Extrato de espinafre como fonte de nitrito em linguiça frescal: atributos de qualidade e estabilidade durante o armazenamento refrigerado / Spinach Extract as a source of nitrite in fresh sausages: quality attributes and stability during refrigerated storage

Introdução: Os consumidores têm inúmeras preocupações em relação à saúde, dentre as quais o consumo elevado de aditivos químicos, como os conservantes, que ao reagir com substâncias presentes nos alimentos podem produzir compostos cancerígenos. Alguns vegetais, como o espinafre, podem ser fontes naturais desses conservantes, e sua aplicação pode aumentar a saudabilidade dos produtos cárneos. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do extrato de espinafre como fonte de nitrito para conservação de linguiças frescais, armazenadas durante 35 dias sob refrigeração. Material e Método: Quatro formulações foram produzidas: controle positivo, com sal de cura comercial (CP), controle negativo, sem sal de cura (CN), extrato de espinafre (EE) e extrato de espinafre pré-convertido por bactérias nitrato-redutoras (EEPC). As linguiças foram avaliadas através da composição centesimal, cor, teor residual de nitrito, TBARS e avaliação microbiológica. Resultados: O sal de cura (CP) resultou em menores alterações na coloração das linguiças frescais. O TBARS aumentou aproximadamente 2,5 vezes (p<0,05) ao longo dos 35 dias, em todas as formulações, e os menores valores, ao final desse período, foram encontrados nas formulações CP e EEPC. Estas mesmas formulações apresentaram os maiores teores residuais de nitrito e menor contagem de BAL e enterobactérias (35 dias), o que comprova que o EEPC é tão eficiente quanto o sal de cura comercial como conservante em linguiça frescal armazenada sob refrigeração. Conclusão: O uso de EEPC pode ser uma alternativa promissora para a indústria cárnea, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de produtos clean label que atendam à demanda por produtos mais saudáveis.

Introduction: Consumers express concerns about chemical additives in the diet, including preservatives, which can produce carcinogenic compounds when interacting with substances present in food. Some vegetables, such as spinach, can be natural sources of preservatives, and their application can increase the healthiness of meat products. Objective: To evaluate the effects of spinach extract as a source of nitrite for the preservation of fresh sausages during 35 days of refrigerated storage. Material and Method: Four formulations were produced: positive control, with commercial curing salt (CP), negative control, without curing salt (CN), spinach extract (EE) and spinach extract pre-converted by nitrate-reducing bacteria (EEPC). The sausages were evaluated for proximate composition, color parameters, residual nitrite content, TBARS, and microbiological characterization. Results: The curing salt (CP) led to a few changes in the color of the fresh sausages. TBARS increased approximately 2.5 times (p<0.05) during the 35 days for all formulations, and the lowest values were found for the formulations CP and EEPC at the end of the storage. These formulations had the highest residual nitrite levels and the lowest LAB and enterobacteria count (35 days), which proves that EEPC is an effective preservative to replace commercial curing salt in fresh sausages subjected to refrigerated storage. Conclusion: The use of EEPC can be a promising alternative for the meat industry, enabling the development of clean-label products that meet the demand for healthier products.

Sostenibilidad alimentaria y prevalencia de consumo de preparaciones tradicionales y típicas en hogares del centro-sur de Chile / Food sustainability and prevalence of consumption of traditional and typical preparations in households in central-southern Chile

Introducción. Las preparaciones tradicionales típicas incluyen ingredientes mínimamente procesados, provenientes de la agricultura local, raíces y tradiciones de un territorio. A nivel mundial la población ha cambiado sus patrones dietéticos, incorporando alimentos ultraprocesados impactando la salud poblacional y planetaria. Objetivo. Identificar la sostenibilidad y la prevalencia de consumo de preparaciones tradicionales típicas chilenas en hogares de una región de la zona centro-sur de Chile. Materiales y Métodos. Diseño transversal descriptivo, con una muestra de 104 hogares mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se identificó la sostenibilidad de 34 preparaciones tradicionales típicas chilenas, aplicando el sistema NOVA de clasificación de los alimentos según grado y tipo de procesamiento. Las preparaciones se clasificaron en sostenibles (>60% de ingredientes del grupo 1), medianamente sostenibles (50-60%) y no sostenibles (<50%). El estudio contó con la aprobación del Comité de Bioética de la Universidad del Bío-Bío. El análisis de datos consideró frecuencias, porcentajes e IC95% en STATA 17.0. Resultados. El 64% de las preparaciones fueron clasificadas como sostenibles, el 23% medianamente sostenibles y un 13% como no sostenibles. Las preparaciones sostenibles son las más consumidas por los hogares, especialmente aquellas que incluyen legumbres. Las preparaciones no sostenibles consumidas en los hogares se basan en harina refinada, manteca vegetal hidrogenado y/o aceites. Conclusiones. La sostenibilidad de las preparaciones tradicionales típicas chilenas depende de sus ingredientes. Las preparaciones sostenibles son las más consumidas por los hogares de esta región, y se basan en alimentos naturales o poco procesados(AU)

