RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Bacterial resistances to antimicrobial drugs pose serious public health challenges. The observed increase of resistances is attributed to the uncontrolled, massive and often unnecessary administration of antibiotics both in human and veterinary medicine. To support the responsible use of antimicrobials in animals and help veterinarians selecting the most suitable antimicrobial drugs, we developed the AntibioticScout.ch as a comprehensive decision supporting tool providing online access to the current knowledge of rational antibiotic prescription practices. User-friendly search functions allow for the fast and efficient retrieval of information that is structured in this database by animal species, organ systems and therapeutic indications. In addition, an online form allows to report treatment failures in order to identify problematic cases as well as ensuing risks and take appropriate mitigation measures. The present report describes the workflow of this decision support system applied to the prudent use of antimicrobials in companion animal medicine.
INTRODUCTION: Les résistances bactériennes face aux substances antimicrobiennes placent le système de santé face à de grands défis. L'augmentation des résistances est attribuée à une utilisation mal dirigée, massive et souvent inutile d'antibiotiques tant en médecine humaine qu'en médecine vétérinaire. Afin d'encourager une utilisation responsable des substances antimicrobiennes en médecine vétérinaire et pour soutenir les vétérinaires lors du choix de l'antibiotique adapté, on a créé, avec AntibioticScout. ch, une aide à la décision de grande envergure qui permet de recourir à chaque instant aux principes de prescription reconnus de la médecine fondée sur les faits (Evidence Based Medicine). La banque de données est structurée par espèces animales, systèmes d'organes et indications et un moteur de recherche intuitif garantit de trouver rapidement et efficacement les informations. D'autre part un formulaire en ligne pour l'annonce d'une inefficacité est proposé afin de reconnaitre les cas à problèmes et les risques en vue d'améliorer l'aide au diagnostic. La présente contribution pour but de démontrer l'utilisation d'AntibioticScout pour un usage prudent des antibiotiques en médecine des petits animaux.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Medicina Veterinária/métodos , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Gatos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Feminino , Animais de Estimação , Pioderma/tratamento farmacológico , Pioderma/veterinária , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Respiratórias/veterinária , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/veterináriaRESUMO
A 14-year-old neutered male cat presenting with chronic vomiting had 2 masses within the submucosa of the stomach that were excised. They presented histologically as circumscribed, submucosal masses consisting of diffusely arranged medium-sized round cells with a moderate amount of cytoplasm and interspersed eosinophils, separated by trabecular fibroblastic stroma. The overlying mucosa was diffusely infiltrated by the same round cells, and marked epitheliotropism was present. Neoplastic cells labelled positive for CD3 and negative for CD79a and CD117. Giemsa staining and silver staining (SNOBA) were also negative. A T-cell lymphoma with reactive fibroplasia was diagnosed, and differential diagnoses including mast cell tumor and feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia could be excluded.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Linfoma de Células T/veterinária , Neoplasias Gástricas/veterinária , Animais , Corantes Azur , Complexo CD3/metabolismo , Doenças do Gato/cirurgia , Gatos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Mucosa Gástrica/citologia , Técnicas Histológicas/veterinária , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Linfoma de Células T/diagnóstico , Linfoma de Células T/patologia , Linfoma de Células T/cirurgia , Masculino , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirurgia , SuíçaRESUMO
A 3-year-old female intact Miniature Australian Shepherd presented with convulsive status epilepticus after milbemycinoxime administration in the recommended dosage. In addition to continuous intravenous antiepileptic therapy the dog had to be ventilated for 36 hours due to aspiration pneumonia. After extubation control of intermittent tonic-clonic seizures required a constant-rate-infusion of propofol for another 96 hours, before it could be discontinued on day 5. The patient had fully recovered by day 10. The dog was known to be homozygous for the MDR1-gene mutation. So far milbemycinoxime was regarded a save drug in MDR1-deficient dogs. However, the present case suggests using the lowest possible dosage in MDR1-deficient dogs and pet owners should be advised of potential complications.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Cão/induzido quimicamente , Genes MDR , Macrolídeos/efeitos adversos , Estado Epiléptico/veterinária , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Animais , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/genética , Cães , Feminino , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Pneumonia Aspirativa/induzido quimicamente , Pneumonia Aspirativa/terapia , Pneumonia Aspirativa/veterinária , Propofol/administração & dosagem , Estado Epiléptico/induzido quimicamente , Estado Epiléptico/tratamento farmacológico , Estado Epiléptico/genéticaRESUMO
