A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies on coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer.

Studies on the association between coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer have been conflicting. The aim of this study was to systematically review the current evidence on the association between coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer and to quantify this association by performing a meta-analysis. A comprehensive systematic search was performed on online databases up to July 2023 investigating the association between coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer. All prospective cohort studies reporting odds ratios (ORs), rate or risk ratios (RRs), or hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in this context were included. The overall effect size was calculated using the random-effects model and statistical between-studies heterogeneity was examined using Cochrane's Q test and I2. A total of 14 prospective cohort studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. We found a significant positive association between coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer (RR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.47). This association remained significant when we included a pooled analysis paper and excluded 5 cohort studies (RR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.66). We observed no proof of significant publication bias using Egger's test (P = 0.58). Moreover, dose-response analysis showed that each one cup/day increase in coffee consumption was related with a 6% higher lung cancer risk (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.09). In conclusion, we found a significant positive association between coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer.

Effect of Coffee Thermocycling on Color Stability and Translucency of CAD-CAM Polychromatic High Translucent Zirconia Compared With Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of coffee thermocycling on color stability and translucency of CAD-CAM polychromatic high translucent zirconia compared with lithium disilicate glass ceramic. METHODS: Sixteen rectangular plates (14 × 16 × 1.0 mm) of two ceramic materials (IPS E.max CAD (IEC), IPS E.max ZirCAD Prime [IZP]) were prepared. Each specimen was measured for color coordinates using a spectrophotometer following 30,000 cycles of coffee thermocycling. CIELAB formula was used to determine color and translucency differences (ΔE and ΔTP). The means of ΔE and ΔTP were compared using independent samples t-test and were evaluated using their respective 50%:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds (PT and AT). One-way analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the translucency parameter (TP) and surface roughness (Ra) of each material. RESULTS: Mean ΔE values of IEC (4.69) and IZP (4.64) were higher than the AT (ΔE ≤ 2.7) with no significant difference found between the two groups (p = 0.202). Considering the TP, only IEC showed a statistically significant increase in TP value (p < 0.001). However, the mean ΔTP of IEC (3.25) remained within the range of acceptability (1.3 < ΔTP ≤ 4.4). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this current study, the color stability of all materials was clinically affected by coffee thermocycling. In terms of translucency, only lithium disilicate glass ceramic was influenced by coffee thermocycling. High translucent zirconia had superior translucency stability compared to lithium disilicate glass ceramic.

Effective elimination of Hg(II) from water bodies with acid-modified magnetic biomass spent coffee grounds: conditional optimization and application.

To maximize the efficiency of biomass waste utilization and waste management, a novel acid-modified magnetic biomass spent coffee grounds (NiFe2O4/SCG) was obtained by pyrolysis at 473 K and co-precipitation methods and employed to eliminate bivalent mercury (Hg(II)) in water bodies. The prepared NiFe2O4/SCG adsorbent exhibits remarkable magnetism with a strength of 45.78 emu/g and can easily be separated from water via a magnetic force. The adsorption of Hg(II) over the NiFe2O4/SCG has an optimal conditions of pH = 8, T = 39 ℃, and dosage of 0.055 g/L, and the maximal adsorption capacity for Hg(II) is 167.44 mg/g via Response Surface Methodology optimization. The removal of Hg(II) over NiFe2O4/SCG primarily involves ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and chelation; conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models; and is an endothermic reaction. Additionally, the magnetic biomass NiFe2O4/SCG has good regeneration capability and stability. The application research reveal that inorganic salt ions, nitrogen fertilizer urea, humus, and other contaminants in different actual water bodies (river water, lake water, and the effluent of sewage treatment plant) have little effect on the adsorption of Hg(II) over the NiFe2O4/SCG. The prepared adsorbent NiFe2O4/SCG has practical application value for removing Hg(II) from water bodies.

Reassessing the Impact of Coffee Consumption on Liver Disease: Insights from a Large-Scale Cohort Study with IPTW Adjustment.

