Negotiating Change: Ideas, Institutions, and Political Actors in Tobacco Control Policy Making in Mauritius.

CONTEXT: This article explains the policy process that occasioned the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies in Mauritius from 1980 to 2019. It does so by drawing theoretical insights from John Kingdon's streams framework, historical institutionalism, and ideational perspectives to explicate how tobacco control rose to the status of government policy agenda. METHODS: The main sources of data are government documents, media reports, archival studies, grey literature, and published books and articles. These sources were supplemented by key informant interviews with government officials, civil society groups, and other vested interest groups. FINDINGS: This article finds that the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in the late 1980s, the political commitment of Mauritius's Labour government to comprehensive tobacco control, the institutional legacies of Mauritius's Public Health Act of 1925, and the administrative capacity of Mauritius's Ministry of Health and Quality of Life are the primary factors that drove tobacco control policies in Mauritius. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study will enrich our understanding of policy change and the politics of tobacco control in the global south. Future research should investigate why some countries in Africa have failed to adopt comprehensive tobacco control policies despite ratifying the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Hegemonic masculinity predicts 2016 and 2020 voting and candidate evaluations.

This work examined whether the endorsement of the culturally idealized form of masculinity-hegemonic masculinity (HM)-accounted for unique variance in men's and women's support for Donald Trump across seven studies (n = 2,007). Consistent with our theoretical backdrop, in the days (Studies 1 and 2) and months (Studies 3 through 6) following the 2016 American presidential election, women's and men's endorsement of HM predicted voting for and evaluations of Trump, over and above political party affiliation, gender, race, and education. These effects held when controlling for respondents' trust in the government, in contrast to a populist explanation of support for Trump. In addition, as conceptualized, HM was associated with less trust in the government (Study 3), more sexism (Study 4), more racism (Study 5), and more xenophobia (Study 6) but continued to predict unique variance in evaluations of Trump when controlling for each of these factors. Whereas HM predicted evaluations of Trump, across studies, social and prejudiced attitudes predicted evaluations of his democratic challengers: Clinton in 2016 and Biden in 2020. We replicate the findings of Studies 1 through 6 using a nationally representative sample of the United States (Study 7) 50 days prior to the 2020 presidential election. The findings highlight the importance of psychological examinations of masculinity as a cultural ideology to understand how men's and women's endorsement of HM legitimizes patriarchal dominance and reinforces gender, race, and class-based hierarchies via candidate support.

The Final Illness of Herbert Hoover.

Herbert Hoover, the archetypal self-made man, was the 31st president of the United States. His term in office was overwhelmed by the Great Depression and he was defeated by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1932 November presidential election. His post-presidential years were spent writing and serving 4 subsequent presidents. Near the end of his life, he underwent a cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones and a colectomy for colon cancer. His health care was complicated by the development of cirrhosis and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. After his 90th birthday, he died in October 1964 from massive bleeding due to a Dieulafoy lesion of the gastric cardia. This manuscript will review the details of his health and the physicians who cared for Hoover during his final years.

Hygiene as individual practice and as an instrument of the State. / Higiene como prática individual e como instrumento de Estado.

This study outlines some understandings of the word "hygiene." The notion that originated in ancient Greece first began to be adopted as a system of diet and morals to prolong the lifespan. From a type of self-care, this idea transformed into a concept of governance to extend the lives of subject-citizens. The theoretical debate about what public hygiene used to be shows its eminently political side: not only was hygiene a branch of the political economy, the ideas of hygienists were also analyzed as to the degree of impact they had on policy. After political and scientific battles, certain understandings of government action emerged victorious, while others were forgotten and neglected.

[Scared to death? Retrospective at the time of COVID-19]. / Mourir de peur ? Rétrospective au temps du COVID-19.

TITLE: Mourir de peur ? Rétrospective au temps du COVID-19. ABSTRACT: Un proverbe allemand du XIVe siècle disait que la peste s'attaque à ceux qui ont le plus peur. Est-ce la peur du virus qui tue ou le virus ? Des observateurs étrangers1 s'étonnent que le confinement jusqu'ici ait été dans l'ensemble respecté en France sans révoltes véritables. Les héritiers de la Révolution française ont admis une restriction sans précédent de leurs libertés et se sont soumis à la décision du confinement. La peur du virus inconnu, invisible et sournois, qui a frappé la population, mais aussi la peur de l'autorité et des contrôles, celle de l'Autre et celle de l'étranger possibles porteurs, sont probablement pour beaucoup dans cette résignation. Mais cette peur n'est-elle pas en soi délétère, comme semble nous le montrer une rétrospective sur les épidémies passées ?