AIMS: To characterize the specificity and effect of pH and ionic strength on the kinetics of virus binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA)-conjugated magnetic beads. METHODS AND RESULTS: HBGAs from porcine gastric mucin (PGM) have been conjugated to magnetic beads (PGM-MB) for concentration of NoV. A GII.4 virus was used for the detailed binding kinetics study and a panel of genogroup I (GI) NoVs, genogroup II (GII) NoVs and recombinant NoVs (rNoVs) were used for specificity and binding efficiency assays. We determined that NoV can be captured after 15min of incubation with PGM-MB, and virus recovery efficiency is decreased after extended incubation times. rNoV binding as measured by ELISA and NoV recovery as measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), were both enhanced significantly at acidic pH conditions. rNoV binding to PGM as measured by ELISA was increased up to 66%. While real-time RT-PCR analyses suggest that NoV could be concentrated as much as 1000-fold at neutral pH, up to 3·4-fold further increase of NoV recovery was achieved by adjusting the pH of the sample to 3·0-4·2. Variation between GI and GII viral binding to the PGM-MB at basic pH was observed. All five GI rNoVs tested and 6 of 9 GII rNoVs were captured by PGM. All eight GI strains tested were concentrated by PGM-MB, ranging from 28-fold (GI.4) to 1502-fold (GI.1). Eleven of 13 GII strains were concentrated from 30-fold (GII.5) to 1014-fold (GII.4, lab strain) by PGM-MB. GI and GII rNoVs viral capsid proteins were recovered with high salt conditions, but results were inconsistent for whole virus recovery. CONCLUSIONS: All GI and 85% of GII NoVs tested could be captured and concentrated by PGM-MB method. The binding occurred rapidly and was enhanced at low pH. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These results facilitated development of a prototype method for sensitive detection of NoV in samples requiring larger volumes.
Assuntos
Separação Imunomagnética , Norovirus/metabolismo , Virologia/métodos , Ligação Viral , Animais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Mucinas Gástricas/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Norovirus/genética , RNA/isolamento & purificação , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , SuínosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Dogs with hypercortisolism are predisposed to developing bacteriuria associated either with clinical signs of cystitis or without clinical signs (subclinical bacteriuria). Based on current guidelines, dogs with subclinical bacteriuria should not be treated with antibiotics because there is no evidence that treatment improves outcome and because unnecessary treatments should be avoided. Before these guidelines were published in 2019, dogs with hypercortisolism and bacteriuria were commonly treated with antibiotics irrespective of clinical signs. Comprehensive data on the frequency of bacterial cystitis, subclinical bacteriuria and the outcome of antimicrobial treatment in dogs with hypercortisolism is sparse. The aims of this study were to investigate dogs with hypercortisolism for the presence of bacterial cystitis and subclinical bacteriuria, to address the pathogens involved, and to assess the outcome of antibiotic treatment. Dogs newly diagnosed with hypercortisolism between 2005 and 2015 from which a urine bacterial culture was available were included. Statistical analysis was performed with non-parametric tests. Of the 161 client-owned dogs included, 29 (18%) showed bacteriuria, which was subclinical in 24 (83%) cases. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated pathogen (58%). Bacteriuria was not associated with sex or neutering status. In 14 dogs, follow-up data was available, of which 13 (93%) were treated with antimicrobials for 14 to 28 days. Follow-up bacterial culture (1 to 118 days after cessation of therapy) was negative in 10 (77%) treated dogs; a negative follow-up culture was not associated with gender, age or duration of treatment. Bacteriuria persisted in three treated dogs and the one untreated dog. The prevalence of positive bacterial urinary culture in dogs with hypercortisolism was lower than previously reported. In the majority of dogs, bacteriuria was subclinical. Most dogs had a negative bacterial culture result after antimicrobial treatment; however, more resistant bacteria were detected in persistently positive urine.
