N-carbamylglutamate supplementation induces functional egg production in layers by modulating liver transcriptome profiles.

Eggs rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), known as functional eggs, are animal products deemed beneficial to human health and possess high economic value. The production of functional eggs involves supplementing exogenous additives with the ability to regulate lipid metabolism. As N-Carbamylglutamate (NCG) serves as an endogenous arginine synthesizer, and arginine acts as the substrate for the formation of nitric oxide (NO), the biological function of NCG is partially mediated by NO. NO is a key regulatory molecule in lipid metabolism, suggesting that NCG may also have the ability to modulate lipid metabolism. In order to assess the capacity of NCG in regulating liver lipid metabolism and its potential application in producing functional eggs, we conducted a study to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of NCG on production performance, serum, and liver NO levels, yolk fatty acid composition, and the liver transcriptome of layers. In this study, we utilized 30 layers of the Jinghong No.1 breed, all aged 45 wk. All the birds were randomly divided into 2 groups. Each group had 5 replicates, and each replicate had 3 birds. We provided them with different diets: one group received the basic diet, and the other group's diet was supplemented with 0.08% NCG. The experiment lasted for 14 wk. The results did not reveal any positive impact of NCG on production performance. However, NCG supplementation elevated NO levels in serum and liver, along with an increase in yolk PUFA, ω-3, and ω-6 fatty acids. Liver transcriptome analysis identified 124 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 43 downregulated DEGs due to NCG supplementation. Functional annotation using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database highlighted 3 upregulated DEGs (CPT1A, MOGAT1, and CHKA) and 2 downregulated DEGs (FASN and ETNPPL) associated with lipid metabolism. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that CPT1A was enriched in the AMPK signaling pathway and the PPAR signaling pathway, while FASN was enriched in the AMPK signaling pathway. Thus, CPT1A and FASN are potential functional genes related to lipid metabolism facilitated by NCG supplementation. In summary, our study suggests that NCG supplementation modulates liver lipid metabolism, leading to the production of functional eggs in layers.

First American Cancer Patient to Receive Dicycloplatin (DCP) Chemotherapy Achieves Remission After Seven Weeks of DCP Capsules - A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: The majority of bladder cancer patients experience recurrence. Cisplatin is the standard chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer though adverse effects are often severe. CASE REPORT: Intravenous (IV) dicycloplatin (DCP) sustained remission in an American bladder cancer patient for five years. A recurrent mass was observed in July 2021. The patient received DCP capsules for seven weeks with no significant side-effects. Complete blood count with differential and a basic metabolic panel showed no adverse effects of DCP capsules on the bone marrow, liver or renal parameters. Cystoscopy after oral DCP found no evident bladder tumors; cytology was negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma. CONCLUSION: In this patient, DCP-capsules appeared to be as effective as DCP-IV for achieving bladder cancer remission. Both forms of DCP chemotherapy are convenient, active against several cancer types, with decreased adverse effects compared to cisplatin. Both have been available for treating cancer patients in China. A USA clinical trial of DCP in bladder and other cancers appears warranted.

Oral administration of cystine and theanine attenuates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis and diarrhea by suppressing both glutathione level decrease and ROS production in the small intestine of mucositis mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy is frequently used in cancer treatment; however, it may cause adverse events, which must be managed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to be involved in the induction of intestinal mucositis and diarrhea, which are common side effects of treatment with fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Our previous studies have shown that oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT) increases glutathione (GSH) production in vivo. In the present study, we hypothesized that CT might inhibit oxidative stress, including the overproduction of ROS, and attenuate 5-FU-induced mucositis and diarrhea. METHODS: We investigated the inhibitory effect of CT administration on mucositis and diarrhea, as well as its mechanism, using a mouse model of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis. RESULTS: CT administration suppressed 5-FU-induced diarrhea and weight loss in the studied mice. After 5-FU administration, the GSH level and the GSH/GSSG ratio in the small intestine mucosal tissue decreased compared to normal control group; but CT administration improved the GSH/GSSG ratio to normal control levels. 5-FU induced ROS production in the basal region of the crypt of the small intestine mucosal tissue, which was inhibited by CT. CT did not affect the antitumor effect of 5-FU. CONCLUSIONS: CT administration suppressed intestinal mucositis and diarrhea in a mouse model. This finding might be associated with the antioxidant characteristics of CT, including the improved rate of GSH redox and the reduced rate of ROS production in the small intestine mucosal tissue. CT might be a suitable candidate for the treatment of gastrointestinal mucositis associated with chemotherapy.

