Effect of edible composite film based on chitosan and cumin essential oil-loaded nanoemulsion combined with low-dose gamma irradiation on microbiological safety and quality of beef loins during refrigerated storage.

This research was conducted to assess the combined effect of chitosan (Ch) film containing cumin essential oil nanoemulsion (CNE) and low-dose gamma irradiation (GI) at 2.5 kGy on microbiological safety and quality of beef loins during 21 days of chilled storage. The growth of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria were retarded in all treated groups (Ch, GI, Ch + CNE, Ch + GI, and Ch + CNE + GI groups) compared to control group during storage time. The treatments also slowed down the increasing level of total volatile basic nitrogen and pH during storage, while irradiation increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyls in beef loins. All treatments except Ch were effective to control the growth of inoculated pathogenic bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella typhimurium, in loin samples. The combination of Ch + CNE + GI was the most effective treatment to control the population of microbial flora and inoculated pathogens, slow down some physicochemical changes, and enhance the storage life of beef loins. As a result, the combination of active chitosan film and low-dose gamma irradiation can ensure microbiological safety and is suggested for long time preservation of beef during chilled storage.

Cobalt-60 and electron beam irradiation-induced lipid oxidation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

BACKGROUND: Irradiation can cause lipid oxidation of fish. This study aimed to examine the effect of radiation (method, dose and dose rate) on the acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and fatty acid profile of fresh and freeze-dried largemouth bass flesh. RESULTS: AV, PV and TBARS presented a dose-dependent increase in fish meat for both cobalt-60 (60 Co) and electron beam (EB) irradiation. With a 6 kGy dose of radiation, all measured indices in the 60 Co group were significantly higher than those in the EB group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). With a 3 kGy dose of radiation, AV, PV and TBARS in the 200 Gy min-1 dose rate group were significantly lower than those in the 2 and 80 Gy min-1 groups (P < 0.05). After 60 Co irradiation, AV, PV and TBARS in most fresh samples were significantly higher than those in freeze-dried samples (P < 0.01). And 60 Co irradiation decreased the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content in fresh samples and increased the UFA content in freeze-dried samples. Our study indicated that 60 Co irradiation, particularly at a low dose rate, accelerated lipid oxidation in fish meat. A large amount of muscle moisture enhances the amount of UFA loss in fish meat during 60 Co irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: A low dose (3 kGy) of EB irradiation, a high dose rate (200 Gy min-1 ) of 60 Co irradiation or freeze-drying treatment can alleviate the lipid oxidation of largemouth bass meat. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) and juçara (Euterpe edulis) waste extract on oxidation process stability in broiler meat treated by UV-C.

The aim of this study was to determine the potential for waste extracts from the pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) and juçara (Euterpe edulis) to reduce oxidatiove processes in antibiotic-free broiler meat. The use of natural antioxidants extracted from fruit-processing wastes has been neglected. Although these residues contain high amounts of these bioactive compounds, they are often discarded by industry. Meat samples were exposed previously submitted to UV-C radiation at 1.161 mW / cm2 for 10 minutes to accelerate the rancidity process. Pequi and juçara waste extracts were obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). A total of four conditions were tested using antibiotic-free broiler thighs and drumstick meat: BN-with no antioxidant (negative control), BP-with BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) (positive control), BE-with juçara extract, BC-with pequi extract. The color, pH, lipid and protein oxidation (days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10), antioxidant contents and activity (days 0 and 10), and proximal composition and fatty acid profile (day 0) were tested, followed by principal component analysis (PCA). Pequi waste extract presented the highest antioxidant content and activity. BE and BC treatments presented the highest total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, and BE presented the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content (TAC). TFC increased during storage in all treatments. The waste extracts of C. brasiliense presented the highest antioxidant activity against lipid oxidation in the antibiotic-free broiler meat. Moreover, both extracts presented high antioxidant activity against protein oxidation. Although the pequi peel extract had a better effect in terms of suppressing both types of oxidation, either this extract or the jussara waste extract could be used as a technological strategy to reduce the oxidative processes in antibiotic-free broiler meat for the poultry industry. Thus, waste extracts can be a potential technology to reduce the oxidative processes in antibiotic-free broiler meat.

Optimization of goose breast meat tenderness by rapid ultrasound treatment using response surface methodology and artificial neural network.

