Apoptosis as a mechanism of maxillary sinus mucosa injury in rats after experimental transection of the maxillary nerve.

Transection of the maxillary nerve initiates apoptosis of the maxillary sinus mucosa cells in rats. Significant activation of apoptosis and proapoptotic factor p53 was found in the epithelium during week 1 after nerve transection. In delayed period after injury, apoptotic cells predominated in the submucosa against the background of Bcl-2 hypoexpression.

[Age-related changes in the nervous apparatus of the blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord].

This work was designed to study changes in the nervous apparatus of the blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord with a view to developing methods for the determination of the biological age in man. Pial and intramedullary vascular systems of the brain and spinal cord were examined in different periods of postnatal ontogenesis (between the age of 1 and 90 years) using histological, fluorescent-histochemical, and immunohistochemical methods as well as by ink injections into the blood vessels, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The data obtained on the age-related rearrangement of the nervous apparatus of the arterial vessels in the brain and spinal cord have not only theoretical significance but can also be used for the solution of practical problems encountered in the practical work of forensic medical experts.

The role of nitric oxide in the apoptosis of neurons in the retina of the human fetal eye.

The locations of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and TUNEL-immunoreactive neurons in the retina of human fetuses collected during the first to third trimesters of pregnancy were studied. High levels of NADPH-d activity were seen in the inner segments of light-sensitive cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. The population of NADPH-d-positive amacrine cells included three types of neuron. Type 1 neurons were large and had sparse dendritic fields occupying the inner nuclear and outer retinal layers. Small type 2 neurons were located in the inner retinal layer. Ectopic amacrine cells, type 3, were located in the outer part of the ganglion layer. A high density of NADPH-d-positive neurons was seen in the central part of the retina, surrounding the central fovea and optic disk area. NADPH-d activity increased progressively during ontogenesis and correlated with the appearance of immunoreactive iNOS in neurons. iNOS labeled a subpopulation of amacrine and ganglion cells, which appeared at 20-21 weeks of development and reached a peak of immunoreactivity by the end of the third trimester. TUNEL-immunopositive neuron nuclei with signs of apoptotic destruction were seen at 30-31 weeks of pregnancy. The greatest apoptotic index was seen in the ganglion and amacrine cell populations. These data identify NO as a factor mediating apoptosis of neurons during the critical period of differentiation of interneuronal connections in the human retina.

[Innervation of the brain: what is innervated by what].

In the pia mater, brain substance and ependyma, peripheral nerves with sensory and effector axons and two types of neurons are located: (1) afferent pseudounipolar and bipolar cells and (2) efferent vegetative Dogiel type I neurons. Together, these nerves and neurons form the intramedullary part of the autonomous nervous system, innervating blood vessels, ependyma and perivascular connective tissue.

[Neurogliaform cells: neurochemistry, spatial arrangement, and their role in the neocortical inhibitory system].

The neurogliaform cells (NGFC) localized in area 4 of the human motor cortex were found to express choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), GABA, and calbindin. ChAT-positive neurons were located in cortical layer II. Their dendrites lay in a close proximity to those of pyramid cells, neighbouring neurogliaform cells, and bodies and dendrites of other cortical neurons. The NGFCs revealed by Golgi staining fell into two groups. Cells of the first group had locally (within cortical layer II) spreading axons, while those of the second group had axons extending into the adjacent layers. Neurochemical heterogeneity of NGFCs is discussed in the context of information processing in cortical modules and interaction of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons.

[Role of nitric oxide in apoptosis of retinal neurons in human fetuses].

The localization of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) and TUNEL-immunoreactive neurons was studied in the retina of human fetuses in the I-III trimesters of pregnancy. High NADPH-d activity was found in internal segments of photosensory cells, amacrine and ganglion cells. The population of NADPH-d-positive amacrine cells included three types of neurons. Neurons of the 1st type had large size and scarce dendritic field, occupying the inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers. Small neurons of the 2nd type were located in the inner plexiform layer. Ectopic amacrine cells of 3rd type could be found in the outer part of the ganglion cell layer. High density of the NADPH-d-positive neurons was detected in the central portion of retina surrounding fovea centralis and the optic disk area. The activity of NADPH-d was found to grow progressively in ontogenesis and to correlate with the appearance of immunoreactive iNOS in neurons. Immunoreactive iNOS marked a subpopulation of amacrine and ganglion cells which appeared in weeks 20-21 of gestation and attained maximal immunoreactivity by the end of the III trimester. TUNEL-immunoreactive nuclei of the neurons with the signs of the apoptotic destruction were found in weeks 30-31 of gestation. The highest apoptotic index was found in the population of ganglion cells. The data obtained strongly suggest that NO is a factor, mediating the neuronal apoptosis during the critical period of a differentiation of interneuronal connections in the human retina.

Induction of NO synthase and glial acidic fibrillary protein in astrocytes in the temporal cortex of the rat with audiogenic epileptiform reactions.