The role of peripheral adenosine receptors in glutamate-induced pain nociceptive behavior.

The role of peripheral adenosine receptors in pain is a controversial issue and seems to be quite different from the roles of spinal and central adenosine receptors. The present study is aimed at clarifying the role of these receptors in peripheral nociception. To clarify this, studies were done on Swiss mice with adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. Nociceptive behavior was induced by subcutaneous injection of glutamate (10 µmol) into the ventral surface of the hind paw of mice. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test. Results showed that intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of N6-cyclohexyl-adenosine (CHA), an adenosine A1 receptor agonist, at 1 or 10 µg/paw significantly reduced glutamate-induced nociception (p<0.01 and p<0.001 vs. vehicle, respectively, n=8-10). In contrast, i.pl. injection of hydrochloride hydrate (CGS21680, an adenosine A2A receptor agonist) (1 µg/paw) induced a significant increase in glutamate-induced nociception compared to the vehicle (p<0.05, n=8), while 4-(-2-[7-amino-2-{2-furyl}{1,2,4}triazolo{2,3-a} {1,3,5}triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol (ZM241385, an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist) (20 µg/paw) caused a significant reduction (p<0.05, n=7-8). There were no significant effects on i.pl. administration of four additional adenosine receptor drugs-8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, an A1 antagonist, 1-10 µg/paw), N(6)-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)-ethyl]adenosine (DPMA, an A2B agonist, 1-100 µg/paw), alloxazine (an A2B antagonist, 0.1-3 µg/paw), and 2-hexyn-1-yl-N(6)-methyladenosine (HEMADO) (an A3 agonist, 1-100 µg/paw) (p>0.05 vs. vehicle for all tests). We also found that prior administration of DPCPX (3 µg/paw) significantly blocked the anti-nociceptive effect of CHA (1 µg/paw) (p<0.05, n=7-9). Similarly, ZM241385 (20 µg/paw) administered prior to CGS21680 (1 µg/paw) significantly blocked CGS21680-induced exacerbation of nociception (p<0.05, n=8). Finally, inosine (10 and 100 µg/paw), a novel endogenous adenosine A1 receptor agonist recently reported by our research group, was also able to reduce glutamate-induced nociception (p<0.001 vs. vehicle, n=7-8). Interestingly, as an A1 adenosine receptor agonist, the inosine effect was significantly blocked by the A1 antagonist DPCPX (3 µg/paw) (p<0.05, n=7-9) but not by the A2A antagonist ZM241385 (10 µg/paw, p>0.05). In summary, these results demonstrate for the first time that i.pl administration of inosine induces an anti-nociceptive effect, similar to that elicited by CHA and possibly mediated by peripheral adenosine A1 receptor activation. Moreover, our results suggest that peripheral adenosine A2A receptor activation presents a pro-nociceptive effect, exacerbating glutamate-induced nociception independent of inosine-induced anti-nociceptive effects.

Enantiomers of 2-methylglutamate and 2-methylglutamine selectively impact mouse brain metabolism and behavior.

Imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission is implicated in a wide range of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Here we tested the hypothesis that insertion of a methyl group on the stereogenic alpha carbon of L-Glu or L-Gln would impact the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt and the glutamate-glutamine cycle. (S)-2-methylglutamate, or (S)-2MeGlu, was efficiently transported into brain and synaptosomes where it was released by membrane depolarization in a manner equivalent to endogenous L-Glu. (R)-2MeGlu was transported less efficiently into brain and synaptosomes but was not released by membrane depolarization. Each enantiomer of 2MeGlu had limited activity across a panel of over 30 glutamate and GABA receptors. While neither enantiomer of 2MeGlu was metabolized along the GABA shunt, (S)-2MeGlu was selectively converted to (S)-2-methylglutamine, or (S)-2MeGln, which was subsequently slowly hydrolyzed back to (S)-2MeGlu in brain. rac-2MeGln was also transported into brain, with similar efficiency as (S)-2MeGlu. A battery of behavioral tests in young adult wild type mice showed safety with up to single 900 mg/kg dose of (R)-2MeGlu, (S)-2MeGlu, or rac-2MeGln, suppressed locomotor activity with single ≥ 100 mg/kg dose of (R)-2MeGlu or (S)-2MeGlu. No effect on anxiety or hippocampus-dependent learning was evident. Enantiomers of 2MeGlu and 2MeGln show promise as potential pharmacologic agents and imaging probes for cells that produce or transport L-Gln.

Matcha consumption maintains attentional function following a mild acute psychological stress without affecting a feeling of fatigue: A randomized placebo-controlled study in young adults.

Tea is a beverage commonly consumed worldwide. Matcha is a type of green tea produced by drying and grinding tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.) into a fine powder. Matcha contains catechin, theanine, and caffeine, which affect cognitive function. Epidemiological studies conducted in Japan have shown that green tea consumption improves cognitive impairment. Previously, we found that daily matcha intake improves attention and executive function in middle-aged and older people. However, its effect on cognitive function in younger adults remains unclear. Moreover, it is unclear which cognitive functions are impaired by stress. This study aimed to clarify whether the administration of matcha improves the attentional function of young adults after mild acute stress and which cognitive function is improved. We included 42 participants aged 25 to 34 years who consumed 2 g of matcha daily for 2 weeks. The Uchida-Kraepelin test was used to induce mild acute psychological stress. Memory, attention, facial expression recognition, working memory, visual information, and motor function were evaluated. Reaction times on the Stroop test for attentional function were significantly lower in the matcha group than in the placebo group. Correct hits in the emotion perception test increased significantly for participants in the matcha group compared to those in the placebo group. We found no significant between-group differences in the other tests. In conclusion, after 2 weeks of matcha intake, the attentional function was maintained after mild acute psychological stress. Thus, matcha might improve cognitive function during or after stress conditions in young adults.

Cystine and Theanine as Stress-Reducing Amino Acids-Perioperative Use for Early Recovery after Surgical Stress.

Perioperative nutritional therapy requires the consideration of metabolic changes, and it is desirable to reduce stress aiming at early metabolic normalization. Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. It is one of the strongest antioxidants in the body and important for adjusting immune function. Cystine and theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) provide substrates of GSH, cysteine and glutamic acid, promoting the synthesis of GSH. It has been reported that the ingestion of cystine (700 mg) and theanine (280 mg) exhibits inhibitory effects against excess inflammation after strong exercise loads in athletes, based on which its application for invasive surgery has been tried. In patients undergoing gastrectomy, ingestion of cystine (700 mg) and theanine (280 mg) for 10 days from 5 days before surgery inhibited a postoperative increase in resting energy expenditure, promoted recovery from changes in interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, lymphocyte ratio, and granulocyte ratio and inhibited an increase in body temperature. In a mouse small intestine manipulation model, preoperative 5-day administration of cystine/theanine inhibited a postoperative decrease in GSH in the small intestine and promoted recovery from a decrease in behavior quantity. Based on the above, cystine/theanine reduces surgical stress, being useful for perioperative management as stress-reducing amino acids.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised-designed GABA tea study in children diagnosed with autism spectrum conditions: a feasibility study clinical trial registration: ISRCTN 72571312.