The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model on tenderization of goose breast meat by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The experiments were operated on the basis of a three-level, three-variable (ultrasound power, ultrasound time, and storage time) Box-Behnken experimental design. Under RSM and ANN optimum conditions, experimental Meullenet-Owens razor shear (MORS) of meat (1862.6 g and 1869.9 g) was in reasonable agreement with predicted one. Nevertheless, better prediction capability of ANN was proved by higher R2 (0.996) and lower absolute average deviation = 4.257) compared to those for RSM (0.852 and 16.534), respectively. These results revealed that ANN was more accurate and much better than RSM model for the optimization of tenderness of meat. The optimum conditions of ultrasound power, ultrasound time, and storage time given by ANN were 812 W, 24.5 min and 25.7 hr, respectively. Under the optimized condition, the cooking loss of meat significantly decreased by ultrasound treatment compared with untreated meat. Lower cooking loss and MORS at the optimal condition were beneficial to meet the satisfaction of consumer and producers for meat factory.

Application of ultrasound in chicken breast during chilling by immersion promotes a fast and uniform cooling.

The initial objective of the study was to evaluate different operation modes (sweep and normal) and frequencies (25 and 130 kHz) of ultrasound in pre-chilling of breast chicken cylinders (BCC) immersed in water at 10 °C during 10 min. The second objective was to study the effect of the immersion time (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min) using the best operation mode and frequency obtained in the pre-chilling of the BCC in water at 10 °C. Pre-chilling was evaluated in both stages by infrared thermography, and the percentages of water absorption were determined in the second stage. The application of US at 130 kHz and normal operation mode provided a reduction of temperature on the surface of BBC higher (≈19.6%) than untreated samples. Also, compared to control, the US-treated samples in these conditions presented a more uniform cooling rate (≈22.3%) and higher water absorption (≈113%).

Survey on the effects of electron beam irradiation on chemical quality and sensory properties on quail meat.

INTRODUCTION: Irradiation is one of the intervention strategies for effective control of food-borne pathogen microorganisms, which reduces microbial load and extends the meat shelf life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This experimental study was carried out on quail meat. Quail meat samples were treated with electron beam irradiation at doses of 0.5, 1, and 3 kGy and stored at 4 ±â€¯1 °C for 15 days. Five days after irradiation, the chemical and organoleptic changes in the quail meat were evaluated for 15 days. Total volatile basic nitrogen and TBA were also measured to investigate chemical changes. RESULTS: Irradiation significantly reduced the amount of total volatile basic nitrogen in irradiated samples. Furthermore, the increase of TBA level was significant in irradiated samples, which had a direct correlation with irradiation dose and storage/shelf life duration. Despite the increase of thiobarbituric acid, irradiation had no significant effect on the sensory properties of quail meat. CONCLUSION: Irradiation of quilt meat resulted in extension of the meat shelf life to at least two weeks at refrigeration temperature by decreasing the corrosion-causing microorganisms and improving microbial quality, while the sensory properties of meat were preserved. Regarding the increase in the oxidation level at high doses of the electron beam and the absence of significant differences in the studied dosages in reducing the total amount of total volatile basic nitrogen, it is recommended to apply electron beam irradiation at doses of 1.5 and 3 kGy to extend the meat shelf life and preserve the quality/health of the quail meat.

Influence of extrinsic operational parameters on salt diffusion during ultrasound assisted meat curing.

The present study investigated the effect of geometric parameters of the ultrasound instrument during meat salting in order to enhance salt diffusion and salt distribution in pork meat on a lab scale. The effects of probe size (∅2.5 and 1.3cm) and of different distances between the transducer and the meat sample (0.3, 0.5, and 0.8cm) on NaCl diffusion were investigated. Changes in the moisture content and NaCl gain were used to evaluate salt distribution and diffusion in the samples, parallel and perpendicular to ultrasound propagation direction. Results showed that 0.3cm was the most efficient distance between the probe and the sample to ensure a higher salt diffusion rate. A distance of 0.5cm was however considered as a trade-off distance to ensure salt diffusion and maintenance of meat quality parameters. The enhancement of salt diffusion by ultrasound was observed to decrease with increased horizontal distance from the probe. This study is of valuable importance for meat processing industries willing to apply new technologies on a larger scale and with defined operational standards. The data suggest that the geometric parameters of ultrasound systems can have strong influence on the efficiency of ultrasonic enhancement of NaCl uptake in meat and can be a crucial element in determining salt uptake during meat processing.

Thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in sous-vide processed marinated chicken breast.