Coffee consumption is globally widespread and has become a lifestyle habit. This study investigated coffee consumption and liver-related survival in a large cohort of 455,870 individuals with UK biobank, categorized into without steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and MASLD and increased alcohol intake (MetALD). Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) adjusted for confounding variables was used, followed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Moderate coffee consumption (1-2 cups per day) was associated with lower all-cause mortality across the entire cohort, without the steatosis, MASLD (p < 0.0001), and MetALD cohorts (p = 0.0047 for pre-IPTW, p = 0.027 for post-IPTW). Before IPTW adjustment, consuming one or more cups of coffee per day appeared to significantly reduce liver-related mortality in the overall (p = 0.015) and MASLD cohorts (p = 0.011). However, post-IPTW application, no significant differences in liver-related mortality were observed between the coffee intake groups (p = 0.778, 0.319, 0.564, 0.238 for each group). While increased coffee consumption initially seemed to reduce liver-related mortality, after IPTW adjustment, only all-cause mortality significantly decreased (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.027). These findings suggest that previous studies might have overestimated the favorable effect of coffee intake on chronic liver disease due to confounding factors.

Effect of coffee intake on appetite parameters in woman with overweight or obesity: A pilot crossover randomized trial.

INTRODUCTION: Coffee consumption has demonstrated an effect on the regulation of appetite, causing less hunger and/or greater satiety; however, its effects are not well known in woman with overweight or obesity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of coffee consumption on hunger, satiety, sensory specific desire (SSD), and dietary intake in women with overweight or obesity. METHODOLOGY: A randomized crossover clinical trial was realized in 3 sessions: in the first session a clinical history, anthropometric measurements and body composition analysis were performed; in sessions 2 and 3 the participants randomly consumed 240mL of coffee with 6mg/caffeine/kg of weight or 240mL of water along with a standardized breakfast. At fasting and every 30min after breakfast for the next 3h, appetite sensations and SSD were recorded using visual analog scales. Blood samples were taken at fasting, 30 and 180min after breakfast. Dietary intake was recorded in the rest of the intervention days. RESULTS: In the coffee intervention there was an increased desire for sweet foods, higher fructose intake during the rest of the day, and higher triglyceride levels than with the water intervention. No differences were detected in ghrelin or cholecystokinin. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee consumption may lead to higher triglycerides and higher intake of simple sugars, mainly fructose, through changes in the SSD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT05774119.

What the Fika? Implementation of Swedish Coffee Breaks During Emergency Medicine Conference.

Introduction: In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of incorporating Swedish-style fika (coffee) breaks into the didactic schedule of emergency medicine residents on their sleepiness levels during didactic sessions. Fika is a Swedish tradition that involves a deliberate decision to take a break during the workday and usually involves pastries and coffee. We used the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale to assess changes in sleepiness levels before and after the implementation of fika breaks. Methods: The study design involved a randomized crossover trial approach, with data collected from emergency medicine residents over a specific period. This approach was done to minimize confounding and to be statistically efficient. Results: Results revealed the average sleepiness scale was 4.6 and 5.5 on fika and control days, respectively (P = 0.004). Conclusion: Integration of fika breaks positively influenced sleepiness levels, thus potentially enhancing the educational experience during residency didactics.

A Recyclable Polypropylene Multilayer Film Maintaining the Quality and the Aroma of Coffee Pods during Their Shelf Life.

Films for coffee-pod packaging usually contain aluminium as an impermeable foil that is not recyclable and has to be discharged as waste. In this study, a recyclable polypropylene multilayer film is proposed as an alternative. The performance on the chemical composition of coffee was evaluated and compared to that of film containing aluminium (standard). The oxygen in the headspace, moisture, lipidic oxidation, and volatile organic compounds were studied in coffee pods during storage for 12 months at 25 and 40 °C. In addition, the acidity and acceptability of extracted coffee were evaluated. In the polypropylene-packaged pods, the percentage of oxygen during storage at 25 °C was lower than that in the standard. Moisture was not affected by the type of packaging materials. No differences were found between the peroxide values, except in pods stored for 3, 10, and 11 months at 25 °C, where they were even lower than the standard. Furans and pyrazines were the main volatile organic compounds detected. No differences were found in the pH and titratable acidity of the coffee brew either. All samples were well accepted by consumers without any perceived difference related to the packaging film. The polypropylene multilayer film is a sustainable recyclable material with high performance, in particular, against oxygen permeation.

Comparative Evaluation of Flavor and Sensory Quality of Coffee Pulp Wines.

