Differences in specific learning disability identification with the Woodcock-Johnson IV.

The Ability Achievement Discrepancy model remains the primary identification method used by school personnel. This study examined identification of a specific learning disability using the Ability Achievement Discrepancy model with the Woodcock-Johnson IV (WJ-IV). Two different test scores can be used to represent the ability construct: one that maintains the overlap between intelligence quotient (IQ) and basic psychological processes (i.e., general intellectual ability) and one that mostly removes the overlap between IQ and basic psychological processes (i.e., fluid-crystallized intelligence). The study included 3,736 individuals from the WJ-IV standardization sample to ascertain whether different proportions of individuals were identified by the 2 methods as well as identify which tests contributed to the differences. χ2 tests of independence and absolute ratios were used to examine the proportion of individuals identified; a multivariate analysis of variance and follow-up Tukey honestly significant differences were conducted to determine whether the groups of individuals identified in each model differed on their academic achievement scores, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to identify the tests that contributed to differences in identification rates. The results indicated that different proportions of individuals were identified as a function of the IQ score used, even though achievement scores were generally similar across identification methods. Black students were overrepresented and White students were underrepresented compared with their proportion in the total sample. Discrepancy profiles largely varied as a function of the internal psychometrics of the WJ-IV rather than characteristics of the individual. Implications for practice and methodological limitations are reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Validación dimensional del Student Engagement Questionnaire (SEQ) en población universitaria española. Capacidades del alumno y entorno de enseñanza/aprendizaje / The dimensional validation of the Student Engagement Questionnaire (SEQ) with a Spanish university population. Students' capabilities and the teaching-learning environment

En este trabajo se validó el cuestionario SEQ (Study Engagement Questionnaire) de Kember y Leung (2009) en una muestra española. Es un instrumento diseñado para realizar una evaluación conjunta de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la universidad y devolver feed-back a los profesores y a las instituciones para la mejora de estos procesos. Se utilizó una muestra de 805 sujetos de tres universidades valencianas. El cuestionario evalúa diversas capacidades del alumno así como la capacidad del profesor para diseñar un entorno de aprendizaje idóneo para aprender. Ha tenido varias versiones hasta conseguir una estabilidad notable en sus dimensiones (variables latentes) y en las relaciones entre las variables que contempla. Mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio se ha corroborado la estructura propuesta por los autores así como las relaciones entre las variables involucradas. El instrumento parece, pues, adecuado para ser utilizado en muestras españolas para el propósito para el que fue diseñado

In this work, the SEQ (Student Engagement Questionnaire - Kember & Leung, 2009) was validated with a Spanish sample. This instrument is designed to make a joint assessment of teaching-learning processes at university and to provide feedback to teachers and institutions to improve these processes. A sample of 805 subjects from three Valencian universities was used. The questionnaire assesses the capabilities of several students, and the teacher’s ability to design an adequate learning environment. Several versions have been developed until its dimensions (latent variables), and the relations between the involved variables, achieve high degree of stability. A confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the structure proposed by the authors and the relations between the involved variables. Hence the instrument seems suitable to be used in Spanish samples for the proposal it was designed for

Multilevel modeling myths.

The use of multilevel modeling (MLM) to analyze nested data has grown in popularity over the years in the study of school psychology. However, with the increase in use, several statistical misconceptions about the technique have also proliferated. We discuss some commonly cited myths and golden rules related to the use of MLM, explain their origin, and suggest approaches to dealing with certain issues. Misunderstandings related to the use of the intraclass correlation, design effects, minimum sample size, multilevel factor structures, model R², and the misestimation of standard errors are reviewed. Many of the cited myths have much truth in them-though at times, researchers may not be aware of the exceptions to the rules that prevent their overall generalization. Although nesting should be accounted for, researchers should realize that MLM, which is a powerful and flexible technique, is not the only method that can be used to account for the clustering effect. (PsycINFO Database Record

Lev vygotsky's cultural-historical theory of development and the problem of mental tools / Teoría cultural-histórica del desarrollo de lev vygotsky y el problema de las herramientas mentales