INTRODUCTION: Les chiens atteints d'hypercortisolisme ont tendance à développer une bactériurie associée avec ou sans signes cliniques de cystite. Selon les recommandations de traitement actuelles, les chiens atteints de bactériurie subclinique ne doivent pas être traités avec des antibiotiques, car il n'y a aucune preuve d'une amélioration du succès du traitement et des traitements inutiles doivent être évités. Avant la publication de ces lignes directrices en 2019, les chiens atteints de hypercortisolisme et de bactériurie étaient traités de façon standard avec des antibiotiques, quels que soient les symptômes cliniques. Les données sur la fréquence de la cystite bactérienne, de la bactériurie subclinique et du résultat du traitement antimicrobien chez les chiens atteints d'hypercortisolisme sont rares. Le but de cette étude était d'examiner des chiens souffrant d'hypercortisolisme quant à la présence d'une cystite bactérienne et d'une bactériurie subclinique, d'identifier les agents pathogènes impliqués et d'évaluer le succès thérapeutique du traitement antibiotique. Cent soixante et un chiens, diagnostiqués avec hypercortisolisme entre 2005 et 2015 et chez qui une culture bactérienne urinaire était disponible, ont été utilisés. L'analyse statistique a été réalisée avec des tests non paramétriques. Une bactériurie a été diagnostiquée chez 29 (18%) des chiens avec hypercortisolisme, de façon subclinique dans 24 (83%) cas. Escherichia coli était le pathogène le plus fréquemment isolé (58%). Il n'y avait aucune association entre la bactériurie et le sexe ou le statut de castration. Des données de suivi étaient disponibles chez 14 chiens, dont 13 (93%) ont été traités avec des antibiotiques pendant 14 à 28 jours. La culture bactérienne (1 à 118 jours après la fin du traitement) a été négative chez 10 chiens (77%) traités. Il n'y avait aucune différence entre le sexe, l'âge ou la durée du traitement. Une bactériurie persistante a été observée chez trois chiens traités et un chien non traité. La prévalence de la culture bactérienne d'urine positive chez les chiens atteints d'hypercortisolisme était moins fréquente que celle publiée précédemment. Chez la majorité des chiens, la bactériurie était subclinique. La plupart des chiens avaient une culture bactérienne négative après un traitement antimicrobien; cependant, les cultures d'urine positives persistantes ont démontré des germes plus résistants aux antibiotiques.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriúria/veterinária , Síndrome de Cushing/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/veterinária , Animais , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bacteriúria/complicações , Bacteriúria/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriúria/microbiologia , Síndrome de Cushing/complicações , Síndrome de Cushing/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Cães , Infecções Urinárias/complicações , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Acromegaly due to a pituitary tumor has so far only been described in 3 dogs. The present case report describes a 7-year-old male-castrated Labrador Retriever which was referred because of difficult-to-control diabetes. Physical examination revealed markedly enlarged head, tongue and paws, widened interdental spaces and thickening of the skin in the head and neck area. IGF-1 and GH were increased and the latter continued to be abnormal after somatostatin application. Computed tomography demonstrated a space-occupying lesion in the pituitary gland and the diagnosis of acromegaly due to a GH-producing tumor of the pituitary was made. The dog underwent radiation therapy with a 6MV linear accelerator (3×8Gy) and improved substantially. Two and a half years after radiation therapy the dog developed lethargy and anorexia and was euthanized. Necropsy was not permitted. This case report represents the description of a dog suffering from pituitary-dependent acromegaly which was successfully treated and had a long-term survival.