The heat resistance of a cocktail of five Salmonella strains and five L. monocytogenes strains was determined in teriyaki-marinated chicken breasts. Inoculated meat, packaged in bags, were completely immersed in a circulating water bath and cooked to a final temperature of 55, 57.5 or 60°C in 1h, and then held for predetermined times. The surviving Salmonella and L. monocytogenes cells were enumerated by surface plating on XLD agar and Palcam agar, respectively. D-values, determined by linear regression, of Salmonella in chicken breast ranged from 47.65min at 55°C to 7.48min at 60°C; the values for L. monocytogenes ranged from 54.81min at 55°C to 10.39min at 60°C. Marination rendered the pathogen more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat. The results of this study will assist the food industry in ensuring microbiological safety of sous-vide processed marinated chicken breasts.

Rapid and Reliable Method for Determining Irradiation Histories of Ground Beef and Prawns by Measuring 5,6-Dihydrothymidine.

A rapid and reliable method for determining irradiation histories of ground beef and prawns was developed on the basis of a method for determining the irradiation history of beef liver by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of 5,6-dihydrothymidine (DHdThd). Improvements in the method included the following: (1) 50% ethanol precipitation in the DNA extraction step was conducted before the RNase step, (2) snake venom phosphodiesterase I was used for DNA digestion to boost liberation of DHdThd, and (3) a matrix-matched calibration curve was used for determining DHdThd by LC-MS/MS analysis. This method successfully determined irradiation histories of ground beef and prawns. Furthermore, a close correlation between the formation of DHdThd and 2-alkylcyclobutanones, which are an established index of irradiation histories, was observed in ground beef. DHdThd in DNA could be a promising candidate for a new index of irradiation histories of various foods.

Effect of different irradiation dose treatment on the lipid oxidation, instrumental color and volatiles of fresh pork and their changes during storage.

This study mainly investigated the effect of different doses irradiation (0, 3, 5 or 7kGy) on the quality changes of pork during 4°C storage by determining the irradiation off-odor intensity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), fatty acid composition, volatiles and color of the samples during whole storage. The results showed that ≥7kGy irradiation could make the samples produce obvious irradiation off-odor. However, after 7days storage irradiation off-odor was reduced. Lipid oxidation was also promoted by irradiation. Benzyl methyl sulfide was produced newly and significantly increased (P<0.05) by irradiation. Fatty acids in pork samples decreased significantly with irradiation dose increase within the range of <7kGy, but significantly increased (P<0.05) in samples of 7kGy. Irradiation significantly increased the a* values regardless of storage time but had little effects on b* and L* values, and the increase of a* values was dose-dependent.

Molecular DNA-based detection of ionising radiation in meat.

BACKGROUND: Ionising radiation induces molecular alterations, such as formation of ions, free radicals, and new stable molecules, and cleavage of the chemical bonds of the molecules present in food. Irradiation-treated meat should be labelled to control the process and to ensure free consumer choice. Therefore, sensitive analytical methods are required to detect the irradiation dose. RESULTS: Meat samples were exposed to radiation doses of 0, 0.272, 0.497, 1.063, 3.64, 8.82 and 17.42 kGy in an industrial 60 Co gamma cell. Primers were designed to amplify 998, 498 and 250-base pair (bp) regions of the 18S rRNA gene of nuclear DNA from the irradiated samples. A new DNA-based method was developed to quantify the radiation exposed to the unstored meat and the meat stored at -20 °C for 3 and 6 months. The method was able to detect meat samples stored and unstored with dose limits of 1.063 and 3.64 kGy, respectively. CONCLUSION: The level of irradiation can be detected using primer pairs that target particularly different-sized sequences for DNA amplification by PCR. This method can be widely used for the analysis of not only meat samples, but also all biological materials containing DNA. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Combined effects of marinating and γ-irradiation in ensuring safety, protection of nutritional value and increase in shelf-life of ready-to-cook meat for immunocompromised patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combining marinating and γ-irradiation at doses of 1, 1.5 and 3kGy on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium sporogenes in raw meat packed under vacuum and stored at 4°C and to estimate its safety and shelf-life. Further, the effect of combined treatments on sensorial, nutritional values (lipid oxidation, concentration of thiamin and riboflavin) and color was evaluated. The study demonstrated that the use of marinade in combination with a low dose of γ-irradiation (1.5kGy) could act in synergy to reduce to undetectable level of pathogenic bacteria and increase the shelf-life of ready-to-cook meat loin without affecting its sensorial and nutritional quality.