The article is aimed at describing approaches towards understanding of mediation forms used in educational programs for preschool children as one of the major lines of psychology implementation in Russia. To a large extent, they are based on the cultural-historical approach, developed by Lev Vygotsky and his followers. It is shown how idea of mental tools usage in preschool education evolved and has developed nowadays. According to the cultural-historical theory sample is one of the cultural tools, mastering of which by the child occurs in the zone of proximal development. Another cultural tool is a sign, and especially the word. Followers of Vygotsky elaborated such tools as visual models, schemes, symbols. Implementation of mental tools in educational programs is analyzed in different spheres (speech development, cognitive development, voluntariness development) on the examples of the most spread educational programs in Russia

El artículo pretende describir los enfoques para comprender las formas de mediación utilizadas en programas educacionales para niños preescolares, como una de las principales líneas de aplicación psicológica en Rusia. En gran medida, se basan en el enfoque cultural-histórico, desarrollado por Lev Vygotskyt y sus seguidores. Se muestra cómo se desarrolló y se aplica actualmente la idea de utilizar herramientas mentales en la educación preescolar. De acuerdo con la teoría cultural-histórica, el ejemplo es una de las herramientas culturales, cuyo dominio por el niño tiene lugar en la zona de desarrollo próximo. Otra herramienta cultural es el signo, y especialmente la palabra. Los seguidores de Vigotsky elaboraron tales herramientas como modelos visuales, esquemas, y símbolos. La aplicación de los programas educacionales de herramientas mentales se analizaron en diferentes esferas (desarrollo del lenguaje, desarrollo cognitivo, y desarrollo volitivo), como ejemplos de los programas educacionales más extendidos en Rusia

Toward a standard assembly of linear graphs.

Single-case data are frequently used in school psychology. In research, single-case designs allow experimenters to provide rigorous demonstrations of treatment effects on a smaller scale and with more precise measurement than traditional group experimental design. In practice, single-case data are used to evaluate the effects of school-based services to make decisions at the individual level within a multitiered system of support (MTSS). School psychology and related fields (e.g., special education) have worked to increase the rigor of single-case data by developing standards for single-case experimental design and developing robust single-case effect size statistics; however, in practice, single-case data are often collected with less experimental rigor and evaluated using visual analysis of a linear graph as opposed to quantitative effect sizes. This is concerning, as an emerging body of literature suggests that simple elements of the graphical display (e.g., ordinate axis scaling, ratio of X to Y axis length) can have a profound impact on effect size judgments made by visual analysts. Currently, there are no standards guiding the construction of linear graphs used to display single-case data. The purpose of this paper is to advance the perspective that our field must develop and adopt standards of linear graph construction or risk inaccurate decisions within a MTSS framework. (PsycINFO Database Record

The effect of data points per x- to y-axis ratio on visual analysts evaluation of single-case graphs.

Research based on single-case designs (SCD) are frequently utilized in educational settings to evaluate the effect of an intervention on student behavior. Visual analysis is the primary method of evaluation of SCD, despite research noting concerns regarding reliability of the procedure. Recent research suggests that characteristics of the graphic display may contribute to poor reliability and overestimation of intervention effects. This study investigated the effect of increasing or decreasing the data points per x- to y-axis ratio (DPPXYR) on rater evaluations of functional relation and effect size in SCD data sets. Twenty-nine individuals (58.6% male) with experience in SCD were asked to evaluate 40 multiple baseline data sets. Two data sets reporting null, small, moderate, and large intervention effects (8 total) were modified by manipulating the ratio of the x- to y-axis (5 variations), resulting in 40 total graphs. Results indicate that raters scored effects as larger as the DPPXYR decreased. Additionally, a 2-way within-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect of DPPXYR manipulation on effect size rating, F(2.11, 58.98) = 58.05, p < .001, η2 = .675, and an interaction between DPPXYR manipulation and magnitude of effect, F(6.71, 187.78) = 11.45, p < .001, η2 = .29. Overall, results of the study indicate researchers and practitioners should maintain a DPPXYR of .14 or larger in the interest of more conservative effect size judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record

Validation of a scale for a nonword repetition task to assess lexical development / Baremación de una tarea de repetición de pseudopalabras para la evaluación del desarrollo léxico

It has been demonstrated that the ability to repeat non-words is a good marker of lexical development in a number of languages, including Spanish. In addition, the ability to repeat nonwords has been used as a good discriminator between typically developing children and children with language delays or other language difficulties. However, despite its potential usefulness for clinical and research purposes, there is no validated scale in Spanish. To address this situation, we present a scale based on a sample of 342 monolingual Spanish-speaking children aged from four to seven years. After data analysis, a scale was elaborated to provide populational references for colleagues working in educational, clinical and research fields. The results show a ceiling effect for six years olds, as well as for monomorphemic and bisyllabic items. Implications of these scores are discussed in the corresponding section (AU)