The localizations of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and glial acid fibrillary protein (GFAP) in astrocytes of the temporal cortex were studied in Krushinskii-Molodkina rats, which are genetically predisposed to audiogenic convulsive seizures. Convulsive reactions were induced in rats by three exposures to acoustic stimuli. Controls consisted of Wistar rats and Krushinskii-Molodkina rats not subjected to acoustic stimulation, these not developing convulsive reactions. The neocortex of animals with audiogenic convulsions consistently showed foci of brain tissue damage. Foci, of diameter 300-400 microm, were located in layers III-V and were groupings of NADPH-d-positive astrocytes; these were seen in both hemispheres. Astrocytes in foci of damage expressed iNOS and had elevated GFAP levels. The numbers of GFAP-immunopositive cells were increased by 25-37% in damage foci as compared with levels in controls and undamaged areas of the cortex. The induction of NO synthase and GFAP in astrocytes seen here indicates the involvement of glia in compensatory NO-dependent mechanisms formed in damage foci in response to audiogenic convulsive seizures.

[The cholinergic function of the bipolar neurons of the human cerebral cortex]. / Kholinergicheskaia funktsiia bipoliarnykh neironov kory bol'shogo mozga cheloveka.

In layers II, III, V and VI of the 4th and 17th cytoarchitectonic zones of the main brain cortex, bipolar neurons with a positive reaction to cholinacetyltransferase were found. It is concluded that the bipolar neurons may metabolize acetylcholine to be cholinergic in their mediator specialization.

[Activity of various energy metabolism enzymes in the rat placenta after treatment with acetone]. / Aktivnost' nekotorykh fermentov énergeticheskogo obmena v platsente krysy pod deistviem atsetona.

In the rat placenta symplastotrophoblast the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase increased and that of Mg-adenosine-thriphosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase decreased under the influence of joint and separate action of acetone vapour and high air humidity. The activity of alkaline phosphatase is oppressed only at high humidity or in combination of high humidity and acetone.

[Significance of nitric oxide function in development of cardiac hypertrophy under condition of experimental renal hypertension]. / Znachenie oksida azota v razvitii gipertrofii serdtsa v usloviiakh éksperimental'noi pochechnoi gipertenzii.

The development of cardiac hypertrophy was studied under condition of experimental renal hypertension on the rat. The number of cardiac nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-positive neurones increased simultaneously with the increase in NOS-activity in these neurones. A connection was found between the development of cardiac hypertrophy and the activity of NOS in cardiomiocytes. The involvement of NO in the development cardiac hypertrophy as auto- and paracrine regulator is supposed.

[NO-ergic function of the Lugaro and Golgi cells in the rabbit cerebellar cortex]. / NO-ergicheskaia funktsiia kletok Liugaro i Gol'dzhi kory mozzhechka krolika.

The distribution of NADPH-diaphorase was studied cytochemically in the rabbit cerebellar cortex. In the granular layer the Golgi cells with positive reaction were found. The highest activity of enzyme was observed in the cytoplasm of intermediate cells of Lugaro, synaptic neurons of Landau, large and middle sized Golgi cells and intercalate cells of Pensa. It is concluded that the Lugaro and Golgi cells may metabolize nitric oxide to be NO-ergic in their mediator specialization.

[Aspartate aminotransferase of the human cerebellar cortex]. / Aspartataminotransferaza kory mozzhechka cheloveka.

The distribution of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was studied cytochemically in the cerebellar cortex of the man. Granular cell bodies were labeled, but staining was also found in mossy fibre glomerular synapses. In the molecular and Purkinje cell layers, intensive histochemical reaction was concentrated in the climbing fibres and the "basket" terminal plexus around the Purkinje cells pericaryon. Climbing and mossy fibres formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. Localization of AST in neuronal structures of the human cerebellar cortex suggests to consider these as aspartatergic.

[Nitric oxide production by normal and injured neurons of Nodose ganglion and Nucleus dorsalis of Vagus nerve]. / Obrazovanie oksida azota normal'nymi i povrezhdennymi neironami uzlovatogo gangliia i dorsal'nogo iadra bluzhdaiushchego nerva.

Nodosum ganglion and nucleus dorsalis contain from 19.2 to 22.65% of NO-positive neurons. Their amount increases up to almost 77.4 and 68.8% in the ganglion and the nucleus dorsalis, respectively, in the damaged nervus vagus due to i-NOS transcription. It has been shown that NO participates in desorganization and recovery of the traumatic neuron, as auto- and paracrine regulator.

[The morphological bases for the cholinoreactivity of the mast cells of the respiratory organs]. / Morfologicheskie osnovy kholinoreaktivnosti tuchnykh kletok organov dykhaniia.

Using specific M-cholinoblockers the response of rat pulmonary and mediastinal pleural mast cells to acetylcholine was studied. Acetylcholine was established to cause their massive degranulation which is prevented by preliminary administration of atropin or bromide ipratropium. Electric current stimulation of the vagal nerve caused similar reaction in mast cells. The transection of vagal nerve inferior to ganglion nodosum augmented the synthesis of specific granules in mast cells, although blocked their cytosis. Acetyl cholinestherase reaction demonstrated axons in pleura, while electron microscopic studies revealed terminals containing cholinergic synaptic vesicles on mast cells. A conclusion was made concerning functional interaction between mast cells and vagal nerve axons.

