Association between cortisol levels and performance in clinical simulation: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify how stress measured by salivary cortisol during clinical simulation-based education, or simulation and another teaching method, impacts performance. METHOD: Systematic review of the association between cortisol and performance in simulations. The following databases were used: PubMed, LIVIVO, Scopus, EMBASE, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and Web of Science. Additional searches of gray literature were carried out on Google Scholar and Proquest. The searches took place on March 20, 2023. The risk of bias of randomized clinical trials was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2). Inclusion criteria were: simulation studies with salivary cortisol collection and performance evaluation, published in any period in Portuguese, English and Spanish. RESULTS: 11 studies were included which measured stress using salivary cortisol and were analyzed using descriptive synthesis and qualitative analysis. CONCLUSION: Some studies have shown a relationship between stress and performance, which may be beneficial or harmful to the participant. However, other studies did not show this correlation, which may not have been due to methodological issues.

Clinical simulation as a Nursing Fundamentals teaching method: a quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate students' knowledge gain after the implementation of clinical simulation in Nursing Fundamentals disciplines. METHODS: a quasi-experimental intervention was carried out with 60 students, distributed in comparison and intervention groups, who underwent traditional teaching and traditional teaching associated with simulated teaching, respectively. Pre-test and post-test instruments were applied to both groups. RESULTS: after analyzing the students' performance through the applied instruments, both groups had a cognitive evolution along with the taught content, however, when compared, the intervention group obtained a higher knowledge gain than the comparison group (p = 0.016), demonstrating progressive and increasing improvement with the use of the methodology. CONCLUSIONS: simulated teaching significantly helps students in gaining technical-cognitive knowledge. Therefore, it is recommended to adhere to the use of this methodology for teaching Nursing Fundamentals.

Web-Based Virtual Learning Environment for Medicine Administration in Pediatrics and Neonatology: Content Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, patient safety has been a widely discussed topic and has currently become one of the greatest challenges for health institutions. This concern is heightened when referring to children. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to develop a virtual learning environment for medication administration, as a tool to facilitate the training process of undergraduate nursing students. METHODS: Descriptive research and methodological development with a quantitative and qualitative approach were used with stages of design-based research as methodological strategies. For the development of the virtual environment, 5 themes were selected: rights of medication administration, medication administration steps, medication administration routes, medication calculation, and nonpharmacological actions for pain relief. After development, 2 groups-expert judges in the field of pediatrics and neonatology for environment validation and undergraduate nursing students for the assessment-were used to assess the virtual learning environment. For the validation of the virtual learning environment by expert judges, the content validity index was used, and for the evaluation of the students, the percentage of agreement was calculated. RESULTS: The study included 13 experts who positively validated the virtual environment with a content validity index of 0.97, and 26 students who considered the content suitable for nursing students, although some adjustments are necessary. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the benefit of the virtual learning environment to the training of nursing students and professional nurses who work in health care. It is an effective educational tool for teaching medication administration in pediatrics and neonatology and converges with the conjectures of active methodologies.

Association between cortisol levels and performance in clinical simulation: a systematic review / Asociación entre los niveles de cortisol y el rendimiento en simulación clínica: revisión sistemática / Associação entre nível de cortisol e desempenho em simulação clínica: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify how stress measured by salivary cortisol during clinical simulation-based education, or simulation and another teaching method, impacts performance. Method: Systematic review of the association between cortisol and performance in simulations. The following databases were used: PubMed, LIVIVO, Scopus, EMBASE, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and Web of Science. Additional searches of gray literature were carried out on Google Scholar and Proquest. The searches took place on March 20, 2023. The risk of bias of randomized clinical trials was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2). Inclusion criteria were: simulation studies with salivary cortisol collection and performance evaluation, published in any period in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: 11 studies were included which measured stress using salivary cortisol and were analyzed using descriptive synthesis and qualitative analysis. Conclusion: Some studies have shown a relationship between stress and performance, which may be beneficial or harmful to the participant. However, other studies did not show this correlation, which may not have been due to methodological issues.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar cómo el estrés medido por el cortisol salival durante la enseñanza basada en la simulación clínica, o la simulación y otro método de enseñanza, influye en el rendimiento. Método: Revisión sistemática de la asociación entre cortisol y rendimiento en simulaciones. Se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, LIVIVO, Scopus, EMBASE, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS) y Web of Science. Se realizaron búsquedas adicionales de literatura gris en Google Scholar y Proquest. Las búsquedas se realizaron el 20 de marzo de 2023. El riesgo de sesgo de los ensayos clínicos aleatorios se evaluó mediante la Herramienta de Riesgo de Sesgo (RoB 2) de la Colaboración Cochrane. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: estudios de simulación con recogida de cortisol salival y evaluación del rendimiento, publicados en cualquier periodo en portugués, inglés y español. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 estudios que midieron el estrés mediante cortisol salival y se analizaron mediante síntesis descriptiva y análisis cualitativo. Conclusión: Algunos estudios mostraron una relación entre el estrés y el rendimiento, que puede ser beneficiosa o perjudicial para el participante. Sin embargo, otros estudios no mostraron esta correlación, lo que puede no haberse debido a cuestiones metodológicas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar como o estresse mensurado por cortisol salivar durante a educação baseada em simulação clínica ou simulação e outro método de ensino, tem impacto no desempenho. Método: Revisão sistemática da associação do cortisol com o desempenho em simulações. Foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, LIVIVO, Scopus, EMBASE, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Web of Science. Pesquisa adicional de literatura cinzenta foi realizada no Google Scholar e no Proquest. As buscas ocorreram em 20 de março de 2023. O risco de viés dos ensaios clínicos randomizados, foi avaliado pela ferramenta Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2). Foram critérios de inclusão: estudos de simulação com coleta de cortisol salivar e avaliação de desempenho, publicados em qualquer período em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: 11 estudos foram incluídos, os quais mensuraram o estresse utilizando o cortisol salivar e analisados através da síntese descritiva e da análise qualitativa. Conclusão: Alguns estudos mostraram haver relação entre estresse e desempenho, podendo ser benéfico ou prejudicial ao participante. Porém, outros estudos não apresentaram essa correlação que pode não ter ocorrido por questões metodológicas.