La habilidad para repetir pseudopalabras se ha mostrado como un buen marcador de desarrollo léxico en multitud de lenguas incluyendo el español. Además, permite discriminar en buena medida entre niños con desarrollo típico y niños con trastornos y retrasos del lenguaje. Sin embargo, pese a su potencial importancia para su uso clínico e investigador, en español no contamos con baremos para una lista de estímulos determinada. Con el objetivo salvar esta notable carencia, se realiza una tarea de repetición de pseudopalabras a una muestra total de 342 niños y niñas monolingües españoles de entre cuatro y siete años. Tras el análisis de los resultados se elaboró un baremo con el objeto de aportar referencias poblacionales a colegas que trabajan en las citadas áreas clínico-educativas y de investigación. Los resultados muestran un efecto techo de esta tarea a los 6 años, así como para los estímulos monomorfémicos y bisílabos. Las implicaciones de estos resultados y baremo obtenido son discutidas en el apartado correspondiente (AU)

Testing the alleged superiority of the indulgent parenting style among Spanish adolescents / Comprobando la supuesta superioridad del estilo parental indulgente entre adolescentes españoles

BACKGROUND: While international studies have reported the superiority of the authoritative style (which combines parental involvement with demandingness), some studies in Spain and in other countries have found that the indulgent style (involvement without demandingness) might be just as good or even better. This study aims to discern whether the differences are cultural or methodological. METHOD: 306 adolescents from high schools in Madrid and Valencia (Spain) answered a questionnaire that included two parenting style instruments (SOC-30 and PSI), together with a self-esteem scale (AF5) and a question on academic performance. RESULTS: Concordance between the two instruments assessing parenting styles was poor. When associating parenting styles (according to the SOC-30) with outcomes (self-esteem and academic achievement), results were similar to previous studies in Spain. But if we use the PSI, results were similar to studies in Anglophone countries: the authoritative style achieved the best outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancies found between studies carried out in Spain and in Anglophone countries do not seem to be due to differences between cultures, but to methodological differences (i.e., differences between the instruments used). If we use the same instruments that were used in Anglophone countries, the most effective parenting style is still the authoritative

ANTECEDENTES: mientras estudios internacionales muestran la superioridad del estilo autoritativo (que combina el afecto con la exigencia), en España y otros países se ha encontrado que el estilo indulgente (afecto sin exigencia) podría ser igual de bueno o mejor. Este estudio pretende comprobar si las diferencias son culturales o metodológicas. MÉTODO: 306 adolescentes de centros educativos de Madrid y Valencia (España) respondieron a un cuestionario que incluía dos instrumentos de estilos parentales (SOC-30 y PSI), una escala de autoestima (AF5) y una pregunta sobre el rendimiento académico. RESULTADOS: la concordancia entre los dos instrumentos de estilos parentales fue pobre. Al asociar los estilos parentales (según el SOC-30) con los desenlaces (autoestima y rendimiento académico), los resultados coinciden con los estudios previos españoles. Pero, si usamos el PSI, se obtienen los mismos resultados que en los estudios anglosajones: el estilo autoritativo obtiene los mejores desenlaces en los hijos. CONCLUSIONES: las discrepancias halladas entre estudios realizados en España y en países anglosajones no parecen deberse a diferencias en las culturas sino a diferencias metodológicas (diferencias en los instrumentos utilizados). Si se usan los mismos instrumentos, se comprueba que el estilo parental más eficaz es el autoritativo

Infrahumanization in children: An evaluation of 70 terms relating to humanity / Infrahumanización en niños: evaluación de 70 términos relacionados con humanidad

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization has revealed that individuals attribute more secondary emotions to the in-group than to the out-group, whose capacity to experience them is denied or restricted. When this bias has been examined in children, researchers have used the same taxonomy of affective terms as that used with adults. The aim of this research is to conduct a normative study that will equip researchers with a taxonomy of humanity attributed to emotional terms specifically for children. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-three children aged between 11 and 12 responded to several questionnaires containing a total of 70 emotional terms, evaluated in eight dimensions associated with the perception of humanity. RESULTS: Principal component analysis shows that children categorize implicit dimensions associated with humanity differently to adults. CONCLUSIONS: This normative study enables the selection of graded emotional terms in humanity perceived by a child sample, in order to overcome current limitations in research on infrahumanization in children