INTRODUCTION: L'acromégalie due à une tumeur hypophysaire n'a jusqu'à présent été décrite que chez 3 chiens. Le présent rapport de cas décrit un Labrador Retriever de 7 ans mâle castré, qui a été référé en raison d'un diabète difficile à contrôler. L'examen physique a révélé une tête, une langue et des pattes de taille nettement augmentée, des espaces interdentaires élargis et un épaississement de la peau dans la région de la tête et du cou. L'IGF-1 et la GH étaient augmentées et la seconde restait anormale après l'application de somatostatine. La tomodensitométrie a mis en évidence une masse dans la région de l'hypophyse et le diagnostic d'acromégalie due à une tumeur de l'hypophyse productrice de GH a été posé. Le chien a subi une radiothérapie avec un accélérateur linéaire de 6MV (3×8Gy) et son état s'est considérablement amélioré. Deux ans et demi après la radiothérapie, le chien développa une léthargie et une anorexie et fut euthanasié. L'autopsie n'a pas été autorisée. Ce rapport de cas représente la description d'un chien souffrant d'acromégalie dépendant de l'hypophyse, traité avec succès et ayant une survie à long terme.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/terapia , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Cães , Hormônio do Crescimento/sangue , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/sangue , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/diagnóstico , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/terapia , Hormônios/uso terapêutico , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/análise , Masculino , Radioterapia/veterinária , Somatostatina/uso terapêutico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thyrotropin (TSH) can be increased in humans with primary hypoadrenocorticism (HA) before glucocorticoid treatment. Increase in TSH is a typical finding of primary hypothyroidism and both diseases can occur concurrently (Schmidt's syndrome); therefore, care must be taken in assessing thyroid function in untreated human patients with HA. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate whether alterations in cTSH can be observed in dogs with HA in absence of primary hypothyroidism. ANIMALS: Thirty dogs with newly diagnosed HA, and 30 dogs in which HA was suspected but excluded based on a normal ACTH stimulation test (controls) were prospectively enrolled. METHODS: cTSH and T4 concentrations were determined in all dogs and at selected time points during treatment (prednisolone, fludrocortisone, or DOCP) in dogs with HA. RESULTS: cTSH concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 2.6 ng/mL (median 0.29) and were increased in 11/30 dogs with HA; values in controls were all within the reference interval (range: 0.01-0.2 ng/dL; median 0.06). There was no difference in T4 between dogs with increased cTSH (T4 range 1.0-2.1; median 1.3 µg/dL) compared to those with normal cTSH (T4 range 0.5-3.4, median 1.4 µg/dL; P=0.69) and controls (T4 range 0.3-3.8, median 1.8 µg/dL; P=0.35). After starting treatment, cTSH normalized after 2-4 weeks in 9 dogs and after 3 and 4 months in 2 without thyroxine supplementation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evaluation of thyroid function in untreated dogs with HA can lead to misdiagnosis of hypothyroidism; treatment with glucocorticoids for up to 4 months can be necessary to normalize cTSH.
Assuntos
Doença de Addison/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Tireotropina/sangue , Doença de Addison/sangue , Doença de Addison/diagnóstico , Doença de Addison/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Desoxicorticosterona/análogos & derivados , Desoxicorticosterona/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Hipotireoidismo/veterinária , Masculino , Prednisolona/uso terapêutico , Tiroxina/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The ACTH stimulation test is used to evaluate the adrenocortical reserve. Recently, the availability of the synthetic ACTH formulation was limited, causing major problems in clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate poststimulation peak cortisol concentrations and the duration of the stimulatory effect of a depot ACTH preparation in dogs. ANIMALS: Twenty-two healthy dogs, 10 dogs with suspected hypoadrenocorticism (HA) and 15 dogs with suspected hyperadrenocorticism (HC). METHODS: Prospective study. An ACTH stimulation test using a synthetic depot tetracosactide, administered intramuscularly (5 µg/kg or at least 0.1 mL) was performed. Blood samples for determination of cortisol were taken immediately before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 24 hours after stimulation. RESULTS: Peak cortisol concentrations were reached after 2-4 hours in all dogs. Cortisol concentrations 1 hour after stimulation were >9 µg/dL in all healthy dogs and >5 µg/dL in all dogs in which HA was excluded. None of the dogs with HA showed a cortisol-increase above the detection-limit of the assay. After 6 hours, cortisol concentrations had decreased in the healthy and HC group and were back to baseline after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The depot formulation can be used in place of the short-acting ACTH to evaluate the adrenocortical reserve. Blood for peak cortisol concentrations should be drawn 3 hours after stimulation in cases in which HC is suspected; in HA-suspected cases, blood sampling can take place after 1 hour. As the stimulatory effect is gone after 24 hours, interference with other hormonal tests is unlikely after that time.