Higiene como prática individual e como instrumento de Estado / Hygiene as individual practice and as an instrument of the State

Resumo O estudo esboça algumas compreensões sobre a palavra "higiene". A partir do Renascimento, a ideia advinda da Grécia Antiga voltou a ser trabalhada, primeiramente como método para uma organização dietética e moral da vida que visava ao seu prolongamento. De uma espécie de cuidado de si, transformou-se em conceito de governança, cujo objetivo era o prolongamento da vida dos súditos/cidadãos. O debate teórico sobre o que era higiene pública mostra sua faceta eminentemente política: não apenas era um ramo da economia política, mas também eram analisadas as propostas dos higienistas de acordo com seu maior ou menor impacto na política. A batalha político-científica resultou na vitória de certas compreensões de ação estatal, e no esquecimento e na negligência de outras.

Abstract This study outlines some understandings of the word "hygiene." The notion that originated in ancient Greece first began to be adopted as a system of diet and morals to prolong the lifespan. From a type of self-care, this idea transformed into a concept of governance to extend the lives of subject-citizens. The theoretical debate about what public hygiene used to be shows its eminently political side: not only was hygiene a branch of the political economy, the ideas of hygienists were also analyzed as to the degree of impact they had on policy. After political and scientific battles, certain understandings of government action emerged victorious, while others were forgotten and neglected.

Arte urbano, política y memoria en 2019: Primeros pasos hacia la conformación de un archivo del muralismo político en Santiago de Chile / How to support the 2030 Agenda from the Smart Community Centers (CECIs-MICITT) stored in the National Library System (SINABI-MCJ)

Resumen El presente ensayo nace desde la inquietud en torno a la volatilidad del grafiti como obra, imagen e intervención del espacio urbano y busca ser una exploración de lo que ocurre con el grafiti muralismo en Santiago de Chile. Se centra en la vocación política de éste considerando como precedentes importantes el muralismo Mexicano como también las Brigadas Ramona Parra y Elmo Catalán. En el trabajo se hace énfasis en el muralismo con vocación política y mensajes explícitos llevándolos a lo que se ha entendido como el rol social del arte desde autores como Nelly Richard o Gaspar Galaz, aludiendo a la obra de grafiteros como Agotok, UFO o Aguarda Kiltro con importantes intervenciones en la zona sur de Santiago, sector caracterizado por el hábitat popular. A nivel metodológico se realiza una exploración en la Avenida Santa Rosa, una de las principales arterias de la zona sur de Santiago, con gran cantidad de obras en sus muros, concluyendo en el centro cultural donde se encuentra el trabajo "el gol de Chile" del destacado muralista Roberto Matta. Se hace énfasis en la necesidad de registro fotográfico del arte urbano, para llegar a formar un fondo adecuadamente ordenado para la conformación de un archivo del arte urbano que sería un campo altamente dinámico y en constante disputa, siendo un ejercicio interesante para recuperar y fortalecer la memoria histórico social. Como conclusión se destaca que el presente esbozo se plantea como un primer paso, un ejercicio reflexivo sobre la necesidad de registrar y archivar como ejercicio de memoria que puede resultar en experiencias destacables.

Abstract This essay was born from the concern about the volatility of graffiti as a work, image and intervention of urban space and seeks to be an exploration of what happens with mural graffiti in Santiago, Chile. It focuses on the political vocation of the latter considering as important precedents the Mexican muralism as well as the Ramona Parra and Elmo Catalán Brigades. The work emphasizes muralism with a political vocation and explicit messages leading them to what has been understood as the social role of art from authors such as Nelly Richard or Gaspar Galaz, referring to the work of graffiti artists such as Agotok, UFO or Aguarda Kiltro with important interventions in the southern area of ​​Santiago, a sector characterized by the popular habitat. At the methodological level, an exploration is carried out on Santa Rosa Avenue, one of the main arteries of the southern area of ​​Santiago, with a large number of works on its walls, concluding in the cultural center where the work "the goal of Chile" is located of the prominent muralist Roberto Matta. Emphasis is placed on the need for a photographic record of urban art, in order to form a properly organized fund for the conformation of an archive of urban art that would be a highly dynamic and constantly disputed field, being an interesting exercise to recover and strengthen the social historical memory. In conclusion, it is highlighted that this outline is presented as a first step, a reflective exercise on the need to register and file as a memory exercise that can result in outstanding experiences.