ANTECEDENTES: las investigaciones sobre la infrahumanización han revelado que las personas atribuyen más sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo, al que niegan o restringen la capacidad para experimentarlos. Cuando se ha investigado este sesgo en niños, los investigadores han utilizado la misma taxonomía de rasgos emocionales que con adultos. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un estudio normativo que permita a los investigadores tener una taxonomía de humanidad atribuida a los términos emocionales específica para niños. MÉTODO: 363 niños de entre 11 y 12 años respondieron diferentes cuestionarios relativos a un total de 70 términos emocionales, evaluados en ocho dimensiones relacionadas con la percepción de humanidad. RESULTADOS: el análisis de componentes principales muestra que los niños agrupan las dimensiones implícitas asociadas a humanidad de modo diferente a los adultos. CONCLUSIONES: este estudio normativo permite seleccionar términos emocionales graduados en humanidad percibida por una muestra infantil, con el fin de superar las limitaciones encontradas hasta el momento en la investigación sobre infrahumanización en niños

Neuroscience and education: We already reached the tipping point / Neurociencia y educación: ya hemos alcanzado el punto crítico

The aim of this contribution is to introduce the present Special Issue on Neuroscience and Education of the Revista de Psicología Educativa/Educational Psychology. After a brief introduction to current advances in general cognitive neuroscience that are being possible by means of brain imaging techniques available only during the most recent decades, we will discuss some aspects that have been contributing to hamper a true integration between both disciplines (neuroscience and education). The articles included in the present monograph provide empirical evidence that neuroscience has already reached a sufficient body of knowledge as to substantially improve education and political decisions in this respect. Neuroscience reveals that brain maturation extends at least until the second decade of life and that the exposition to different developmental experiences and opportunities is crucial along this extensive life period, so that none of its phases should be downplayed

Esta contribución pretende introducir y contextualizar el presente monográfico de la Revista de Psicología Educativa/Educational Psychology sobre neurociencia y educación. Tras introducir brevemente los avances que en neurociencia cognitiva, en general, se están alcanzando gracias a las técnicas de imagen cerebral disponibles sólo en las últimas décadas, se discuten algunos aspectos que han hecho difícil la verdadera integración entre ambas disciplinas (la neurociencia y la educación). Los artículos incluidos en este monográfico demostrarán que la neurociencia ofrece una cantidad más que suficiente de conocimiento acumulado como para aportar sustancialmente a la educación y a las políticas educativas. La neurociencia revela que la maduración cerebral no se alcanza hasta la segunda década de vida de la persona y que la exposición a diferentes experiencias y oportunidades de desarrollo es crucial a lo largo de toda esta extensa etapa vital, sin que debamos descuidar unos momentos más que otros

Increasing teacher treatment integrity of behavior support plans through consultation and implementation planning.

School psychologists commonly provide intervention services to children through consultation with teachers. Data suggest, however, that many teacher consultees struggle to implement these interventions. There are relatively few evidence-based strategies for promoting teacher consultees' intervention implementation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Implementation Planning as a strategy for increasing the adherence and quality with which teacher consultees implemented behavior support plans. Implementation Planning involves adapting intervention steps to the implementation context, providing detailed logistical planning, as well as identifying implementation barriers and developing strategies to address them. Results indicated that teachers' implementation adherence levels increased and quality levels increased with corresponding decreases in variability, compared to standard behavioral consultation. Implications for future research on treatment integrity are discussed.

The long-term consequences of preterm birth: what do teachers know?

AIM: The knowledge and information needs of education professionals were assessed to determine how prepared they feel to support the growing number of preterm children entering schools today. METHOD: In a national survey, 585 teachers and 212 educational psychologists completed the Preterm Birth-Knowledge Scale (PB-KS) to assess knowledge of outcomes following preterm birth. Total scores (range 0-33) were compared between groups and the impact of demographic characteristics on knowledge was analysed. Training and information needs were also assessed. RESULTS: Teaching staff (mean 14.7, SD 5.5) had significantly lower knowledge scores than educational psychologists (mean 17.1, SD 5.0; p<0.001); both had significantly lower scores than neonatal clinicians surveyed previously (mean 26.0, SD 3.6; p<0.001). Education professionals' poorest areas of knowledge related to the most frequent adverse outcomes following preterm birth. Only 16% of teaching staff had received training about preterm birth and more than 90% requested more information. Having a special educational needs role and being employed at least 16 years were associated with higher knowledge scores. INTERPRETATION: Education professionals have poor knowledge of the needs of children born preterm and most feel ill-equipped to support them in school. As teachers have primary responsibility for providing long-term support for children born preterm, this is of significant public health and educational concern.