Assuntos
Cosintropina/farmacologia , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cosintropina/administração & dosagem , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Cães , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test is the gold standard for diagnosing hypoadrenocorticism (HA) in dogs. However, problems with the availability of synthetic ACTH (tetracosactrin/cosyntropin) and increased costs have prompted the need for alternative methods. OBJECTIVES: To prospectively evaluate the cortisol-to-ACTH ratio (CAR) as a screening test for diagnosing canine HA. ANIMALS: Twenty three dogs with newly diagnosed HA; 79 dogs with diseases mimicking HA; 30 healthy dogs. METHODS: Plasma ACTH and baseline cortisol concentrations were measured before i.v. administration of 5 µg/kg ACTH in all dogs. CAR was calculated and the diagnostic performance of ACTH, baseline cortisol, CAR and sodium-to-potassium ratios (SPRs) was assessed based on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves calculating the area under the ROC curve. RESULTS: The CAR was significantly lower in dogs with HA compared to that in healthy dogs and in those with diseases mimicking HA (P < .0001). There was an overlap between HA dogs and those with HA mimicking diseases, but CAR still was the best parameter for diagnosing HA (ROC AUC 0.998), followed by the ACTH concentration (ROC AUC 0.97), baseline cortisol concentration (ROC AUC 0.96), and SPR (ROC AUC 0.86). With a CAR of >0.01 the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 99%, respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Calculation of the CAR is a useful screening test for diagnosing primary HA. As a consequence of the observed overlap between the groups, however, misdiagnosis cannot be completely excluded. Moreover, additional studies are needed to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of CAR in more dogs with secondary HA.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Adrenal/veterinária , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Insuficiência Adrenal/sangue , Insuficiência Adrenal/diagnóstico , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Potássio/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Sódio/sangueRESUMO
Although detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been greatly aided by the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, identification of genetic variants requires sequencing PCR products, which necessarily limits the length of the HAV genome (typically 2%) that can be analyzed. From a regulatory standpoint, identification of the specific strain detected by PCR is a prerequisite not only to overrule contamination of test samples in the diagnostic laboratory, but also to possibly locate the origin of the virus detected by PCR. We explored alternatives to sequencing PCR products to achieve these goals. The findings indicate that restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR products from two noncontiguous regions of the HAV genome encompassing 765 nucleotides (approximately 10% of the genome) by the restriction endonucleases HinfI and AluI, which cut frequently within the HAV genome, can distinguish the common tissue culture adapted strains of HAV from stool isolates. The resolution can be greatly enhanced by combining single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis with restriction enzyme digestion, when most of the seventeen strains analyzed could be identified.
Assuntos
Hepatovirus/genética , DNA Viral/química , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Variação Genética , Hepatovirus/química , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
Amniocentesis provides the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and many biochemical disorders. Many of the biochemical assays are not routinely performed in many institutions. Those institutions utilizing autoradiographic studies routinely can make a diagnosis of biochemical disorders satisfactorily by utilizing a combination of bank cells, amniotic fluid cells and autoradiographic techniques. An example is given of this technique used in a patient with a family history of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Assuntos
Amniocentese , Síndrome de Lesch-Nyhan/diagnóstico , Autorradiografia , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of trilostane treatment is currently monitored by regular ACTH stimulation tests, which are time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, a monitoring system without a stimulation protocol and with less client expense would be preferable. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to evaluate if baseline cortisol, endogenous ACTH (ACTH) concentration or the baseline cortisol to ACTH ratio (cortisol/ACTH ratio) could replace the ACTH stimulation test. ANIMALS: Forty trilostane-treated dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH) were included in this prospective study. METHODS: A total of 148 ACTH stimulation tests and 77 ACTH concentrations and cortisol/ACTH ratios were analyzed. Control of cortisol release was classified according to cortisol concentration after ACTH administration as excessive (<1.5 µg/dL; group 1), adequate (1.5-5.4 µg/dL; group 2), or inadequate (>5.4 µg/dL; group 3). RESULTS: Baseline cortisol concentrations had considerable overlap between excessively, adequately, and inadequately controlled dogs. Only baseline cortisol >4.4 µg/dL (in 12% of tests) was a reliable diagnosis of inadequate control. Endogenous ACTH concentrations did not differ between groups. The overlap of the cortisol/ACTH ratio between groups was large. Correct classification was only possible if the cortisol/ACTH ratio was >15, which occurred in 4% of tests. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: To monitor trilostane treatment the ACTH stimulation test cannot be replaced by baseline cortisol, ACTH concentration, or the cortisol/ACTH ratio.