Clinical simulation as a Nursing Fundamentals teaching method: a quasi-experimental study / La simulación clínica como método de enseñanza en la Enfermería Fundamental: un estudio casi-experimental / A simulação clínica como método de ensino na Enfermagem Fundamental: um estudo quase-experimental

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate students' knowledge gain after the implementation of clinical simulation in Nursing Fundamentals disciplines. Methods: a quasi-experimental intervention was carried out with 60 students, distributed in comparison and intervention groups, who underwent traditional teaching and traditional teaching associated with simulated teaching, respectively. Pre-test and post-test instruments were applied to both groups. Results: after analyzing the students' performance through the applied instruments, both groups had a cognitive evolution along with the taught content, however, when compared, the intervention group obtained a higher knowledge gain than the comparison group (p = 0.016), demonstrating progressive and increasing improvement with the use of the methodology. Conclusions: simulated teaching significantly helps students in gaining technical-cognitive knowledge. Therefore, it is recommended to adhere to the use of this methodology for teaching Nursing Fundamentals.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar implementación de simulación clínica en asignaturas pautadas en la Enfermería Fundamental cuanto a la adquisición de conocimiento por discente. Métodos: realizó una intervención casi-experimental con 60 estudiantes, distribuidos en grupos de comparación e intervención, los cuales hicieron uso de la enseñanza tradicional y enseñanza tradicional relacionada a enseñanza simulada, respectivamente. Fueron aplicados instrumentos de pretest y postest a ambos grupos. Resultados: analizado el desempeño de los estudiantes mediante los instrumentos aplicados, ambos los grupos tuvieron una evolución cognitiva al largo del contenido ministrado, pero, cuando comparados, el grupo de intervención obtuvo una adquisición de conocimiento superior al grupo de comparación (p = 0,016), demostrando mejora progresiva y creciente con el uso de la metodología utilizada. Conclusiones: la enseñanza simulada auxilia de manera significativa en la adquisición de conocimiento técnico-cognitivo de los estudiantes. Así, se recomienda adherir al uso de esa metodología en la enseñanza de la Enfermería Fundamental.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a implementação da simulação clínica nas disciplinas pautadas na Enfermagem Fundamental quanto ao ganho de conhecimento pelo discente. Métodos: realizou-se uma intervenção quase-experimental com 60 estudantes, distribuídos em grupos de comparação e de intervenção, os quais fizeram uso do ensino tradicional e do ensino tradicional associado ao ensino simulado, respectivamente. Foram aplicados instrumentos de pré-teste e pós-teste a ambos grupos. Resultados: analisado o desempenho dos estudantes por meio dos instrumentos aplicados, ambos os grupos tiveram uma evolução cognitiva ao longo do conteúdo ministrado, porém, quando comparados, o grupo de intervenção obteve um ganho de conhecimento superior ao grupo de comparação (p = 0,016), demonstrando melhora progressiva e crescente com o uso da metodologia utilizada. Conclusões: o ensino simulado auxilia de maneira significativa no ganho de conhecimento técnico-cognitivo dos estudantes. Sendo assim, recomenda-se aderir ao uso dessa metodologia no ensino da Enfermagem Fundamental.