Networks of professional supervision.

An ecological analysis of the supervisory activity of 31 New Zealand school psychologists examined simultaneously the theories of school psychology, supervision practices, and the contextual qualities that mediated participants' supervisory actions. The findings indicated that the school psychologists worked to achieve the supervision goals of support, knowledge, and accountability through reciprocal interaction in multiple relationships within and outside of their professional community. With the notion of supervision broadened to include all activity undertaken to meet the supervisory goals, greater levels of participation and satisfaction with supervisory provision were shown than in many previous studies. The school psychologists utilized various opportunities for supervision support in their day-to-day practice rather than relying solely on traditional dyadic or fixed-group forms. Supervision practices of the school psychologists were situated within the activity of a networked community of supervision practice. Implications for conceptualizing supervision as a broad, situated activity are discussed.

Factors influencing the quality of implementation of a positive youth development program in Hong Kong.

This study examines how social workers collaborate with school teachers in implementing a school-based positive youth development program in Hong Kong. Individual and focus group interviews are conducted with social workers cooperating with school teachers in implementing the Project P.A.T.H.S. in a school context. Through the interviews, strategies for establishing inter-disciplinary collaboration and factors that hinder or facilitate program implementation are identified. This case study highlights factors that facilitate the collaboration between social workers and school teachers, including the following: 1) sufficient training for instructors, 2) sharing of the practice wisdom and teaching experiences, 3) building up mutual support among different parties, 4) use of proactive communication, and 5) demonstration of self-disclosure.

Impact of staff commitment and morale on the implementation of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong.

In the field of positive youth development, there are few studies on program sustainability and the relationship between program implementation and program sustainability. Based on an in-depth case study in the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong, this study examines the intrinsic factors and mechanisms that influence program implementation and sustainability. The results reveal that implementers under study are highly flexible and responsive agents who operate in different areas at all school levels. With an understanding of the program philosophies and a belief in its efficacy, implementers also modify the program by integrating the "adopted" program to the existing strength-based framework, resulting in enhanced program effectiveness and sustainability. Furthermore, the present study underscores the importance of staff commitment and morale in the implementation and sustainability of positive youth development programs in the Chinese context.

Pre-service science teachers’ teaching self-efficacy in relation to personality traits and academic self-regulation

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship among pre-service science teachers’ personality traits, academic self-regulation and teaching self-efficacy by proposing and testing a conceptual model. For the specified purpose, 1794 pre-service science teachers participated in the study. The Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire were administered to assess pre-service science teachers’ teaching self-efficacy, personality, and academic self-regulation respectively. Results showed that agreeableness, neuroticism, performance approach goals, and use of metacognitive strategies are positively linked to different dimensions of teaching self-efficacy, namely self-efficacy for student engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management. In general, while agreeableness and neuroticism were found to be positively associated with different facets of self-regulation and teaching self-efficacy, openness was found to be negatively linked to these adaptive outcomes (AU)

No disponible

Applying the science of learning to medical education.

OBJECTIVE The goal of this paper is to examine how to apply the science of learning to medical education. SCIENCE OF LEARNING The science of learning is the scientific study of how people learn. Multimedia learning - learning from words and pictures - is particularly relevant to medical education. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is an information-processing explanation of how people learn from words and pictures. It is based on the idea that people have separate channels for processing words and pictures, that the capacity to process information in working memory is limited, and that meaningful learning requires appropriate cognitive processing during learning. SCIENCE OF INSTRUCTION The science of instruction is the scientific study of how to help people learn. Three important instructional goals are: to reduce extraneous processing (cognitive processing that does not serve an instructional objective) during learning; to manage essential processing (cognitive processing aimed at representing the essential material in working memory) during learning, and to foster generative processing (cognitive processing aimed at making sense of the material) during learning. Nine evidence-based principles for accomplishing these goals are presented. CONCLUSIONS Applying the science of learning to medical education can be a fruitful venture that improves medical instruction and cognitive theory.