Assuntos
Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Síndrome de Cushing/tratamento farmacológico , Di-Hidrotestosterona/análogos & derivados , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Animais , Di-Hidrotestosterona/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Adrenal necrosis has been reported as a complication of trilostane application in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. One suspicion was that necrosis results from the increase of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) during trilostane therapy. The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of ACTH and trilostane on adrenal glands of rats. For experiment 1, 36 rats were divided into 6 groups. Groups 1.1 to 1.4 received ACTH in different doses (60, 40, 20, and 10 µg/d) infused subcutaneously with osmotic minipumps for 16 wk. Group 1.5 received saline, and group 1.6 received no therapy. For experiment 2, 24 rats were divided into 3 groups. Group 2.1 and 2.2 received 5 and 50 mg/kg trilostane/d orally mixed into chocolate pudding for 16 wk. Eight control rats received pudding alone. At the end of the experiments, adrenal glands were assessed for necrosis by histology and immunohistochemistry; levels of endogenous ACTH and nucleosomes were assessed in the blood. Rats treated with 60 µg ACTH/d showed more hemorrhage and vacuolization and increased numbers of apoptotic cells in the adrenal glands than rats treated with 20 or 10 µg ACTH/d, trilostane, or control rats. Rats treated with 60 µg ACTH/d had a higher amount of nucleosomes in the blood compared with rats treated with 10 µg ACTH/d, trilostane, or saline. We conclude that in healthy rats ACTH, but not trilostane, causes adrenal degeneration in a dose-dependent manner. Results of this study support the hypothesis that adrenal gland lesions seen in trilostane-treated dogs are caused by ACTH and not by trilostane.
Assuntos
Glândulas Suprarrenais/efeitos dos fármacos , Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Hiperfunção Adrenocortical/veterinária , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/farmacologia , Apoptose/fisiologia , Di-Hidrotestosterona/análogos & derivados , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Hiperfunção Adrenocortical/sangue , Hiperfunção Adrenocortical/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperfunção Adrenocortical/fisiopatologia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Di-Hidrotestosterona/efeitos adversos , Di-Hidrotestosterona/farmacologia , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Necrose , Nucleossomos/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
In the lamina ganglionaris, the first optic ganglion of the fly, the inventory of cell types as well as the patterns of their connections are well known from light microscopic investigations. Even the synaptic contacts are known with relative completeness. However, the structural details visible on electron micrographs are very difficult to interpret in functional terms. This paper concentrates on two aspects: 1) the synaptic complex between a retinula cell axon and four postsynaptic elements, arranged in a constant elongated array (it is suggested that all synapses in which the retinula cell is presynaptic are of this kind), and 2) the "gnarl" complex in which a presynaptic specialization in one neuron is separated from another neuron by a complicated glial invagination. The participation of glia at postsynaptic sites seems to be quite common in this ganglion. Occasionally it seems that a glia cell is the only postsynaptic partner facing a presynaptic specialization within a neuron.