[Nitric oxide formation by chromaffinocytes of respiratory system and its importance for catecholamine exocytosis]. / Obrazovanie okisi azota khromaffinotsitami organov dykhaniia i ee znachenie dlia ékzotsitoza katekholaminov.

Chromaffinocytes (both single and within paraganglia) located in larynx, trachea, extrapulmonary bronchi and lungs possess NADPH-diaphorase/NO-synthase activity. Chromaffinocytes and paraganglia are anatomically associated with the vagus, autonomous ganglia and the walls of small blood vessels. NO-synthase agonists, acethylcholine and Ca ionophore A23217, after intrapleural injection increase the enzyme activity, that is accompanied with the decrease of luminescence intensity and a reduction of monoamine content in cell cytoplasm. It is concluded that NO is involved in the mechanism of catecholamine release.

[Neurosecretory activity and the dynamics of the lipid content in the CNS neurons in the bivalve mollusk, Gray's mussel (Crenomytilus grayanus Dunker)]. / Nerosekretornaia aktivnost' i dinamika soderzhaniia lipidov v neironakh TsNS dvustvorchatogo molliuska--midii Greia.

Neurosecretory process was studied in the aspect of lipid exchange in the CNS ganglia in the bivalve mollusk using light optics, electron microscopy, cytological and biochemical methods. Neurosecretory material forming was shown to be followed by changes in volume in neuron, nucleus and nucleolus, increase of nucleolar-plasmic relations, granular endoplasmic reticulum proliferation of mitochondria and complex dictyosomes. Changes in lipid content are inversely proportional to the neurosecreted amount in the neuron. The more active secretory process is, the smaller grows the number of lipid-containing cells, common lipids phospholipids. It is concluded that lipids structurally and energetically maintain the neurosecretory material synthesis.

[Nitric oxidergic neurons of the respiratory organs]. / Nitrooksidergicheskie neirony organov dykhaniia.

Using histochemical NADPH-diaphorase reaction NO-ergic neurons distribution in human tracheobronchial tree was studied in man and mammals. Psedounipolar sensory neurons forming microganglia mark in adventitia of the trachea posterior surface from superior border up to trachea bifurcation. It was suggested that protoneurons are the constant structural formations of respirator organs. Their capacity to exert effector influence on the tissue through axon-reflex mechanism, apart from their sensory function is under discussion.

[Cholinergic neurons of the human motor cortex]. / Kholinergicheskie neirony dvigatel'noi oblasti kory bol'nogo mozga cheloveka.

Cytoarchitectonic area 4 of human cerebral cortex was studied by histochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase (CAT). In layer I CAT reaction demonstrated the presence of tangential nerve fibers and synaptic endings on Cajal-Retzius neuron. High activity of the enzyme was detected in non-pyramidal cell with the axon forming the arcades and establishing contacts on bodies and apical dendrites of the layer III pyramidal neurons. Pyramidal neurons were divided into cholinergic-non-cholinoceptive, cholinergic-cholinoceptive and non-cholinergic-cholinoceptive types.

[Induction of NO-synthase and glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes of the temporal cortex in rats with audiogenic epileptiform reaction]. / Induktsiia NO-sintazy i glial'nogo kislogo fibrilliarnogo belka v astrotsitakh visochnoi kory krys s audiogennoi épileptiformnoi reaktsiei.

The localization of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was studied in the astrocytes of the temporal cortex in rats of Krushinsky-Molodkina strain which are genetically prone to audiogenic seizures. The seizure was evoked by thrice-repeated acoustic stimulation. Wistar rats and acoustically untreated seizure-free Krushinsky-Molodkina rats were used as a control. The foci of brain damage were consistently found in the neocortex of the animals with audiogenic seizures. Epileptic foci, 300-400 microm in diameter, were localized in layers III-V; they were found to consist of the clusters of NADPH-d-positive astrocytes and to be present in both hemispheres. In the foci of cortical damage astrocytes expressed iNOS and an elevated level of GFAP. The number of GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes in the foci of damage was increased by 25-37% compared to the control and to undamaged areas of the cortex. Astrocyte NOS and GFAP induction found in this work, suggests the participation of glia in compensatory NO-dependent mechanisms, that are formed in the damage foci of neocortex during the audiogenic seizures.

[The monoaminergic innervation of the mediastinal pleura in human fetuses]. / Monoaminergicheskaia innervatsiia mediastinal'noi plevry plodov cheloveka.

Mediastinal pleura was studied in pregnancy second part abortive human fetuses using histological and histochemical technique. It was found to have a well-developed monoaminergic apparatus that includes adrenergic axons and mast cells. Electron microscope study confirmed monoaminergic and single peptidergic vesicles presence in axons. Luminescent method revealed that mast cells of nerve plexuses and blood vessels contain catecholamines and indolalkylamines. Monoaminergic axons and mast cells were shown to constitute a functionally integrative apparatus that regulates local hemodynamics and trophics.