Introduction. Typical traditional preparations include minimally processed ingredients from local agriculture, roots and traditions of a territory. Globally, the population has changed its dietary patterns, incorporating ultra-processed foods, impacting population and planetary health. Objective. To identify the sustainability and prevalence of consumption of typical Chilean traditional preparations in households in central-southern Chile. Materials and Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional design, with a sample of 104 households using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The sustainability of 34 typical Chilean traditional preparations was identif ied, applying the NOVA food classif ication system according to degree and type of processing. The preparations were classif ied as sustainable (>60% of group 1 ingredients), moderately sustainable (50- 60%) and non-sustainable (<50%). The Bioethics Committee of the Universidad del Bío-Bío approved the study. Data analysis considered f requencies, percentages and 95%CI in STATA 17.0. Results. 64% of the preparations were classif ied as sustainable, 23% moderately sustainable, and 13% non-sustainable. Sustainable preparations are the most consumed by households, especially those that include pulses. Unsustainable preparations households consume are based on ref ined flour, hydrogenated vegetable shortening and/or oils. Conclusions. The sustainability of typical Chilean traditional preparations depends on their ingredients. Sustainable preparations are the most consumed by households in this region and are based on natural or minimally processed foods(AU)

Consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y el perfil dietético nutricional en el Paraguay / The consumption of ultra-processed foods and the dietary nutritional profile in Paraguay

Fundamentos: Los alimentos ultraprocesados están dominando rápidamente el sistema alimentario mundial. Comprender los patrones de consumo de estos alimentos constituye una parte importante del sistema de vigilancia nutricional. El objetivo fue evaluar el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en Paraguay según área geográfica y su impacto en el perfil dietético nutricional de la población. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de una muestra representativa de hogares de la Encuesta de Ingresos y Gastos 2011-12. Los alimentos consumidos se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: no procesados o mínimamente procesados; ingredientes culinarios procesados; procesados; y ultraprocesados. Se estimó la distribución de energía y macronutrientes proveniente de los alimentos dentro del hogar con unidades de consumo del Equivalente Masculino Adulto (AME). Resultados: Los ultraprocesados representaron 26,5% del consumo total de energía, con diferencias significativas entre el área rural y urbana (p<0,01). El perfil nutricional de los ultraprocesados mostró mayor densidad energética, mayor aporte de carbohidratos y menor de lípidos y proteínas, en comparación con los no procesados y procesados. Conclusiones: El consumo de ultraprocesados en Paraguay varía desde consumos muy bajos hasta altos, similares a los países desarrollados, y su consumo reduce la participación de alimentos no procesados e ingredientes culinarios. (AU)

Background: Ultra-processed foods are rapidly dominating the global food system. Understanding theconsumption patterns of these food items thus constitutes an important part of the nutritional surveillance system. The objective was to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Paraguay according togeographical residence (rural/urban) and its impact on the population’s nutritional profile. Methods: An analysis of representative sample of households from the 2011-12 Income and Expenditure Survey. The consumed food items were classified into four groups: natural or minimally processed, including culinary preparations made with these foods as a base; processed culinary ingredients; processed; and ultraprocessed. Intrahousehold food and calorie distribution were estimated with Adult Male Equivalent (AME)units. Results: Ultra-processed foods represented 26,5 of total energy intake, with a significant difference between rural and urban areas (p<0,01). Households that showed higher consumption of ultra-processed foods also exhibited lower consumption of vegetables, legumes, meats, fish/seafoods, and dairy products. The nutritional profile of ultra-processed foods consumption showed higher energy density; higher levels of carbohydrates, and lower levels fat and proteins compared to the profile of natural or minimally processed foods and processed foods. Conclusions: Consumption of ultra-processed foods in Paraguay varies from relatively low to high, similarlyto developed countries, and reduces the participation of unprocessed foods and culinary ingredients. (AU)

"Somos a terra lutando para sobreviver": histórias de vida de mulheres agroecologistas / "We are the earth struggling to survive": life stories of female agroecologists / "Somos la tierra luchando por sobrevivir": historias de vida de mujeres agroecólogas

A luta pela terra e seu uso incide na forma como as subjetividades têm sido produzidas no Brasil. No contexto capitalista, patriarcal e machista, vive-se um processo de exploração da mão de obra de mulheres e de recursos naturais da Terra. Este estudo objetivou conhecer histórias de vida de mulheres agricultoras rurais que participam de movimentos sociais agroecológicos no Rio Grande do Sul. Participaram do estudo três mulheres agricultoras, com idades entre 21 e 53 anos, residentes e trabalhadoras em zonas rurais das cidades de Viamão e Rolante, escolhidas por conveniência. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário sociodemográfico, entrevista de história de vida e observação participante, os quais foram, posteriormente, submetidos à análise temática. Os resultados demonstram que as histórias de vida das mulheres relatadas são marcadas por lutas e formas de resistência. Para além das situações de conflitos e falta de recursos, avistam-se questões próprias de gênero, como a invisibilidade feminina e a desigualdade no acesso à terra por mulheres. A construção de base e o fortalecimento do papel político das mulheres nos movimentos sociais permite inferir que existem melhorias significativas nas desigualdades e injustiças no meio rural. Contudo, pontua-se a necessidade de se promover o diálogo entre os movimentos sociais, as mulheres e a sociedade política sobre os modelos atuais de políticas públicas existentes, possibilitando, assim, avançar nas discussões a respeito da promoção da equidade de gênero nos espaços rurais, bem como potencializar o avanço das práticas agroecológicas em direção à superação do capitalismo.(AU)

The struggle for land and its use affects the way subjectivities have been produced in Brazil. In the capitalist, patriarchal, and male-chauvinist context, women's labor and the Earth's natural resources are strongly exploited. This study aimed to know the life stories of female farmers who participate in agroecological social movements in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Three female farmers, aged from 21 to 53, residents and workers in rural areas of the municipalities of Viamão and Rolante, chosen by convenience, participated in the study. The instruments used were: sociodemographic questionnaire, a life story interview, and participant observation, which were later subjected to thematic analysis. The results show that the participants' life stories are marked by struggles and means of resistance. In addition to conflicts and lack of resources, there are specific gender issues, such as female invisibility and inequality in women's access to land. The grassroots construction and the strengthening of the political role of women in social movements allow us to infer that there are significant improvements in inequalities and injustices in rural areas. However, it is necessary to promote dialogue between social movements, women, and political society about the current models of existing public policies, thus making it possible to advance in discussions about gender equity in rural spaces, as well as to enhance the advancement of agroecological practices to overcoming capitalism.(AU)