History of hospital care in São Paulo: State grants to the misericórdia charitable associations. / História da assistência hospitalar em São Paulo: a subvenção do Estado às misericórdias paulistas.

This article investigates how the santas casas de misericórdia charitable associations in the state of São Paulo were subsidized by the municipal, provincial, and state governments at the turn of the twentieth century. Budget appropriations from 1838 to 1915 were examined to evaluate these charitable grants as well as the growth in funding during this period. While a care network created with strong state backing, it was put into action by philanthropic assistance. This network of hospital care retained the same format until at least the first third of the twentieth century, and included misericórdia establishments created within the interior of the state of São Paulo.

O artigo analisa como as santas casas de misericórdia do estado de São Paulo foram subvencionadas pelos governos municipais, provincial e estadual na passagem do século XIX para o XX. Para tanto, são discutidas as dotações orçamentárias realizadas de 1838 a 1915, com o fim de avaliar o repasse e a ampliação de verbas nesse ínterim. É possível notar que foi criada uma rede de assistência fortemente apoiada pelo Estado, mas efetivada pela assistência filantrópica. Essa rede de atendimento hospitalar permanece com o mesmo formato até pelo menos o primeiro terço do século XX, contexto em que se incluíam as misericórdias criadas pelo interior do estado paulista.

Tobacco control in Nepal during a time of government turmoil (1960-2006).

BACKGROUND: Nepal was a monarchy, then a dictatorship, then a democracy. This paper reviews how tobacco control progressed in Nepal in the context of these changes in government from 1950 through 2006. METHODS: We triangulated tobacco industry documents, newspaper articles and key informant interviews. RESULTS: Until 1983, the tobacco industry was mostly state owned. Transnational tobacco companies entered the Nepalese market through ventures with Surya Tobacco Company Private Limited (with Imperial Tobacco Company and British American Tobacco) in 1983 and Seti Cigarette Factory Limited (with Philip Morris International [PMI]) in 1985. Seminars and conferences on tobacco, celebrations of World No Tobacco Day (WNTD) and efforts by WHO helped promote tobacco control in Nepal beginning in the 1970s. Tobacco advocates in Nepal pushed the government to issue executive orders banning smoking in public places in 1992 and tobacco advertising in electronic media in 1998, and to introduce a tobacco health tax in 1993. The tobacco industry lobbied against these measures and succeeded in keeping the tobacco tax low by challenging it in court. Tobacco advocates sued the government in 2003 and 2005, resulting in a June 2006 Supreme Court decision upholding the smoking and advertising bans and requiring the government to enact a comprehensive tobacco control law. CONCLUSIONS: Political instability, conflict, weak governance and the dictatorship significantly affect tobacco control activities in low-income and middle-income countries. Nepal shows that tobacco control advocates can take advantage of global events, such as WNTD, and use domestic litigation to maintain support from civil societies and to advocate for stronger tobacco control policies.

História da assistência hospitalar em São Paulo: a subvenção do Estado às misericórdias paulistas / History of hospital care in São Paulo: State grants to the misericórdia charitable associations

Resumo O artigo analisa como as santas casas de misericórdia do estado de São Paulo foram subvencionadas pelos governos municipais, provincial e estadual na passagem do século XIX para o XX. Para tanto, são discutidas as dotações orçamentárias realizadas de 1838 a 1915, com o fim de avaliar o repasse e a ampliação de verbas nesse ínterim. É possível notar que foi criada uma rede de assistência fortemente apoiada pelo Estado, mas efetivada pela assistência filantrópica. Essa rede de atendimento hospitalar permanece com o mesmo formato até pelo menos o primeiro terço do século XX, contexto em que se incluíam as misericórdias criadas pelo interior do estado paulista.

Abstract This article investigates how the santas casas de misericórdia charitable associations in the state of São Paulo were subsidized by the municipal, provincial, and state governments at the turn of the twentieth century. Budget appropriations from 1838 to 1915 were examined to evaluate these charitable grants as well as the growth in funding during this period. While a care network created with strong state backing, it was put into action by philanthropic assistance. This network of hospital care retained the same format until at least the first third of the twentieth century, and included misericórdia establishments created within the interior of the state of São Paulo.