Objective: The research has shown an association with sensorimotor integration and symptomology of Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC). Specific areas of the brain that are involved in sensorimotor integration, such as the cerebellum and basal ganglia, are pathologically different in individuals with ASC in comparison to typically developing (TD) peers. These brain regions contain GABAergic inhibitory neurons that release an inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA). Brain GABA levels are decreased in ASC. This study explored the effect of introducing a non-invasive GABA substitute, in the form of GABA Oolong tea, on sensorimotor skills, ASC profiles, anxieties and sleep of children with ASC. Methods: Nine children took part: (5 male, 4 female). Each child participated in three tea conditions: high GABA, high L-Theanine (a compound that increases GABA), placebo with low GABA. A double-blind, repeated measures design was employed. Measures were taken after each tea condition. Sensory and ASC profiles were scored using parental questionnaires. Motor skills were assessed using a gold standard coordination assessment. Sleep was monitored using an actiwatch and anxiety measured through cortisol assays. Subjective views were sought from parents on 'best' tea. Results: The results showed significant improvement in manual dexterity and some large individual improvements in balance, sensory responsivity, DSM-5 criteria and cortisol levels with GABA tea. Improvements were also seen in the L-Theanine condition although they were more sporadic. Conclusions: These results suggest that sensorimotor abilities, anxiety levels and DSM-5 symptomology of children with ASC can benefit from the administration of GABA in the form of Oolong tea.

A chemical-specific adjustment factor for human interindividual differences in kinetics for glutamates (E620-625).

Use of a default methodology for establishment of a health-based guidance value (HBGV) resulted in a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) for glutamates (E620-625) below the normal dietary glutamate intake, and also lower than the intake of free glutamate by breast fed babies. Use of a chemical-specific adjustment factor (CSAF) may overcome this problem. The present study investigates the interindividual human variability in glutamate plasma and brain levels in order to define a CSAF for the interindividual variation in kinetics, a HKAF, for glutamates. Human clinical data on plasma glutamate levels available from different groups of subjects at Mitsui Memorial Hospital as well as literature data on plasma and brain-related glutamate levels were collected and analysed. The median HKAF value obtained amounted to 2.62-2.74 to 2.33-2.52 for plasma derived values and to 1.68-1.81 for brain derived values. Combining these values with the CSAF for the interspecies differences in kinetics of 1 and the default factors for interspecies and interindividual differences in dynamics of 2.5 and 3.16 results in an overall CSAF of 16-20. Using this CSAF will result in a HBGV for glutamate that is no longer below the acceptable range of oral intake (AROI).

L-Theanine affects intestinal mucosal immunity by regulating short-chain fatty acid metabolism under dietary fiber feeding.

To investigate the effects of l-Theanine (LTA) on intestinal mucosal immunity and the regulation of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolism under dietary fiber feeding, a 28-day feeding experiment was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results show that LTA increased the proportion of Prevotella, Lachnospira, and Ruminococcus while increasing the total SCFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid contents in the feces. LTA also increased IgA, IgE, and IgG levels in the ileum, and increased villi height and crypt depth. Moreover, LTA upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, sterol element-binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in the liver, while downregulating the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in the colon. Our study suggests that LTA can affect intestinal mucosal immunity by regulating SCFA metabolism under dietary fiber feeding.

Optimisation and Validation of a Nutritional Intervention to Enhance Sleep Quality and Quantity.

BACKGROUND: Disturbed sleep may negatively influence physical health, cognitive performance, metabolism, and general wellbeing. Nutritional interventions represent a potential non-pharmacological means to increase sleep quality and quantity. OBJECTIVE: (1) Identify an optimal suite of nutritional ingredients and (2) validate the effects of this suite utilising polysomnography, and cognitive and balance tests. METHODS: The optimal and least optimal combinations of six ingredients were identified utilising 55 male participants and a Box-Behnken predictive model. To validate the model, 18 healthy, male, normal sleepers underwent three trials in a randomised, counterbalanced design: (1) optimal drink, (2) least optimal drink, or (3) placebo were provided before bed in a double-blinded manner. Polysomnography was utilised to measure sleep architecture. Cognitive performance, postural sway, and subjective sleep quality, were assessed 30 min after waking. RESULTS: The optimal drink resulted in a significantly shorter sleep onset latency (9.9 ± 12.3 min) when compared to both the least optimal drink (26.1 ± 37.4 min) and the placebo drink (19.6 ± 32.0 min). No other measures of sleep, cognitive performance, postural sway, and subjective sleep quality were different between trials. CONCLUSION: A combination of ingredients, optimised to enhance sleep, significantly reduced sleep onset latency. No detrimental effects on sleep architecture, subjective sleep quality or next day performance were observed.