Coffee pulp wines were produced through the mixed fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the flavor and sensory characteristics were comparatively evaluated. A total of 87 volatile components were identified from five coffee pulp wines, of which 68 were present in all samples, accounting for over 99% of the total concentration. The sample fermented contained significantly higher levels of volatile metabolites (56.80 mg/g). Alcohols (22 species) and esters (26 species) were the main flavor components, with the contents accounting for 56.45 ± 3.93% and 31.18 ± 4.24%, respectively, of the total. Furthermore, 14 characteristic components were identified as potential odor-active compounds, contributing to sweet and floral apple brandy flavor. Although the characteristic components are similar, the difference in the content makes the overall sensory evaluation of the samples different. The samples formed by fermentation of four strains, which obtained the highest score (86.46 ± 0.36) in sensory evaluation, were further interpreted and demonstrated through the Mantel test. The results of the component analysis were effectively distinguished by OPLS-DA and PCA, and this validation was supported by sensory evaluation. The research results provided a technical reference for the production of coffee pulp wines.

The Effect of Caffeine on Movement-Related Cortical Potential Morphology and Detection.

Movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) is observed in EEG recordings prior to a voluntary movement. It has been used for e.g., quantifying motor learning and for brain-computer interfacing (BCIs). The MRCP amplitude is affected by various factors, but the effect of caffeine is underexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate if a cup of coffee with 85 mg caffeine modulated the MRCP amplitude and the classification of MRCPs versus idle activity, which estimates BCI performance. Twenty-six healthy participants performed 2 × 100 ankle dorsiflexion separated by a 10-min break before a cup of coffee was consumed, followed by another 100 movements. EEG was recorded during the movements and divided into epochs, which were averaged to extract three average MRCPs that were compared. Also, idle activity epochs were extracted. Features were extracted from the epochs and classified using random forest analysis. The MRCP amplitude did not change after consuming caffeine. There was a slight increase of two percentage points in the classification accuracy after consuming caffeine. In conclusion, a cup of coffee with 85 mg caffeine does not affect the MRCP amplitude, and improves MRCP-based BCI performance slightly. The findings suggest that drinking coffee is only a minor confounder in MRCP-related studies.

Manufacturing biodegradable lignocellulosic films with tunable properties from spent coffee grounds: A sustainable alternative to plastics.

Manufacturing biodegradable lignocellulosic films from spent coffee grounds (SCG) as an alternative to commercial plastics is a viable solution to address plastic pollution. Here, the biodegradable lignocellulosic films from SCG were fabricated via a sequential alkaline treatment and ionic liquid-based dissolution process. The alkaline treatment process could swell the cell wall of SCG, change its carbohydrates and lignin contents, and enhance its solubility in ionic liquids. The prepared SCG films with different lignin contents exhibited outstanding UV blocking capability (42.07-99.99 % for UVB and 20.96-99.99 % for UVA) and light scattering properties, good surface hydrophobicity (water contact angle = 63.2°-88.7°), enhanced water vapor barrier property (2.28-6.79 × 10-12 g/m·s·Pa), and good thermal stability. Moreover, the SCG films exhibit excellent mechanical strength (50.10-81.56 MPa, tensile strength) and biodegradability (fully degraded within 30 days when buried in soil) compared to commercial plastic. The SCG films represent a promising alternative that can replace non-biodegradable plastics.

The Association between Cafestol and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.

Cafestol, a bioactive compound found in coffee, has attracted considerable attention due to its potential impact on cardiovascular health. This review aims to comprehensively explore the association between cafestol and cardiovascular diseases. We delve into the mechanisms through which cafestol influences lipid metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function, all of which are pivotal in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Moreover, we meticulously analyze epidemiological studies and clinical trials to elucidate the relationship between cafestol and cardiovascular outcomes. Through a critical examination of existing literature, we aim to provide insights into the potential benefits and risks associated with cafestol concerning cardiovascular health.

Adsorptive features of cyclohexane carboxylic naphthenic acid on a novel cross-linked polymer developed from spent coffee grounds.