Governamentalidade e práticas psicológicas: modos de gestão nos artigos brasileiros de psicologia do trabalho (1949 a 1965) / Governamentality and psychological practices: the styles of gestion on Brazilian Work psychology (1949-1965) / Gubernamentalidad y prácticas psicológicas: estilos de gestión brasilenõs en textos de psicología del trabajo (1949-1965)

Esta pesquisa objetivou, tendo como base os desenvolvimentos de Foucault e Rose acerca da governamentalidade liberal, avaliar como certas práticas específicas da psicologia contemporânea se engajam nos modos de governo atuais. Valendo-nos dos resultados produzidos por Rose, acerca dos períodos de estabelecimento da psicologia do trabalho em contexto britânico e norte-americano, buscamos entender como se deu esse processo no Brasil. Para tal, investigamos produções acadêmicas publicadas nacionalmente que tratassem sobre a questão do trabalho: os Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnica e materiais publicados no Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade do Brasil. Não foi possível adequar os documentos investigados à periodização de Rose, levando-nos a desenvolver nosso próprio esquema classificatório. Ademais, os resultados parciais da pesquisa ainda em início apontaram para uma predominância nos anos 1949-1965 de artigos de estilo disciplinar e centrado na produção

This research's objective was, based on Foucault's and Rose's discussion on liberal governamentality, to inquire on how certain specific contemporary psychological practices engage in nowadays modes of government. Having Rose's results about the periods of establishment of work psychology in North American and British contexts in mind, we sought to understand how this process occurred in Brazil. For that, we investigated national academic productions that treated about the issue of work: the Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnic and material published on the Institute of Psychology of University of Brasil. It was not possible to adequate the investigated documents to Rose's periodization, what led us to develop our own classification. Furthermore, the partial results of this research that is still in the beginning pointed out for a predominance of disciplinar and centred in the production style in the years 1949-1965

Basada en los desarrollos de Foucault y Rose sobre la gubernamentalidad liberal, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar cómo ciertas prácticas específicas de la psicología contemporánea se involucran en los modos de gobierno actuales. A partir de los resultados producidos por Rose sobre los períodos de establecimiento de la psicología del trabajo en el contexto británico y estadounidense, buscamos comprender cómo se llevó a cabo este proceso en Brasil. Con este fin, investigamos las producciones académicas publicadas a nivel nacional que trataron el tema del trabajo: los Archivos Brasileños de Psicotécnica y los materiales publicados en el Instituto de Psicología de la Universidad de Brasil. No fue posible adaptar los documentos investigados a la periodización de Rose, lo que nos llevó a desarrollar nuestro propio esquema de clasificación. Además, los resultados parciales de las primeras investigaciones apuntaron a un predominio en los artículos de estilo disciplinario y centrado en la producción de 1949-1965

'Secret Lists and Sanctions': The Blacklisting of the John Lewis Partnership and the Politics of Pay in 1970s Britain.

In 1977, the John Lewis Partnership (JLP) was blacklisted for breaching the Labour government's pay controls under the Social Contract. As the Callaghan administration struggled to establish economic credibility, extending its reach into the private sector emerged as a political priority. JLP became a test case of government resolve months before the Ford strike of autumn 1978 that ushered in the Winter of Discontent. This article uses JLP records to create a more nuanced picture of the tensions, contestations, and vacillations of pay policy in the late 1970s. By doing so, gaps between policy conception and implementation emerge and intersect; both the business and the government faced constraints in implementing policy, despite powerful beliefs about the integrity of their actions. The article is not primarily a case study, however, and aims to contribute to broader debates. The constitutional significance, rather than the commercial impact, of government sanctions became a keynote of critique of JLP's blacklisting, suggesting that contemporaries recognized this was a confrontation of the political moment between the state and the private sector. By looking from a business's perspective, we also gain insight into how organizations approached, negotiated with, and responded to the government. Recovering the JLP blacklisting episode further shows how business archives offer great promise as resources for political history.

Agency of internal transnationalism in social memory.