La lucha por la tierra y su uso afecta a la forma en que se han producido las subjetividades en Brasil. En el contexto capitalista, patriarcal y machista, hay un proceso de explotación del trabajo de las mujeres y de los recursos naturales de la tierra. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer las historias de vida de agricultoras rurales que participan en movimientos sociales agroecológicos en Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Participaron en el estudio tres agricultoras, de entre 21 y 53 años, residentes y trabajadoras en áreas rurales de las ciudades de Viamão y Rolante, elegidas por conveniencia. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: cuestionario sociodemográfico, entrevista de historia de vida y observación participante, cuyos datos posteriormente se sometieron a análisis temático. Los resultados muestran que las historias de vida de las mujeres relatadas están marcadas por luchas y formas de resistencia. A las situaciones de conflicto y falta de recursos se suman cuestiones específicas de género, como la invisibilidad femenina y la desigualdad en el acceso de las mujeres a la tierra. La construcción popular y el fortalecimiento del papel político de las mujeres en los movimientos sociales permiten inferir que hay mejoras significativas en las desigualdades e injusticias en las zonas rurales. Sin embargo, es necesario promover el diálogo entre los movimientos sociales, las mujeres y la sociedad sobre los modelos actuales de las políticas públicas existentes, para posibilitar avances en las discusiones sobre la promoción de la equidad de género en los espacios rurales y potenciar el avance de las prácticas agroecológicas hacia la superación del capitalismo.(AU)

Tipos de processamento no consumo alimentar de alunos universitários / Types of processing in the food consumption of university students

Objetivo Avaliar universitários através de questionário de frequência alimentar (quantitativo e qualitativo) e classificar a ingestão de alimentos de acordo com o tipo de processamento. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional, em que foi enviado um questionário para os alunos dos cursos de Nutrição, Educação Física, Enfermagem, Administração, Farmácia, Psicologia, Engenharia Civil e Fisioterapia da Instituição de Ensino Superior Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Rio de Janeiro. Foram coletadas as seguintes informações: curso, sexo e o consumo alimentar nas refeições diárias, separadas por porções: desjejum, colação, almoço, lanche da tarde, jantar e ceia. Em seguida, os alimentos que os estudantes relataram consumir foram separados em quatro categorias: in natura; minimamente processado; processado e ultraprocessado, baseando-se nas nomenclaturas do Guia Alimentar Brasileiro. Resultados Foram coletados dados de 201 alunos, o equivalentes a 5% dos alunos matriculados nos cursos de Nutrição, Educação Física, Enfermagem, Administração, Farmácia, Psicologia, Engenharia Civil e Fisioterapia da Universidade Salgado de Oliveira. Observou-se um alto consumo de alimentos processados na amostra como um todo, porém de forma mais expressiva pelos alunos do curso de Engenharia Civil. Em contrapartida, o maior consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados foi declarado pelos alunos do curso de Educação Física. Conclusão As análises mostraram que o consumo alimentar dos alunos do curso de Educação Física era mais saudável em termos de processamento, possivelmente devido ao cuidado maior desses alunos com a saúde física. Já os alunos do curso de Engenharia Civil consumiam mais alimentos ultraprocessados. O consumo prolongado de alimentos ultraprocessados e processados aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, levando a um maior risco de mortalidade em longo prazo.

Objective To evaluate university students with a food frequency questionnaire (quantitative and qualitative), and classify the intake according to food processing. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study, in which a questionnaire was sent to students from the following undergraduate courses: Nutrition, Physical Education, Nursing, Business Management, Pharmacy, Psychology, Civil Engineering and Physiotherapy of the Higher Education Institution at Salgado de Oliveira University, in Rio de Janeiro. The following information was collected: the undergraduate course, gender and food consumption separated by portions in daily meals: breakfast, mid-morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner and supper. Then, the foods were separated into four categories: fresh; minimally processed; processed; ultra-processed, based on the nomenclatures of the "Brazilian Food's Guide". Results The data were collected from 201 students, equivalent to 5% of the courses in Nutrition, Physical Education, Nursing, Business Management, Pharmacy, Psychology, Civil Engineering and Physiotherapy at Salgado de Oliveira University. It was observed a higher consumption of processed foods in the sample as a whole, however, the highest intake was in the Civil Engineering Course. On the other hand, the highest consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods was found in Physical Education Course students. Conclusion The analyzes showed that food consumption of Physical Education students proved to be healthier in terms of processing, possibly due to the greater care with the physical health of these students, while the students of Civil Engineering course consumed a worrisome diet with more ultra-processed and less fresh foods. The prolonged consumption of ultra-processed and processed foods increases the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases, worsening the population's quality of life, leading to a higher risk of long-term mortality.