Evaluación de la sintomatología negativista desafiante en niños de seis a ocho años: concordancia entre padres y maestros / Evaluation of oppositional defiant symptoms in 6- to 8 year-old children: Agreement between parents and teachers

El objetivo principal de este estudio es conocer el grado de concordancia entre los informes proporcionados por padres y maestros acerca de la sintomatología negativista desafiante en niños en edad escolar (6-8 años). Además, se pretende analizar si la edad y el sexo del niño afectan el nivel de acuerdo entre informantes. Padres y maestros evaluaron a 702 niños y niñas de 25 escuelas de la Comarca de Osona, Barcelona (España), mediante el Child Sympton Inventory-4 (versión padres y maestros). Los resultados indican una concordancia muy baja, casi nula, entre las valoraciones de ambos informantes; además, las variables edad y sexo de los niños no representan una diferencia significativa en dichas valoraciones. Los padres tienden a evaluar más síntomas del Trastorno Negativista Desafiante como presentes, y a percibir con mayor intensidad su severidad(AU)

Agreement between parents and teachers. The main goal of this study is to determine the degree of agreement between the reports provided by parents and teachers about oppositional defiant symptoms in school children between the ages of 6 and 8 years. In addition, it attempts to determine whether children’s age and sex affect the level of agreement between informants. Parents and teachers assessed 702 girls and boys at 25 schools in the Region of Osona, Barcelona (Spain) with the Child Symptom Inventory-4 (parents’ and teachers' version). The results indicate a very low agreement -practically null-between the valuations of both informants; furthermore, no significant difference due to the variables age and sex of the children was observed in the above-mentioned valuations. The parents tended to appraise most of the symptoms of the Oppositional Defiant Disorder as present and to evaluate their severity as being more intense(AU)

Percepción del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y rendimiento académico en diferentes contextos instruccionales de la Educación Superior / Perception of the teaching-learning process and academic achievement in diverse instructional contexts of Higher Education

En la actual Educación Superior, el rendimiento y los contextos de enseñanza-aprendizaje (E-A) tienen gran actualidad. A partir del modelo DIDEPRO se pretendió establecer la interdependencia entre diferentes contextos instruccionales y el nivel de rendimiento, con respecto a la percepción del proceso de E-A. Participaron 2.020 alumnos de dos universidades españolas. Se utilizaron medidas de ambas variables, utilizando un diseño cuasi-experimental y correlacional. Los análisis univariados y causales mostraron el efecto del contexto en el proceso de E-A y en el rendimiento, así como relaciones de interdependencia entre éste y la percepción del proceso de E-A. También aparecieron efectos de interacción parcial y un modelo causal del rendimiento académico. Se discuten los resultados y analizan las implicaciones para el sistema ECTS (European Credit Transfer System)(AU)

In Higher Education, performance and Teaching-Learning (T-L) contexts are highly current concerns. Based on the DEDEPRO model, interdependence can be established between instructional contexts and levels of performance as they relate to the T-L process. Partitipants were 2020 pupils from two Spanish universities. Measurements of both variables were used in a quasiexperimental and correlational design. The univariate and causal analyses showed the effect of context on the T-L process and on performance; thus, the interdependent relationships between the latter and perception of the T-L process. Partial interaction effects also appeared, as well as a causal model of academic performance. Results are discussed and implications for the ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) are analyzed(AU)

Las operaciones intraproposicionales y el número / The intra-propositional operations and number

Esta investigación pretende confirmar la indisociabilidad cardinal-ordinal del número propuesta por Piaget, así como el origen de este instrumento de asimilación de lo real. Se analizan ampliamente los esquemas de clasificación, tanto desde una perspectiva lógica, como mereológica y los procesos cardinales de cuantificación. Igualmente se analizan los esquemas de seriación y los procesos ordinales de cuantificación. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el número aunque tiene un componente cardinal y un componente ordinal, el segundo tiene más peso que el primero en la psicogénesis y que ambos componentes son insuficientes para explicar la ejecución numérica de los niños

This research expects to confirm the ordinal-cardinal indisociability of the number offered by Piaget, just like the origin of this instrument of assimilation of the real. It is widely analyzed the schemes of classification, from both a logic perspective as a mereologic one, and the ordi-nal processes of quantization. The outcome show up that the number however has a cardinal component and an ordinal one, the second is more pure than the first one in the psychogenesis, and that both components are insufficient to explain the numerical execution of children