Naphthenic acids (NA) are organic compounds commonly found in crude oil and produced water, known for their recalcitrance and toxicity. This study introduces a new adsorbent, a polymer derived from spent coffee grounds (SCGs), through a straightforward cross-linking method for removing cyclohexane carboxylic acid as representative NA. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model for the data (0.007 g min-1 mg-1), while the equilibrium data fitted the Sips model ( q m = 140.55 mg g-1). The process's thermodynamics indicated that the target NA's adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The localized sterical and energetic aspects were investigated through statistical physical modeling, which corroborated that the adsorption occurred indeed in monolayer, as suggested by the Sips model, but revealed the contribution of two energies per site ( n 1 ; n 2 ). The number of molecules adsorbed per site ( n ) was highly influenced by the temperature as n 1 decreased with increasing temperature and n 2 increased. These results were experimentally demonstrated within the pH range between 4 and 6, where both C6H11COO-(aq.) and C6H11COOH(aq.) species coexisted and were adsorbed by different energy sites. The polymer produced was naturally porous and amorphous, with a low surface area of 20 to 30 m2 g-1 that presented more energetically accessible sites than other adsorbents with much higher surface areas. Thus, this study shows that the relation between surface area and high adsorption efficiency depends on the compatibility between the energetic states of the receptor sites, the speciation of the adsorbate molecules, and the temperature range studied.

On the Cholesterol Raising Effect of Coffee Diterpenes Cafestol and 16-O-Methylcafestol: Interaction with Farnesoid X Receptor.

The diterpene cafestol represents the most potent cholesterol-elevating compound known in the human diet, being responsible for more than 80% of the effect of coffee on serum lipids, with a mechanism still not fully clarified. In the present study, the interaction of cafestol and 16-O-methylcafestol with the stabilized ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the Farnesoid X Receptor was evaluated by fluorescence and circular dichroism. Fluorescence quenching was observed with both cafestol and 16-O-methylcafestol due to an interaction occurring in the close environment of the tryptophan W454 residue of the protein, as confirmed by docking and molecular dynamics. A conformational change of the protein was also observed by circular dichroism, particularly for cafestol. These results provide evidence at the molecular level of the interactions of FXR with the coffee diterpenes, confirming that cafestol can act as an agonist of FXR, causing an enhancement of the cholesterol level in blood serum.

Rapid detection of markers in green coffee beans with different primary processing treatments of Coffea arabica L. from Yunnan.

The characteristic flavor of Coffea arabica from Yunnan is largely attributed to the primary processing treatments through affecting the VOCs accumulation. Therefore, a rapid and comprehensive detection technique is needed to accurately recognize VOCs in green coffee beans with different pretreatment methods. Hence, we conducted volatile profiles and identified nine markers of three different primary processed green coffee beans from the major production areas in Yunnan with the combined of HS-SPME-GC-MS and PTR-TOF-MS. The relationships between the chemical composition and the content of VOCs in green coffee beans were elucidated. Among the markers, palmitic acid (F3), linoleic acid (F6), α-ethylidene phenylacetaldehyde (T4), and phytane (T8) contributed to the antioxidant activity of sun-exposed green coffee beans. In conclusion, the analytical technology presented here provided a general tool for an overall and rapid understanding of a detailed volatile profiles of green coffee beans in Yunnan.

Dosimetry of human exposure to furan and 2-methylfuran by monitoring urinary biomarkers.

Furan and 2-methylfuran (2-MF) can form during food processing and accumulate in foods at various concentrations depending on processing technology and beverage/meal preparation methods applied prior to consumption. Here, we report a controlled dosimetry study with 20 volunteers (10 male, 10 female) to monitor dietary furan/2-MF exposure. The volunteers followed an eleven-day furan/2-MF-restricted diet in which they consumed freshly prepared coffee brew containing known amounts of furan and 2-MF on two separate occasions (250 mL and 500 mL on days 4 and 8, respectively). Urine was collected over the whole study period and analyzed for key metabolites derived from the primary oxidative furan metabolite cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA) (i.e., Lys-BDA, AcLys-BDA and cyclic GSH-BDA) and the primary 2-MF metabolite acetylacrolein (AcA, 4-oxo-pent-2-enal) (i.e., Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA). A previously established stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) method was utilized. Excretion kinetics revealed two peaks (at 0-2 and 24-36 h) for AcLys-BDA, Lys-BDA, AcLysAcA and LysAcA, whereas GSH-BDA showed a single peak. Notably, women on average excreted the metabolite GSH-BDA slightly faster than men, indicating gender differences. Overall, the study provided further insights into the spectrum of possible biomarkers of furan and 2-methyfuran metabolites occurring in the urine of volunteers after coffee consumption.