Perceptions of healthy food, and perceived facilitators and barriers to buying and consuming healthy food, among female caregivers in Soweto, South Africa

Background. Obesity poses a continuous health challenge in South Africa and disproportionately affects black African households. To target obesity in these settings, it is crucial to have an in-depth understanding of food choices made by affected households. Objectives. To explore how healthy food is perceived by women living in Soweto, and the facilitators of and barriers to buying and consuming this food. Methods. This was a qualitative study that utilized semi-structured interviews. Ten participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. The study took place in Soweto, South Africa, and was conducted from February to May 2019. Results. Six themes were developed from the data: perceptions of healthy food; protecting family members from unhealthy food; learning about healthy food; appreciation by the family; home-cooked food v. food bought on the street; and budgetary restrictions. The first three themes were grouped by the overarching theme 'consciousness of healthfulness of food', and the last three themes were grouped by the theme 'influences of the family and environment on food choice'. Conclusions. A focus on the whole family's dietary behaviours is recommended and, in future interventions, guidance communicated in intervention materials should be tailored to existing knowledge of healthy eating.

Los retos de la lactancia en un mundo complejo / The challenges of breastfeeding in a complex world

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Alimentación en gestantes adolescentes con hipertensión: Cuidados y Cultura / Diet in pregnant teenagers with hypertension: Care and Culture

Introducción: La gestación en adolescentes es una realidad que enfrentan cada día la familia, comunidad y sociedad; además puede tener complicaciones como la hipertensión, por lo tanto, los cuidados son fundamentales y pueden variar según la cultura. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de cuidados culturales relacionadas con la alimentación de las gestantes adolescentes con hipertensión, hospitalizadas en una institución de III Nivel de Atención en Salud del municipio de Sincelejo. Materiales y Métodos: Investigación cualitativa etnográfica. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad a trece participantes. El análisis etnográfico permitió identificar términos, dominios, taxonomías y relaciones semánticas. Resultados: Se observó un alto consumo de alimentos tradicionales de la región Caribe y productos procesados; emergieron prácticas de cuidados referentes a los cambios en la alimentación y su significado cultural, en las subcategorías, alimentos saludables y alimentos relacionados con hipertensión. Conclusiones: Las prácticas de cuidados en la alimentación, evidencian la diversidad de significado cultural en las participantes, conocimiento esencial para brindar cuidados de enfermería coherentes y humanizados. Asimismo, conlleva a la implementación de programas de intervención a nivel domiciliario e institucional en esta población.

Introduction: Pregnancy in adolescents is a common reality faced by family, community and society, which can also bring health complications such as hypertension. Therefore, care of these teenagers is fundamental and can vary according to cultural contexts. Objective: To describe cultural care practices related to diet in pregnant adolescents with hypertension, who are inpatients in a Level III health care institution in Sincelejo (Colombia). Materials and methods: Qualitative ethnographic research. In-depth semi-structured interviews were done with thirteen participants. The ethnographic assessment facilitated the identification of terms, domains, taxonomies, and semantic relationships. Results: High consumption of traditional Caribbean food and processed products was observed. Care practices related to diet changes and their cultural meaning were common in subcategories such as healthy food and hypertension related diet. Conclusions: Diet care practices show diversity in terms of the cultural significance given by participants, which is an essential knowledge to provide coherent and humanized nursing care. Likewise, it is necessary to implement intervention programs to treat these patients both at home as well as at health care institutions.

Intoxicación por harina de altramuz: nuevas perspectivas a través de un caso clínico / Lupine flour intoxication: new insights through a case report

El altramuz es un fruto de la familia de las leguminosas que se consume ampliamente como un aperitivo en zonas del Mediterráneo, norte de África, Asia y América Latina. Contiene dos alcaloides que aportan un sabor muy amargo al fruto y tienen efecto anticolinérgico: la esparteína y la lupanina; éstos se eliminan del fruto tras someterlo a un proceso de lavado y remojado. Presentamos un caso de intoxicación por consumo de harina de altramuz: mujer de 41 años que consultó en urgencias por un cuadro agudo de malestar general, sequedad de boca, distensión abdominal, náuseas y midriasis bilateral. Los síntomas se iniciaron una hora después de haber consumido un pan casero elaborado con harina de altramuz seco. Tras instaurar tratamiento sintomático e hidratación, los síntomas desaparecieron en las siguientes horas. La intoxicación por altramuz es un cuadro clínico infrecuente y probablemente infradiagnosticado considerando lo extendido de su consumo, en particular la intoxicación por consumo de harina del mismo. Es probable que en el futuro aumente el consumo de altramuz con objeto de beneficiarse de sus propiedades saludables (mayor contenido proteico, en fibras y proteínas, mayor saciedad). Se precisan un alto índice de sospecha clínica para identificar y tratar correctamente el cuadro, y una información completa a la población general sobre la manera correcta de preparación del altramuz, alertando y concienciando de los riesgos que conlleva su consumo en estado no procesado. (AU)

Lupin is a plant member of the Leguminosae family, widely consumed as a snack in Mediterranean countries, north of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Lupine seeds may cause poisoning due to the presence of two alkaloids, sparteine and lupanine, which can cause anticholinergic effects and have a bitter taste. These substances can be eliminated from the plant after a process of washing and rinsing. A clinical case is presented. A female patient aged 41 was admitted to the Emergency Room with general malaise, mouth dryness, abdominal distension, nausea and bilateral mydriasis, all of acute onset. Symptoms started one hour after consuming a homemade bread elaborated with dry lupine seeds. Symptomatic treatment and intravenous hydration were started and the symptoms disappeared within a few hours. Lupine seed intoxication is infrequent and probably underdiagnosed, considering how widely consumed the seeds are. Lupine flour intoxication is a particularly elusive diagnosis. Lupin consumption is likely to rise in the future due to increased interest in achieving its health benefits (high protein and fiber content). A high degree of clinical suspicion is needed to correctly identify and treat the intoxication. General population should be informed about how to correctly prepare lupine seeds, alerting about the potential risks of consumption in its unprocessed state. (AU)

COVID-19 preventives consumed in South Africa versus other Sub-Saharan African countries

