nuestro medio. En nuestra población la CAT es frecuente y se presenta ya al ingreso hospitalario. Se relaciona con la gravedad y el tipo de trauma. Su diagnóstico precoz es clave en el manejo de los pacientes con trauma grave.

Abstract: Introduction: trauma is a global health problem. Trauma-associated coagulopathy constitutes a severe and multifactorial complication whose diagnosis is controversial. Objectives: to assess the incidence of trauma-associated coagulopathy, the factors associated to the development of this condition and their impact on prognosis in a series of trauma patients admitted into the intensive care unit of our hospital. Method: prospective study of all patients admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of acute trauma. Trauma-associated coagulopathy was defined according to classical laboratory parameters, when it complies with one of the following: International normalized ratio (INR) greater than 1.3, thrombocytopenia smaller than 100000/mm3, and/or aPTT greater than 38 seconds. Continuous variables were expressed as the average ± standard deviation. The chi square analysis, Fisher exact test and binary logistic regression were performed, p < 0,05 being considered significant. Results: 103 patients were analysed, average age was 33 years old and they were mostly male. Trauma-associated coagulopathy was found in 42 patients (40.8 %), and it was seen in most patients at the time they were hospitalized. Risk factors of trauma-associated coagulopathy were the following: severity upon hospitalization, shock, hypoperfusion, acidosis, massive transfusion, significant bleeding (univariate analysis); penetrating trauma and multi-organ dysfunction (multivariate analysis). No significant association between trauma- associated coagulopathy and mortality was found. Conclusions: the study presents the first report on this topic in our country. Trauma associated coagulopathy is rather common in our population and it is seen upon hospitalization. This condition is related to severity and the kind of trauma. Early diagnosis is essential in the handling of patients with severe trauma.

Resumo: Introdução: as doenças traumáticas são um problema de saúde global. A coagulopatia associada a trauma (TAC) é uma complicação diagnóstica séria, multifatorial e controversa. Objetivos: avaliar a incidência de TAC, os fatores associados ao seu desenvolvimento e sua associação com o prognóstico, em uma série de pacientes com trauma internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Maciel em Montevidéu, Uruguai. Pacientes e métodos: estudo prospectivo de todos os pacientes admitidos na UTI com diagnóstico de trauma grave. A TAC foi definida com base nos parâmetros laboratoriais clássicos, pela presença de pelo menos um dos seguintes: coeficiente internacional normalizado - INR maior que 1,3, trombocitopenia menor que 100.000 / mm3 e / ou PTTa maior que 38 segundos. As variáveis contínuas foram expressas como média ± desvio padrão. A análise do qui-quadrado, o teste exato de Fisher e a regressão logística binária foram realizados para estudar a associação entre as variáveis. Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: foram analisados 103 pacientes, com média de idade de 33 anos e predomínio do sexo masculino. A TAC foi encontrada em 42 pacientes (40,8%), apresentando-se na admissão hospitalar na maioria dos casos. Os fatores de risco associados à TAC foram: gravidade na admissão, choque, hipoperfusão, acidose, transfusão massiva, sangramento significativo (estudo univariado); bem como trauma penetrante e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos (estudo multivariado). Nenhuma associação significativa foi encontrada entre CAT e mortalidade. Conclusões: apresentamos o primeiro relatório sobre o tema em nosso meio. Em nossa população, a TAC é frequente e já está presente na admissão hospitalar. Está relacionado à gravidade e ao tipo de trauma. Seu diagnóstico precoce é fundamental no manejo de pacientes com traumas graves.

Embolization in patient with hypovolemic shock after transobturator sling procedure / Embolização após sling transobturatório em paciente com choque hipovolêmico

Abstract The placement of a suburethral sling is standard treatment for stress urinary incontinence. The transobturator technique (TOT) emerged as an alternative to minimize the risks of the blind insertion of needles, leading to a lower rate of perforation complications compared with the retropubic approach. We present a case of injury to a branch of the left obturator artery following the placement of a urethral sling using TOT, followed by intense bleeding and hemodynamic instability, which was treated with embolization.

Resumo Sling de uretra média é o tratamento padrão para a incontinência urinária de esforço. A abordagem transobturatória (TOT) surgiu como alternativa para minimizar os riscos da inserção às cegas das agulhas com taxa de complicações perfurativas menores quando comparadas à abordagem retropúbica. Apresentamos um caso de lesão em ramo da artéria obturatória esquerda após sling TOT que evoluiu com sangramento intenso e instabilidade hemodinâmica, sendo tratado com embolização.

[Hemicorporectomy anesthesia: case report]. / Anestesia para hemicorporectomia: relato de caso.

INTRODUCTION: Hemicorporectomy progresses with hemodynamic and ventilatory repercussions that make anesthesia management definitive to patient outcome. OBJECTIVE: Report anesthesia approach for a patient with squamous cell carcinoma submitted to urgent hemicorporectomy after an episode of hypovolemic shock. CASE REPORT: After lesion bleeding, the patient presented hypovolemic shock class 3, and was submitted to urgent procedure under general inhalation anesthesia and intravenous multimodal analgesia, presenting hemodynamic instability requiring massive blood transfusion after spinal cord transection and removal of surgical specimen. CONCLUSION: Anesthetic management is essential in scenarios such as the one reported to assure patient survival.