A oferta do café de rua nas capitais São Paulo e Vitória / The offer of coffee on the streets of the state capitals São Paulo and Vitória / La oferta de café en las calles de las capitales estatales São Paulo y Vitória

A pandemia gerou impactos sociais e econômicos, como o trabalho informal dos que se ocupam do serviço de café de rua, ampliado na retomada pós-isolamento. O artigo analisa as significações construídas pelas instalações do serviço nas ruas de São Paulo (SP) e Vitória (ES), enquanto manifestações do empreendedo-rismo por necessidade. O corpus foi coletado em dias úteis, no início das manhãs, em diversos pontos das capitais. A semiótica discursiva sustentou a análise, e o seu método permitiu traçar isotopias conectoras de figuras e temas. Os resultados apontam para comunicação dos sentidos da informalidade, casualidade e familiaridade, marcados pela presença feminina, pela autonomia imposta aos sujeitos produtor/vendedor e consumidor e pela conexão entre a energia proporcionada pela bebida e o trabalho. Esses significadosvêm embebidos no risco vivido por esses sujeitos, aconchegados entre si e alijados da proteção de políticas públicas de trabalho, condições sanitárias, serviços de transporte e saúde.

The pandemic has generated social and economic impacts, such as the informal work of those who sell coffee on the streets, expanded in the post-isolation resumption. The article analyzes the meanings constructed by the service facilities in São Paulo (SP) and Vitória (ES), as demonstrations of the entrepreneurship by necessity. The corpus was collected on weekdays, in places of the state capitals. Discursive semiotics underpins the analysis, suggesting connective isotopies of figures and themes. The results point to the communication of the senses of informality, casualness and familiarity, marked by the female presence, by the autonomy imposed on the subjects producer/seller and consumer and by the connection between the energy given by the drink and the work. These meanings are embedded in the risk experienced by these subjects, snuggled among themselves and excluded from the protection of public policies of work, sanitary conditions, transportation and health services.

La pandemia generó impactos sociales y económicos, como el trabajo informal de quienes se ocupan del servicio de café en las calles, ampliado en la reanudación post-aislamiento. El artículo analiza los signifi-cados construidos por las instalaciones de servicios en las calles de São Paulo (SP) y Vitória (ES), como manifestaciones de emprendimiento por necesidad. El corpus fue recolectado entresemana, en puntos de las capitales. La semiótica discursiva sustenta el análisis y permitió trazar isotopías conectoras de figuras y temas. Los resultados apuntan para la comunicación de los significados de informalidad, marcados por la presencia femenina, por la autonomía impuesta a los sujetos productor/vendedor y consumidor, y por la conexión entre la energía dada por la bebida y el trabajo. Estos significados están incrustados en el riesgo vivido por estos sujetos, y excluidos de la protección de las políticas públicas laborales, las condiciones sanitarias, los servicios de transporte y salud.

Application of the QuEChERS method combined with UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS for the determination of isoprocarb and carbaryl pesticides in Indonesian coffee.

The performance of the QuEChERS method in this study, as indicated by a high percentage (>90%) of recovery observations falling within the range of 60-140% and a sample replicate deviation (% RSD) of <20%, for the routine analysis of isoprocarb and carbaryl pesticides, has been evaluated over a 14-month period for the export of Indonesian coffee. Following a seven-day observation of the stability of these pesticides in coffee extract, it was found that the added standard calibration solution remained stable and useable for seven days when stored at 4 °C and -20 °C. This validated method, with high sensitivity (a LOQ of 0.001 mg kg-1 for isoprocarb and carbaryl), has been employed to monitor residues in Indonesian coffee exports to comply with maximum residue limits (MRLs). The samples with higher contamination levels were predominantly from robusta coffee (57.76%), followed by arabica coffee (6.17%). The detection rates for residues decreased by more than 90% in the last two months of the method's application. In the observation of coffee processing, it was found that isoprocarb residues in contaminated samples could be transferred to the processed coffee (roasted and its infusion) to a limited extent, while residues from the carcinogenic carbaryl were not detected due to evaporation. Additionally, chronic dietary risk assessment showed that contaminated samples of robusta and arabica coffees should not be considered a significant public health concern (hazard index HI < 1). However, continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in Indonesian coffee is still recommended, not only to conform to the MRLs of importing countries but also to ensure food trade.

Is diet related to skin condition? A Mendelian randomization study.