Background: The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been of global concern as it has affected the health of many and the economies of nations. In order to strengthen the immune system against COVID-19, certain plant-source foods were consumed. Aim: This study was designed to identify and compare various special foods and drinks consumed to prevent COVID-19 during the lockdown in various sub-Saharan countries in comparison to South Africa (SA), as well as highlighting some current dietary recommendations. Setting: Online cross-sectional survey in six African countries, namely South Africa, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia and Kenya. Methods: After sample size determination, an online questionnaire was designed and content validated. The survey link was pretested on 25 people and then circulated for 6 weeks during total lockdown. The proportion of responses for each question were reported using descriptive statistics. Results: Half of the 817 participants surveyed were not consuming anything special for COVID-19 prevention. South Africans mostly reported the consumption of supplements or conventional medicines (mainly vitamin C and zinc) while for other countries, a variety of natural foods and drinks were mentioned ­ some having already proved helpful in boosting immune systems. They included infusions of spices with or without honey, fruits and vegetables, medicinal drinks and local beverages. Conclusion: Programmes and campaigns designed to increase awareness of dietary measures for COVID-19 prevention have proved beneficial and should be promoted. Analytical evaluation of the nutritional and health benefits and antiviral potentials of the identified special foods would help in determining which foods to prioritise and promote in the fight against COVID-19. Contribution: This study shows the possibility of finding dietary solutions for managing the pandemic and 'preventive' potentials of certain plant substances.

Surveys of food deserts and adherence to a Mediterranean dietamong university students / Encuestas de Desiertos Alimentarios y Adhesión a la dieta mediterránea en estudiantes eniversitarios

Objective: The objective of this study was to determineand describe the presence of institutional food deserts basedon access to healthy food via a level of adherence to aMediterranean diet in higher education Metropolitan Area institutions in Valle de Aburrá, Colombia.Materials and methods: The Food Deserts Survey -EDA and the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Test -KIDMED was administered to 419 university students.Results and Discussion: Results evidenced that participants had an average adherence (58.5%) to a Mediterranean diet, indicating that university students need to improve theirdietary pattern to adapt it to a Mediterranean model.Regarding the EDA, most reported that the food they consumed was nutritious (69.0%), fresh (77.3%) and healthy(61.3%). They stated they usually ate breakfast (74.7%),lunch (44.2%) and dinner (85.0%) at home during the week,and usually bought and consumed food in supermarkets andtraditional stores (73.3%).Conclusion: The study concluded that regardless of gender, participants need to improve their dietary pattern to adapt it to a Mediterranean model, which could indicate a hidden presence of food deserts.(AU)

Food choices of students with nutritional knowledge

Objective: This exploratory studyaims to identifyat the students who have acquired basic nutritional knowledge theoptions based of what healthy / less healthy foods mean, to what extent the conservatism / novelty is important in choosing products and how much independent / dependent their food choices are in fact. Methods: The methodology used in this paper consisted in drawing up a 38-item questionnaire by authors and its completion by 50 students who attended a nutrition course. Results: This study reveals on the following tree major lines: at the axis healthy versus unhealthy food choices there areno significant differences between the two categories (Paired samples test, t = 1.20, p = 0.235), at the axis choices based on conservatism versus novelty aresignificant results for conservatism (Paired samples test / t = 6.95, p = 0.000 )and at the axis choices based on decisional independence versus dependenceare significant results for independence (Paired samples test, t = 5.59, p = 0.000). Implication: Basically, this paper makes a clear radiography of the respondents' food choices and it may also provide through the questionnaire developed by us a starting point for developing new information, education and marketing strategies to promote the healthy food consumption.(AU)

Condição de trabalho e renda como fatores que influenciam na qualidade da alimentação do trabalhador / Working condition and income as factors that influence the quality of the worker's diet / Condición de trabajo y renta como factores que influyen en la calidad de la alimentación del trabajador

A alimentação é uma necessidade básica do ser humano, bem como um direito fundamental garantido pela Constituição Federal. É através de uma alimentação adequada, entre outros determinantes que a saúde se constitui. Considerando o mundo do trabalho, é importante ter um olhar ampliado ao trabalhador e suas condições de trabalho no que tange sua promoção de saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre como as condições de trabalho e renda impactam no acesso a uma alimentação de qualidade ao trabalhador e sua família. Utilizou-se como metodologia uma revisão de literatura entre 2011 e 2021. Resultados e Discussão: ressalta-se que embora haja a alternativa para o trabalhador formal acessar a alimentação dentro do local de trabalho, isso não garante que ele a realize com qualidade, uma vez que são vários fatores que impactam sobre esse processo. O trabalhador terceirizado e informal, além de não contar com esse recurso, conta com maior precarização das relações de trabalho. Conclusão: conclui-se que, em um contexto de desigualdade social e precarização das condições de trabalho é essencial pensar em ações junto a rede de atenção à saúde que possam garantir uma qualidade de vida no trabalho, bem como, dos direitos dos trabalhadores, incluindo uma alimentação adequada e saudável.

Food is a basic human need, as well as a fundamental right guaranteed by the Federal Constitution. It is through an adequate diet, among other determinants that health is constituted. Considering the world of work, it is important to have a broader view of the worker and his working conditions with regard to his health promotion. The purpose of this article is to reflect on how working conditions and income impact access to quality food for workers and their families. A documentary and bibliographic analysis of the 2011 to 2021. Results and discussion: it is noteworthy that although there is an alternative for formal workers to access food within the workplace, this does not guarantee that they will perform it with quality, since there are several factors that impact on this process. The outsourced and informal worker, in addition to not having this resource, has greater precariousness in labor relations. Conclusion: it is concluded that, in a context of social inequality and precarious working conditions, it is essential to think about actions within the health care network that can guarantee a quality of life at work, as well as workers' rights, including adequate and healthy food.