Oral administration of Cystine and Theanine ameliorates oxaliplatin-induced chronic peripheral neuropathy in rodents.

Oxaliplatin frequently causes severe peripheral neuropathy as a dose-limiting toxicity. However, this toxicity lacks a strategy for prevention. Cystine/Theanine is a supplement, which includes precursors for the biosynthesis of glutathione. In this study, we investigated the effects of Cystine/Theanine on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy using an in vivo model. Repeated injection of oxaliplatin (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice a week for 2 weeks) caused mechanical allodynia, cold hyperalgesia and axonal degeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats. Mechanical allodynia and axonal degeneration, but not cold hyperalgesia, were ameliorated by daily co-administration of Cystine [200 mg/kg orally (p.o.)] and Theanine (80 mg/kg p.o.). Moreover, co-administration of Cystine and Theanine to rats significantly increased the glutathione level in the sciatic nerve compared with the oxaliplatin group. Furthermore, Cystine and Theanine did not attenuate the tumour cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in C-26 tumour cell-bearing mice. These findings suggest that Cystine and Theanine may be beneficial for preventing oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Effects of in ovo feeding of N-acetyl-L-glutamate on early intestinal development and growth performance in broiler chickens.

The present study determined the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG) on early intestinal development and growth performance of broilers. A total of 702 fertile broiler eggs were randomly divided into 3 treatments: 1) non-punctured control group, 2) saline-injected control group, and 3) NAG solution-injected group (1.5 mg/egg). At 17.5 D of incubation, 300 µL of each solution was injected into each egg of injected groups. Results indicated that the hatchability and healthy chicken rate were not affected by NAG injection (P > 0.05). Chicks from NAG solution-injected group had significantly decreased average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio during 1-14 D than those in the non-punctured control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-punctured control group, IOF of NAG significantly increased the density of goblet cells in jejunum at hatch, duodenum at 7 D, and ileum at 14 D; decreased crypt depth in jejunum at hatch; and increased villus height in duodenum and jejunum and villus height:crypt depth ratio in duodenum at 7 D (P < 0.05). The intestinal mRNA expression of Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter, peptide transporter, and excitatory amino acid transporter 3 did not differ between groups at 7 or 14 D. However, the mRNA expression level of rBAT in jejunum significantly increased in the NAG solution-injected group than in the non-punctured control group at 7 D (P < 0.05). In conclusion, IOF of NAG (1.5 mg/egg) accelerated the early intestinal development by enhancing intestinal immune and absorption function, thereby positively affecting the feed efficiency for the first 2 wk post-hatch.

A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study of Trofinetide in the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: We analyze the safety and tolerability of trofinetide and provide a preliminary evaluation of its efficacy in adolescent and adult males with fragile X syndrome. METHODS: This study was an exploratory, phase 2, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of the safety and tolerability of orally administered trofinetide in 72 adolescent and adult males with fragile X syndrome. Subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to 35 or 70 mg/kg twice daily trofinetide or placebo for 28 days. Safety assessments included adverse events, clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, electrocardiograms, physical examinations, and concomitant medications. Efficacy measurements were categorized into four efficacy domains, which related to clinically relevant phenotypic dimensions of impairment associated with fragile X syndrome. RESULTS: Both 35 and 70 mg/kg dose levels of trofinetide were well tolerated and appeared to be generally safe. Trofinetide at the 70 mg/kg dose level demonstrated efficacy compared with placebo based on prespecified criteria. On the basis of a permutation test, the probability of a false-positive outcome for the achieved prespecified success was 0.045. In the group analysis, improvement from treatment baseline was demonstrated on three fragile X syndrome-specific outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Trofinetide was well tolerated in adolescent and adult males with fragile X syndrome. Despite the relatively short duration of the study, a consistent signal of efficacy at the higher dose was observed in both caregiver and clinician assessments, based on a novel analytical model incorporating evaluation of multiple key symptom areas of fragile X syndrome. This finding suggests a potential for trofinetide treatment to provide clinically meaningful improvement in core fragile X syndrome symptoms.