Determination of free cholesterol oxide products in food samples by gas chromatography and accelerated solvent extraction: influence of electron-beam irradiation on cholesterol oxide formation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method for cholesterol oxide product (COP) determination in irradiated and non-irradiated ready-to-eat foods with high water content by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector after accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and derivatisation with a silylating reagent. RESULTS: The ASE solvent was an 85:15 v/v petroleum ether/chloroform mixture at 40 °C and 1500 psi followed by solid phase extraction. The ASE method was compared with the established lixiviation method, proving an advantageous alternative which reduces analysis time by a factor of 15 and solvent volume by 50%, and minimises the use of chlorinated solvents. COP derivative structures were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Analytical characteristics were determined from standards and recoveries were 63-95%, establishing the validity of the method. CONCLUSION: The results obtained and their analysis by chemometric techniques established COP formation in food samples after e-beam irradiation. Increase in COP concentration depended on both irradiation doses and food composition, mainly water and fat content, although linear correlations among variables were not found. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pulsed Light Treatment of Different Food Types with a Special Focus on Meat: A Critical Review.

Today, the increasing demand for minimally processed foods that are at the same moment nutritious, organoleptically satisfactory, and free from microbial hazards challenges the research and development to establish alternative methods to reduce the level of bacterial contamination. As one of the recent emerging nonthermal methods, pulsed light (PL) constitutes a technology for the fast, mild, and residue-free surface decontamination of food and food contact materials in the processing environment. Via high frequency, high intensity pulses of broad-spectrum light rich in the UV fraction, viable cells as well as spores are inactivated in a nonselective multi-target process that rapidly overwhelms cell functions and subsequently leads to cell death. This review provides specific information on the technology of pulsed light and its suitability for unpackaged and packaged meat and meat products as well as food contact materials like production surfaces, cutting tools, and packaging materials. The advantages, limitations, risks, and essential process criteria to work efficiently are illustrated and discussed with relation to implementation on industrial level and future aspects. Other issues addressed by this paper are the need to take care of the associated parameters such as alteration of the product and utilized packaging material to satisfy consumers and other stakeholders.

Effectiveness of Protective Activities for Rehabilitation of the Forage Lands in Russia and Belarus Contaminated as a Result of the Chernobyl Accident.

Regularities of changes in the content of (137)Cs in green fodder during the remote period after the CNPP accident depending on application of agro-technical and agrochemical activities are analyzed. It is revealed that the use of mineral fertilizers reduces receipt of (137)Cs from the soil to forage and further to a food chain. It is also established that agrochemical activities are more effective than agro-technical ones.

Effect of dietary supplementation on lipid photooxidation in beef meat, during storage under commercial retail conditions.

The effects of feeding composition on the photosensitized oxidation of lipids from beef meat, were evaluated during storage under commercial retail conditions. Feeding was enriched with linseed oil (LO), Dl-α tocopheryl acetate (vE) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at different doses and provided for diverse periods, resulting in 7 diet groups (A-G). After slaughtering and 2 weeks of holding period, meat slices were packed in vessels with transparent shrink film and exposed to white fluorescent light for 8h at 8 °C. Total cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) level varied from 4.0 to 13.0 µg/g of lipids, which corresponded to 0.1-0.6% oxidized cholesterol. The lowest peroxide value (PV) was found in the diet added with vE and LO for 90 days. Light exposure only had a significant impact on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs). In general, Dl-α tocopheryl acetate supplemented for 90 days improved the oxidative stability of beef meat stored under commercial retail conditions.

Flexible thin-layer dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment of pork butt and beef loin: effects on pathogen inactivation and meat-quality attributes.

The effects of a flexible thin-layer dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system using a sealed package on microbial inactivation and quality attributes of fresh pork and beef were tested. Following a 10-min treatment, the microbial-load reductions of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium were 2.04, 2.54, and 2.68 Log CFU/g in pork-butt samples and 1.90, 2.57, and 2.58 Log CFU/g in beef-loin samples, respectively. Colorimetric analysis showed that DBD-plasma treatment did not significantly affect L* values (lightness) of pork and beef samples, but lowered a* values (redness) significantly after 5- and 7.5-min exposures. The plasma treatment significantly influenced lipid oxidation only after a 10-min exposure. The texture of both types of meat was unaffected by plasma treatment. All sensory parameters of treated and non-treated samples were comparable except for taste, which was negatively influenced by the plasma treatment (P < 0.05). This thin-layer DBD-plasma system can be applied to inactivate foodborne pathogens. The observed minor deterioration of meat quality might be prevented by the use of hurdle technology.

Effects of strain and light intensity on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers grown to heavy weights.