La alimentación es una necesidad básica del ser humano, así como un derecho fundamental garantizado por la Constitución Federal. Es a través de una alimentación adecuada, entre otros determinantes que se constituye la salud. Considerando el mundo del trabajo, es importante tener una visión más amplia del trabajador y de sus condiciones de trabajo en relación a la promoción de su salud. El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre cómo las condiciones de trabajo y los ingresos influyen en el acceso a una alimentación de calidad para los trabajadores y sus familias. Un análisis documental y bibliográfico del 2011 al 2021. Resultados y discusión: destaca que si bien existe una alternativa para que los trabajadores formales accedan a la alimentación dentro del centro de trabajo, esto no garantiza que la realicen con calidad, ya que existen diversos factores que inciden en este proceso. El trabajador tercerizado e informal, además de no contar con este recurso, tiene mayor precariedad en las relaciones laborales. Conclusión: se concluye que, en un contexto de desigualdad social y precarización de las condiciones de trabajo, es fundamental pensar en acciones dentro de la red asistencial que puedan garantizar la calidad de vida en el trabajo, así como los derechos de los trabajadores, incluyendo una alimentación adecuada y saludable.

Caracterización de patrones alimentarios al inicio de la pandemia por covid 19 en chile / Characterization of the dietary profile of the old adults in Ibero-american during of pandemic by COVID 19

Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil alimentario de las Personas Mayores de Iberoamérica en tiempos de pandemia por COVID 19.Material y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico en 12 países de Iberoamérica, se aplicó una encuesta en línea que incluyó preguntas sociodemográficas y un cuestionario de Ingesta de Alimentos que incluyo la frecuencia de consumo para verduras, bebidas azucaradas, legumbres, lácteos y porción de los alimentos.Resultados: La muestra quedó conformada por 624 participantes, 72,1% (n= 450) de mujeres. El 54,7% de mujeres no consume bebidas azucaradas, en cambio en hombres un 54% consume al menos un vaso al día (p=0,012). El 35,6% de hombres consumieron ≥3 por semana legumbres versus el 23% mujeres (p=0,020). El 37,3% de las mujeres consumen ≥2 porciones diarias de lácteos, en hombres solo un 28,1% (p= 0,030). Las mujeres presentan un mayor consumo de verduras (44,7%, n= 201) respecto de los hombres (28,7%), (p=0,001). El 17,4% de la muestra total aumentó el tamaño de la porción de alimentos, sin do mayor en mujeres (p=0.005).Conclusión: Las mujeres presentan hábitos alimentarios más saludables que los hombres en base a frutas, verduras, por otra parte, la variación del tamaño se observa un incremento en especial en mujeres lo que puede relacionarse con el aumento de la obesidad.(AU)

Objective: To characterize the food profile of the OlderPeople of Ibero-America in times of the COVID 19 pandemic.Material and methods: Multicenter study in 12 Ibero-American countries, an online survey was applied thatincluded sociodemographic questions and a Food Intakequestionnaire that included the frequency of consumption forvegetables, sugary drinks, legumes, dairy products andportion of food.Results: The sample was made up of 624 participants,72.1% (n= 450) of women. 54.7% of women do not consumesugary drinks, while in men 54% consume at least one glassa day (p=0.012). 35.6% of men consumed ≥3 legumes perweek versus 23% of women (p=0.020). 37.3% of womenconsume ≥2 daily servings of dairy products, in men only28.1% (p= 0.030). Women have a higher consumption ofvegetables (44.7%, n= 201) compared to men (28.7%),(p=0.001). 17.4% of the total sample increased the size ofthe food portion, being higher in women (p=0.005).Conclusion: Women have healthier eating habits thanmen based on fruits, vegetables, on the other hand, thevariation in size increases, especially in women.(AU)

Healthy lives, education and wealth: ecological relationships in social resilience

[EXTRACT]. A key feature of this special supplement of the Pan American Journal of Public Health is its focus on the state of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean. The negative value chain impact is its effects on economic growth and childhood educational outcomes. Thus, there is an ecological relationship between interventions to support dietary diversity, improving successful transitions from school to work and economic growth in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Since the 2007 Declaration of Port of Spain the region has made insufficient strides towards realizing the vision of reducing childhood obesity. In 2015, the Council for Trade and Economic Development (COTED) endorsed a 6-Point Policy Package (6-PPP) to promote healthy food environments and reduce the incidence of childhood obesity. The strategy supports the Caribbean Plan of Action to Prevent Childhood Obesity and the 6-PPP comprises mandatory food labelling, nutrition standards and guidelines for schools and other institutions, food marketing and portion sizes, nutritional quality of food supply (levels of harmful ingredients), trade and fiscal policies, and food chain incentives, particularly for fruits and vegetables.