Protective effects of L-theanine on rats with dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammatory bowel disease.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of L-theanine in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Rats were pre-treated with L-theanine at 0, 50, 200, or 800 mg/kg/day. IBD was induced in rats using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Histopathological analysis suggests that L-theanine can suppress DSS-induced IBD with significant inhibition of inflammation in large and small intestinal tissues. Moreover, the 200 mg/kg/day L-theanine-treated DSS group had higher body and small intestine weights, a lower disease activity index and expression of inflammatory factors than the DSS group without pre-treatment. In RNA sequencing and tandem mass tag labeling analyses, large number of mRNAs and proteins expression level differed when compared with the DSS-induced rats with and without 200 mg/kg/day L-theanine pre-treatment. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicates the anti-inflammatory activities of L-theanine in DSS-induced IBD, with a high representation of genes in "Cholesterol metabolism" and "Retinol metabolism" pathways. Analysis of protein-protein interaction networks further indicates the involvement of these two pathways. These studies suggest that medium-dose L-theanine pre-treatment could ameliorate DSS-induced IBD through molecular mechanisms involving cholesterol and retinol metabolism.

Protective effect of the oral administration of cystine and theanine on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: a pilot randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Oxaliplatin, one of the key cytotoxic drugs for colorectal cancer, frequently causes peripheral neuropathy which leads to dose modification and decreased patients' quality of life. However, prophylactic or therapeutic measures have not yet been established. Orally administered amino acids, cystine and theanine, promoted the synthesis of glutathione which was one of the potential candidates for preventing the neuropathy. The aim of this study was to determine whether daily oral administration of cystine and theanine attenuated oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OXLIPN). METHODS: Twenty-eight colorectal cancer patients who received infusional 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) therapy were randomly and evenly assigned to the cystine and theanine group and the control group. OXLIPN was assessed up to the sixth course using original 7-item questionnaire as well as Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading scale. RESULTS: Neuropathy scores according to our original questionnaire were significantly smaller in the cystine and theanine group at the fourth (p = 0.026), fifth (p = 0.029), and sixth course (p = 0.038). Furthermore, significant differences were also observed in CTCAE neuropathy grades at the fourth (p = 0.037) and the sixth course (p = 0.017). There was one patient in each group who required dose reduction due to OXLIPN. Except for neurotoxicity, no significant differences were noted in the incidence of adverse events, and the total amount of administered oxaliplatin. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated the daily oral administration of cystine and theanine attenuated OXLIPN.

Effect of dietary N-carbamylglutamate on development of ovarian follicles via enhanced angiogenesis in the chicken.

N-carbamylglutamate (NCG), an analogue of N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG), can increase arginine synthesis in mammals and improve the reproductive performance. However, the effect of NCG on poultry laying performance is still unclear. This study investigated the effect of dietary NCG on development of chicken ovarian follicles. The dosage and timing for NCG administration were evaluated for its effect on follicular development. Results showed that supplementation with 1% NCG in the diet for 14 D led to accelerated development of growing follicles (over 60 µm in oocyte diameter) and significantly increased feed intake and feed efficiency. Plasma amino acids (AA) analysis showed that feeding with 1% NCG significantly increased of plasma AA levels. RNA-seq analysis revealed that NCG supplementation upregulated expression of genes related to angiogenesis and cell proliferation, but downregulated expression of apoptosis-related genes. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis validated the RNA-seq results. Moreover, NCG enhanced plasma NO level; upregulated expression of PKG-I, Raf1, and p-p38; and increased angiogenesis of the ovaries. In conclusion, dietary NCG (1% for 14 D) can promote development of ovarian follicles by increasing angiogenesis in ovaries of the chicken.