Observational studies have revealed associations between various dietary factors and skin conditions. However, the causal relationship between diet and skin condition is still unknown. Data on 17 dietary factors were obtained from the UK Biobank. Data on four skin conditions were derived from the UK Biobank and another large-scale GWAS study. Genetic predictions suggested that the intake of oily fish was associated with a lower risk of skin aging (OR: 0.962, P = 0.036) and skin pigmentation (OR: 0.973, P = 0.033); Tea intake was associated with a lower risk of skin pigmentation (OR: 0.972, P = 0.024); Salad/raw vegetables intake was associated with a lower risk of keratinocyte skin cancer (OR: 0.952, P = 0.007). Coffee intake was associated with increased risk of skin aging (OR: 1.040, P = 0.028); Pork intake was associated with increased risk of skin aging (OR: 1.134, P = 0.020); Beef intake was associated with increased risk of cutaneous melanoma (OR: 1.013, P = 0.016); Champagne plus white wine intake was associated with increased risk of cutaneous melanoma (OR: 1.033, P = 0.004); Bread intake was associated with increased risk of keratinocyte skin cancer (OR: 1.026, P = 0.013). Our study results indicate causal relationships between genetically predicted intake of oily fish, tea, salad/raw vegetables, coffee, pork, beef, champagne plus white wine, and bread and skin conditions.

Dietary factors and risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A two sample mendelian randomization study.

Correlations between dietary factors and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been found in previous observational studies. However, no further studies have used Mendelian randomization to further explore the causal relationship between dietary factors and ALS. Clarifying these relationships is a crucial part of developing nutritional recommendations for ALS prevention. The exposure and outcome datasets employed in this study were extracted from the IEU Open GWAS project (https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/). The exposure datasets involved in our Mendelian analyses consisted of meat intake (processed meat intake, poultry intake, beef intake, pork intake, non-oily fish intake, and oily fish intake), staple foods intake (bread intake and cereal intake), vegetable intake (cooked vegetable intake, salad/raw vegetable intake), fruit intake (fresh fruit intake and dried fruit intake), and beverage intake (coffee intake and tea intake). The weighted median, MR-Egger, Inverse Variance Weighted, Simple mode and Weighted mode methods were all utilized. And we applied Inverse Variance Weighted method as the main judgement criterion for Mendelian randomization analysis. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy analyses were conducted to confirm the validity of the outcomes. Genetically predicted that oily fish intake (OR: 0.7648; 95% CI: 0.5905-0.9904; P = .0420), coffee intake (OR: 0.7385; 95% CI: 0.5660-0.9637; P = .0256), and fresh fruit intake (OR: 0.6165; 95% CI: 0.4007-0.9487; P = .0278) were causally associated with a decreased risk of ALS. Negative results (P > .05) were received for all other dietary factors. This study found that oily fish intake, coffee intake and fresh fruit intake reduced the risk of developing ALS. Additionally, other factors were not associated with ALS.

In vitro study on the impact of various polishing systems and coffee staining on the color stability of bleach-shaded resin composite.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of different polishing techniques and coffee staining on the color stability of four commercially available bleach-shade composite resins, namely microhybrid, nanohybrid, nanofilled, and injectable nanohybrids. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 224 discs (8 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) were fabricated from four different bleach-shade composite resins, namely microhybrid (Gradia Direct Anterior), nanohybrid (Palfique LX5), nanofilled (Filtek Universal), and injectable nanohybrid (flowable G-aenial universal injectable). The composite resin groups were polished via four techniques: no polishing, 4-step polishing using aluminum oxide discs, 3-step polishing using silicon rubber diamond discs, and one-step polishing. Half of each group was immersed in water, while the other half was immersed in coffee for 12 days (n = 7). Colors were measured using a clinical spectrophotometer, and color differences were calculated (ΔE). The results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The alterations in color were significantly influenced by the techniques employed for finishing and polishing techniques, composite resin type, and degree of coffee staining. Regardless of the polishing technique and storage medium, different material types showed a significant color change (ΔE) at P < 0.001. Filtek exhibited the most significant color change, followed by Gradia and Palfique, with no significant differences between them. In addition, Different polishing techniques resulted in significant color changes (P < 0.001). The highest degree of color change was seen in the no-polishing group, followed by the 4-step and 1-step polishing groups, with negligible differences between each other. Also, Storage media had a significant effect on ΔE values. CONCLUSION: Appropriate finishing and polishing procedures can improve the color stability of bleach-shaded composite resins. Coffee has a deleterious effect on color; however, injectable flowable nanohybrid composites are more resistant to staining.