Propuesta metodológica para explorar la compra de alimentos saludables y sostenibles en servicios de alimentación / Methodological proposal to explore the healthy and sustainable food service purchasing

Objetivo: Describir la metodología utilizada para explorar aspectos nutricionales y de sostenibilidad en la compra de alimentos realizada por los servicios de alimentación institucional. Método: La fuente de información fueron las listas de la compra de alimentos. Este documento incluye información sobre los ingredientes utilizados para la elaboración de las comidas. A través del análisis de contenido es posible conocer las cantidades (kg), las variedades (n), el origen (agricultores locales/otros proveedores) y la forma de producción (ecológicos/convencionales) de los alimentos adquiridos. Conclusión: La metodología descrita permite obtener una visión más amplia de la calidad de las comidas ofrecidas en los servicios de alimentación, incorporando, además de aspectos nutricionales, la perspectiva de sostenibilidad. (AU)

Objective: Describe the methodology used to explore sustainability and nutritional aspects of institutional food service purchasing. Method: The source of information is the purchasing list. This document includes information on the ingredients used to prepare meals, such as the quantity (kg), variety (n), origin (local farmers or other suppliers) and type of production (organic or conventional) of food items. Conclusion: The described methodology allows obtain a wider vision of the quality of the meals offered in the food services. In addition to nutritional aspects, this methodology incorporates the perspective of sustainability. (AU)

Efectos del estrés agudo en la ingesta de alimentos en estudiantes universitarios emocionalmente sanos / Effects of acute stress on food intake in emotionally healthy university students

Introducción y objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la relación entre el estrés agudo y la ingesta de alimentos utilizando una muestra de personas sin trastornos emocionales. Con el fin de manipular el estrés y evaluar la relación antes mencionada, se diseñó un escenario experimental, a través de una versión modificada del protocolo de inducción del estrés social, Trial Stress Social Test (TSST). Material y métodos: La muestra final incluyó a 82 participantes entre las edades de 18 y 30 años, que fueron asignados aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Los participantes asistieron a dos sesiones. Al principio, respondieron cuestionarios que recopilaban información sobre estrés - para garantizar la equivalencia de los grupos antes de cualquier exposición al experimento-. En la segunda sesión, para cada actividad asociada con el protocolo TSST, se evaluó el estrés percibido. Además, se evaluó la ingesta de alimentos. Para el análisis, se controlaron estadísticamente seis covariables: edad, sexo, IMC, alimentación emocional, restricción de alimentos y food craving. Además, la ingesta de alimentos se evaluó con la categoría: cantidad de alimentos poco saludables. Resultados: A través del análisis de regresión logística, se descubrió que, en condiciones de estrés agudo, una persona sana podría tener una mayor ingesta de alimentos poco saludables.Conclusiones: Las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de los resultados contribuyen al desarrollo de investigaciones futuras en el campo de estudio.(AU)

Introduction and objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between acute stress and food intake using a sample of people without emotional disturbances. In order to manipulate the stress and evaluate the aforementioned relationship, an experimental scenario was designed, through a version modified of the Social Stress induction protocol, Trial Stress Social Test (TSST). Material and methods: The final sample included 82 participants between the ages of 18 and 30 years, who were randomly assigned into two groups. Participants attended two sessions. In the beginning, they answered questionnaires that gathered information about: stress to guarantee the equivalence of the groups before any exposure to the experiment. In the second session, for each activity associated with the TSST protocol, the perceived stress was evaluated. Also, the food intake was evaluated. For the analysis, six covariates were statistically controlled: age, sex, BMI, emotional eating, food restriction and food craving. In addition, food intake was evaluated with the category: quantity of unhealthy food. Results: Through logistic regression analysis, it was found that, under acute stress conditions, a healthy person might have a higher intake of unhealthy food. Conclusions: Theoretical and practical implications of the results contribute in developing future research in the field of study.(AU)

Associação entre comer intuitivo e consumo alimentar no diabetes tipo 2: um estudo baseado na classificação NOVA / Association between intuitive eating and food intake in type 2 diabetes: a study based on the NOVA classification

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre alimentação intuitiva e padrão alimentar, segundo a classificação NOVA, em uma população com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal em pacientes atendidos em um hospital universitário de Vitória-ES, Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado, e o consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo nível de processamento de acordo com a classificação NOVA. O comer intuitivo foi analisado pela Intuitive Eating Scale-2. Foram avaliados 179 indivíduos, em sua maioria mulheres e idosos. A chance de os indivíduos consumirem alimentos não processados ou minimamente processados dobrou nos participantes que tinham feito dieta (OR = 2,149; IC95% = 1,142-4,045; p = 0,018). Em contraste, comer com permissão incondicional reduziu as chances de os participantes consumirem esse grupo de alimentos em 52,7% (OR = 0,473; IC95% = 0,235-0,952; p = 0,036). Além disso, as chances de os participantes consumirem alimentos ultraprocessados foram 2,34 vezes maiores naqueles que tinham DM2 há mais de 10 anos (OR = 2,344; IC95% = 1,114-4,933; p = 0,025). Ao avaliar o comer intuitivo, observou-se que comer em congruência com as necessidades corporais reduziu em 45% as chances de o indivíduo consumir alimentos ultraprocessados (OR = 0,547; IC95% = 0,309-0,968; p = 0,038). Portanto, as subescalas do comer intuitivo foram diferentemente associadas ao consumo alimentar de acordo com o nível de processamento de alimentos em indivíduos com DM2.

This work aimed to evaluate the association between intuitive eating and dietary pattern, according to the NOVA classification, in a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This was an observational cross-sectional study in patients at a university hospital in Vitória-ES, Brazil. For data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, and food intake was assessed by the level of processing according to the NOVA classification. Intuitive eating was assessed by the Intuitive Eating Scale-2, and 179 individuals, mostly female and elderly, were evaluated. The chance of individuals consuming unprocessed or minimally processed foods was doubled in those participants who had dieted (OR=2.149; CI95%=1.142-4.045; p=0.018). In contrast, eating with unconditional permission reduced the chances of participants consuming this group of foods by 52.7% (OR=0.473; CI95%=0.235-0.952; p=0.036). Moreover, the chances of participants consuming ultra-processed foods was increased by 2.34 times in those having T2DM for more than 10 years (OR=2.344; CI95%=1.114-4.933; p=0.025). When assessing intuitive eating, it was observed that eating in congruence with bodily needs reduced the chances of the individual consuming ultra-processed foods by 45% (OR=0.547; CI95%=0.309-0.968; p=0.038). Therefore, the subscales of intuitive eating were associated differently with food intake according to the level of food processing in individuals with T2DM