Effects of dietary crude protein level and N-carbamylglutamate supplementation on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity of jejunum in growing pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) level and N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and ileal digestibility of nutrients and digestive enzyme activity of jejunum in growing pigs. In experiment 1, 10 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows (initial BW: 48.7 kg) were allotted to a three-period switchback design with five experimental diets and two replicate pigs per diet in each period. Diets were categorized as high CP (HP, 18% CP), moderate low CP (MLP, 15% CP), very low CP (VLP, 12% CP), and MLP and VLP with 0.1% NCG supplementation. Feces and urine were collected from day 6 to day 11 after a 5-d adaptation period. The DE, ME, and ATTD of GE, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and P decreased (P < 0.01) with a reduction of dietary CP, but no effect of dietary treatments on pig daily N retention was detected. The NCG supplementation increased (P < 0.01) DE and ATTD of ADF of the VLP diet. In experiment 2, 10 jejunal-cannulated Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows (initial BW: 44.5 kg) were fed five diets for three periods as experiment 1. Jejunal fluid was collected on days 6 and 8 after a 5-d adaptation period. The digestive enzymes activity was not affected by dietary CP level, except for α-amylase, for which there was a decrease (P < 0.01) in pigs fed VLP diets compared to HP and MLP diets. In experiment 3, 12 ileal-cannulated Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows (initial BW: 46.7 kg) were allotted to a three-period switchback design with six diets and two replicate pigs per diet in each period. The six experimental diets consisted of five experimental diets as experiment 1 and one N-free diet. Ileal digesta was collected from day 6 to day 8 after a 5-d adaptation period. Results indicated that apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and P and ileal digestibility of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and all dispensable AA, except Pro, decreased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed VLP diet compared to HP and MLP diets, but AID of GE, OM, EE, NDF, and ADF were not affected. The supplementation of NCG in the VLP diet increased (P < 0.01) the AID of CP and ileal digestibility of Arg, His, Leu, Phe, Val, Ser, and Tyr. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP level decreased nutrient digestibility, but improved the efficiency of dietary N utilization and reduced N emission. Moderate reduction of dietary CP level had a minimal effect on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity. Additionally, NCG supplementation plays a beneficial effect on nutrient digestion only if the dietary CP level is extremely lowered.

Effect of L-theanine on meat quality, muscle amino acid profiles, and antioxidant status of broilers.

This study investigated the effect of L-theanine on carcass traits, meat quality, muscle antioxidant capacity, and amino acid (AA) profiles of broilers. Three hundred 1-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allotted to five groups with six replicates. Birds were fed the basal diet or basal diet with 300, 600, 900, or 1,500 mg/kg L-theanine for 42 consecutive days. The results showed that L-theanine quadratically increased dressing percentage, eviscerated percentage, and leg muscle yield (p < .05). Meanwhile, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, L*24h, and muscle lactate content decreased quadratically in response to dietary L-theanine supplementation (p < .05), while pH24h and muscle glycogen content were quadratically improved by L-theanine (p < .05). Notably, the contents of muscle malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl, and the activities of muscle total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased quadratically in response to dietary L-theanine supplementation (p < .05), suggesting that the oxidative stress level of muscle was decreased quadratically. Moreover, L-theanine quadratically increased the concentrations of most of muscle essential AA, nonessential AA, and flavor AA (p < .05). In conclusion, L-theanine can be used as a valuable feed additive to modulate carcass traits, meat quality, muscle antioxidant status, and AA profiles of boilers, and its optimum addition level is 600 mg/kg based on the present study.