The article examines the limitations of methodological nationalism in the studies of social memory through a case study of memory of Stalinist repression in Belarus. It analyses how various social agencies - national and local activists, religious organisations, and international foundations - use the memory of repression for constructing post-Soviet Belarusian identity by embedding their national representations in larger transnational frameworks. Drawing on the concept of 'internal globalisation', this article develops the idea of 'internal transnationalism' that suggests the importance of wider transnational configurations for the definition of nation. Internalized transnationalism does not make a national memory concept less nation-centred, but it affects the choice of its cultural, political and civilizational framing. In contrast to methodological cosmopolitanism that implies rediscovering of the national as an internalized global, methodological transnationalism emphasizes the multiplicity of co-existing transnational networks that can be invoked by social actors in their national mnemonic agenda. Using the case of the Kurapaty memorial site the article analyses how multiple framings of memory representations - the Belarusian national memory, liberal anti-communist memory, contesting memories, such as Polish, Baltic and Jewish - compete and juxtapose in the space of social memory of political repression.

Governing Dementia: A Historical Investigation of the Power of States and Professionals in the Conceptualization of Dementia in China.

This study intends to understand how Chinese states and healthcare professionals interact with each other in adopting biomedical concepts within the context of globalization of mental health. The conceptualization of dementia as a stigmatized mental disorder in China serves as a salient case to examine interactions between states and professionals as well as the interrelationships between different healthcare professionals in producing knowledge. By engaging the biopolitical approach, this project explores the historically-contingent conceptualizations of dementia, namely dementia as a vague and stigmatized condition in imperial China, dementia as biosocial deviance in Republican China, dementia as a product of capitalism during Mao-era China, and dementia as a stigmatized mental illness in contemporary China. These dynamics indicate that Chinese professionals have been largely influenced by state ideologies in assimilating biomedical concepts. Through the historical analysis of state-professional interactions in conceptualizing dementia, this study provides an avenue to understand how biomedical concepts transfer within the global context can be read as a site of power struggle between ethnomedicine and biomedicine, between various competing forms of healthcare professionals, and between indigenous sovereignty and governmentality. Moreover, the study of conceptualizing dementia in China sheds light on the larger sociopolitical processes of governmentality in China.

The Arc Of History Bends Toward Coverage: Health Policy At A Crossroads.

There is a formidable historical arc to health care policy: Every modern US president has sought to expand coverage. Democrats eagerly placed the issue on the agenda. Republicans vociferously opposed Democratic proposals but countered with creative ways to expand coverage on their own terms. Democrats eventually absorbed elements of the latest Republican plan-which Republicans, in turn, attacked, and the cycle began anew. The dynamic interaction between the parties slowly, often haphazardly, expanded health insurance as each sought to extend coverage in its own way. We speculate about whether the recent Republican efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act constitute a sharp break with the past, perhaps because opposition to government, exacerbated by racial anxieties, has changed the Republican calculus. Alternatively, there are still some reasons to conclude that the arc of health policy continues to bend toward increasing coverage.

La gestión de recursos humanos y la construcción de subjetividades en las nuevas condiciones de la economía / Human Resources Management and the Construction of Subjectivities in the New Economy Conditions

Resumen Este documento analiza la Teoría del capital humano y sus consecuencias en la gestión humana, donde cobran relevancia los planteamientos de Foucault y sus análisis de las formas de gobernar a sujetos y poblaciones, que interesan al estudio de las organizaciones. La presente revisión surge de la preocupación por discursos convertidos en mandatos en el mundo empresarial que plantean retos y objetivos a las empresas y las áreas de gestión humana, sin que se visibilicen los aportes críticos surgidos en el ámbito académico que establecen los riesgos de seguir trabajando desde miradas reduccionistas y pragmáticas, donde los sujetos son asumidos como absolutos responsables de sus éxitos, en un ámbito donde pareciera innecesaria la construcción de sentidos de comunidad.

Abstract The present document analyzes the theory of human capital and its consequences in the human management, where Foucault's approaches are relevant and his analysis of forms of governing resulting in new studies of organizations. The inspiration for this article came from the concern that the elevated discussions of chain of command in the business world would incorrectly identify the challenges and objectives for the businesses and for the areas of human management, without considering the suggestions from the academic world that establishes the risks of working only from the pragmatic point of view. From this point, the subjects are assumed as absolute responsibilities of their successes, where in the business world it appears unnecessary to create a sense of community.