Hacia rutas saludables: efecto de las etiquetas nutricionales en las conductas alimentarias en un comedor universitario / Towards healthy pathways: Effect of nutrition labels on eating behaviours in a university canteen

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de incluir información nutricional y de propiedades de los alimentos en un comedor universitario de Salamanca (España), para promover las conductas alimentarias saludables. Diseño: Estudio experimental y correlacional transversal. Emplazamiento: Comedor universitario de Salamanca (España). Participantes: En el experimento se recogió información de la elección de 1.122 menús por parte de estudiantes universitarios. El cuestionario fue respondido por 48 estudiantes universitarios que participaron en el experimento. Medidores principales: Metodología mixta (experimento de campo y cuestionario en línea). La variable independiente fue la inclusión o no de información nutricional de los menús. Con el cuestionario se evaluó la actitud de los estudiantes sobre este tipo de herramientas. Resultados: El experimento muestra una mejora en la dieta de los estudiantes universitarios con la inclusión de elementos informativos que apelan a la elección más saludable, aumentando su consumo de fruta, verduras, legumbres, pescado y carne blanca. Los encuestados mostraron un alto grado de receptividad de estas herramientas para la promoción de la salud. A pesar de esto, su autopercepción de mejoría de la dieta era más optimista que lo cuantificado en el experimento. Los estudiantes universitarios muestran un grado de aprobación muy alto frente a otras herramientas de promoción de alimentación saludable, especialmente aquellas de carácter educativo e informativo. Se comprobó que una preocupación mayor por la dieta estaba asociada con un mayor apoyo de estas herramientas. Conclusión: Existe una mejora en la alimentación de los estudiantes universitarios y una actitud positiva frente a herramientas de promoción de la salud, especialmente por parte de quienes tienen una autopercepción más saludable.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of including nutritional and food properties information in a university canteen in Salamanca (Spain) to promote healthy eating behaviours. Design: Experimental and correlational cross-sectional study. Location: University Dining Hall of Salamanca (Spain). Participants: In the experiment, information was collected on the choice of 1122 menus by university students. The questionnaire was answered by 48 university students who participated in the experiment. Main measurements: Mixed methodology (field experiment and online questionnaire). The independent variable was the inclusion or not of nutritional information from the menus. The questionnaire was used to evaluate the students’ attitude towards this type of tool. Results: The experiment shows an improvement in the diet of university students with the inclusion of information elements that appeal to the healthiest choice, increasing their consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, fish and white meat. The students surveyed showed a high degree of receptivity to these health promotion tools. Despite this, their self-perception of dietary improvement was more optimistic than that quantified in the experiment. University students showed a very high degree of approval of other health promotion tools, especially those of an educational and informative nature. A greater concern for diet was associated with greater support for these tools. Conclusion: There is an improvement in the diet of university students and a positive attitude towards health promotion tools, especially by those with a healthier self-perception. There is a need for new tools based on behavioural sciences in health promotion by private industry and public entities.(AU)

Evaluación del etiquetado frontal de advertencia de la Ley de Alimentos en adultos responsables de escolares de las comunas de La Serena y Coquimbo / Evaluation of the front-of-package warning labels of the Chilean Food Law by adults responsible for schoolchildren in the districts of La Serena and Coquimbo

RESUMEN Una política pública creada para abordar el problema de la obesidad en Chile, es la Ley de Alimentos del año 2016 y su Reglamento que incluye etiquetado frontal de advertencia. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar el reconocimiento, juicio de valor y utilización del etiquetado frontal de advertencia descrito en la reglamentación, en personas responsables de escolares de las comunas de La Serena y Coquimbo. En estudio transversal, se aplicaron 543 encuestas personales en 22 establecimientos educacionales seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se utilizó prueba de Chi-cuadrado para bondad de ajuste y tablas de contingencia, se consideró significativo un valor p<0,05. El 98,7% reconoció los sellos de advertencia, principalmente en los envases. El 86,2% valoró como no saludable su presencia y 68,1%, como saludable su ausencia. La comparación de sellos fue realizada por el 67,5% de los encuestados, de los cuales un 97,4% eligió los alimentos con menor cantidad de sellos. El 91,3% señaló que disminuyó la cantidad de alimentos comprados con presencia de sellos en relación al período anterior a la vigencia de la Ley. Los sellos de advertencia son conocidos, entendidos y considerados en la selección de los alimentos.

ABSTRACT The Chilean Food Law of 2016 was a public policy created to address the problem of obesity in Chile and includes front-of-package warning labeling. The objective of the study is to evaluate the recognition, value judgment and use of the front-of-package warning labels described in the regulation, among caretakers of schoolchildren, in the districts of La Serena and Coquimbo, Chile. A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 543 personal surveys were applied in 22 educational establishments selected by stratified probability sampling. Chi-square goodness of fit test and contingency tables were used, a p value<0.05 was considered significant. Almost all caretakers surveyed (98.7%) recognized warning labels, mainly in packaging, 82% of the participants rated the presence of the labels as unhealthy and 68.1% reported the absence of the label indicated a healthy food. The label comparison was made by 67.5% of the respondents, of which 97.4% chose foods with fewer labels. 91.3% indicated that the quantity of food purchased with warning labels decreased in relation to the period before the law was launched. Warning labels are known, understood, and considered in food selection.