Effects of genetic strain and light intensity on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers grown to heavy weights were investigated. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Treatment structure was a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with the main factors being strain (Ross × Ross 308, Ross × Ross 708) and light intensity (25, 10, 5, 2.5, and 0.2 lx) with trial as replicates. In each of the 5 trials, chicks of 2 different strains of the same commercial hatchery were equally and randomly distributed into 10 environmentally controlled rooms (5 rooms/strain) at 1 d of age at 50% RH. Each room was randomly assigned 1 of 5 light intensities from 22 to 56 d of age. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Birds and feed were weighed on 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56 d of age for growth performance. Humoral immune response was determined on d 28, whereas ocular and blood samples were performed on d 42 and 55, respectively. On d 56, 20 (10 males and 10 females) birds/strain from each room were processed to determine weights and yields. Genetic strain was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for most of the examined variables, where Ross × Ross 308 had better growth performance and meat yield in comparison with Ross × Ross 708. Although, there was no main effect of light intensity on growth performance and meat yield, results indicated that birds under 10 and 5 lx intensities showed slightly better growth performance and meat yield compared with birds under 25, 2.5, and 0.2 lx in both strains. There was no effect of strain and light intensity on ocular indices, immune response, plasma corticosterone levels, and mortality. This study shows the positive influence on profits to commercial poultry facilities that are using a low lighting environment to reduce energy cost, optimize feed conversion, and maximize production without compromising the welfare of the broilers.

Effects of ultraviolet light on biogenic amines and other quality indicators of chicken meat during refrigerated storage.

Radiation from UV-C has been demonstrated as a potential surface decontamination method in addition to several advantages over regular sanitation methods. However, UV-C radiation possibly affects the physicochemical properties of meat products. To determine the optimum exposure time for bacterial reduction, 39 chicken breasts, inoculated with a pool of Salmonella spp., were submitted to 3 levels of UV-C intensities (0.62, 1.13, and 1.95 mW/cm²) for up to 120 s. After the optimum exposure time of 90 s was determined, changes in the biogenic amines, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, lipid oxidation, pH, and instrumental color were evaluated in 84 chicken breasts that were irradiated (0.62, 1.13, and 1.95 mW/cm²) and stored at 4°C for 9 d. The groups treated with UV-C radiation exhibited an increase in tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine contents (P < 0.05). The highest UV-C intensity (1.95 mW/cm²) promoted a decrease in the initial bacterial load, and extended the lag phase and the shelf life. The groups irradiated with 1.13 and 1.95 mW/cm² exhibited a more stable b* value than the other groups; similar trends for L*, a*, pH, and TBA reactive substance values were observed among all groups. The UV-C light was demonstrated to be an efficient alternative technology to improve the bacteriological quality of chicken meat without negatively affecting the physical and chemical parameters of chicken breast meat. Nonetheless, the increases on the biogenic amines content should be considered as an effect of the UV processing and not as an indicator of bacterial growth.

Radiation resistance and loss of crystal violet binding activity in Yersinia enterocolitica suspended in raw ground pork exposed to gamma radiation and modified atmosphere.

UNLABELLED: Virulence of many foodborne pathogens is directly linked to genes carried on self-replicating extra-chromosomal elements, which can transfer genetic material, both vertically and horizontally, between bacteria of the same and different species. Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica harbors a 70-kb virulence plasmid (pYV) that encodes genes for low calcium response, crystal violet (CV) binding, Congo red uptake, autoagglutination (AA), hydrophobicity (HP), type III secretion channels, host immune suppression factors, and biofilm formation. Ionizing radiation and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) are used to control foodborne pathogens and meat spoilage. In this study, the effect of gamma radiation and modified atmosphere (air, 100% N2 , 75% N2 : 25% CO2 , 50% N2 : 50% CO2 , 25% N2 : 75% CO2 , 100% CO2 ) were examined by using the CV binding phenotype, for the presence or absence of pYV in Y. enterocolitica, suspended in raw ground pork. All Y. enterocolitica serovars used (O:3, O:8, and O5,27) were more sensitive to radiation as the CO2 concentration increased above 50%. Crystal violet binding following a radiation dose of 1.0 kGy, which reduced the Y. enterocolitica serovars >5 log, was greatest in the presence of air (ca. 8%), but was not affected by N2 or CO2 concentration (ca. 5%). Following release from modified atmosphere after irradiation, the loss of CV binding rose from 5% to 8% immediately following irradiation to >30% after outgrowth at 25 °C for 24 h. These results, using Y. enterocolitica as a model system, indicate that the risk of foodborne illness could be affected by the loss of virulence factors when postprocess intervention technologies are used. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Provides gamma radiation D10 data for inactivation data for Y. enterocolitica irradiated under modified atmosphere and information to risk assessors regarding the difference between pathogen presence versus actual virulence.