Assuntos
Moscas Domésticas/ultraestrutura , Sinapses/ultraestrutura , Vias Visuais/ultraestrutura , Animais , Microscopia Eletrônica , Neuroglia/ultraestruturaRESUMO
From 1991 through 1998, 1,266 cases of shellfish-related illnesses were attributed to Norwalk-like viruses. Seventy-eight percent of these illnesses occurred following consumption of oysters harvested from the Gulf Coast during the months of November through January. This study investigated the ability of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) to accumulate indicator microorganisms (i.e., fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and F(+) coliphage) from estuarine water. One-week trials over a 1-year period were used to determine if these indicator organisms could provide insight into the seasonal occurrence of these gastrointestinal illnesses. The results demonstrate that oysters preferentially accumulated F(+) coliphage, an enteric viral surrogate, to their greatest levels from late November through January, with a concentration factor of up to 99-fold. However, similar increases in accumulation of the other indicator microorganisms were not observed. These findings suggest that the seasonal occurrence of shellfish-related illnesses by enteric viruses is, in part, the result of seasonal physiological changes undergone by the oysters that affect their ability to accumulate viral particles from estuarine waters.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Vírus Norwalk/isolamento & purificação , Ostreidae/virologia , Frutos do Mar/virologia , Animais , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Clostridium perfringens/isolamento & purificação , Colífagos/isolamento & purificação , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/virologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Humanos , Ostreidae/microbiologia , Ostreidae/fisiologia , Estações do Ano , Frutos do Mar/microbiologia , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
The survival and replication of male-specific bacteriophages in hard-shelled clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and their homogenates were examined to further assess their potential utility as indicator organisms. Trials were conducted in the presence and absence of a suitable bacterial host, Escherichia coli HS[pFamp]R. Results of this study demonstrated that male-specific bacteriophages were unable to replicate in hard-shelled clams, with or without added host cells. In addition, the densities of these bacteriophages were stable for up to 7 days in shellfish held at ambient seawater temperatures (less than 25 degrees C). Evidence of replication, although not observed in live shellfish, was found to occur in temperature-abused shellfish homogenates and supernatants, but only when a suitable bacterial host was present.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Moluscos/microbiologia , Frutos do Mar/microbiologia , Animais , Bacteriófagos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cinética , Masculino , Temperatura , Replicação ViralRESUMO
The ability of hard-shelled clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) to accumulate fecal coliforms and other microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and male-specific bacteriophages) was determined over a 1-year period. Twenty separate trails were conducted during different seasons to encompass a wide range of water temperatures. The greatest accumulation of microorganisms in hard-shelled clams occurred during certain periods in the spring, at temperatures ranging from 11.5 to 21.5 degrees C. These periods of hyperaccumulation did not always coincide for all organisms; the accumulation of bacteriophages was not predicted by the accumulation of either fecal coliforms or C. perfringens. Bacteriophages and C. perfringens showed significantly higher rates of accumulation than either the fecal coliform group or E. coli, especially during the spring. The higher incidence of human viral gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of shellfish during this period may be a result of the extraordinary concentration of certain microorganisms, including enteric viral pathogens.
Assuntos
Bivalves/microbiologia , Estações do Ano , Animais , Bacteriófagos/isolamento & purificação , Clostridium perfringens/isolamento & purificação , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Análise de Regressão , TemperaturaRESUMO
AIMS: Optimal detection of enteric RNA viruses in clinical, environmental, and food products using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) when inhibitory substances in extracted sample materials are present. METHODS AND RESULTS: We adapted a device for detection of RNA viruses in plant tissues and insects to detect a calicivirus strain (San Miguel sea lion virus, serotype 17) in water and oyster tissue extracts. This single, compartmentalized tube-within-a-tube (TWT) device for RT-PCR-nested PCR was compared to a conventional protocol of RT-PCR-nested PCR. In the presence of 100 mg of shellfish tissue extract equivalent, this TWT device decreases the calicivirus assay detection limit 10-fold over that of conventional RT-PCR-nested PCR while maintaining an identical detection limit of viral nucleic acid suspended in water. Both the conventional and TWT methods estimated the total particle-to-infectious particle ratio for this strain of calicivirus at approximately 40 : 1. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the TWT device with appropriate RT-PCR primers will decrease the detection limit for other calicivirus strains and RNA viruses in shellfish tissue extracts. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We believe that the TWT approach is applicable to other situations where RT and/or PCR inhibitory materials are present or nucleic acid targets of bacteria or viruses are at low levels in extracts of food products or clinical specimens.
Assuntos
Caliciviridae/isolamento & purificação , Ostreidae/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/instrumentação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/instrumentação , Frutos do Mar/virologia , Animais , Caliciviridae/genética , Contaminação de Alimentos , RNA Viral/análise , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
A male-specific bacteriophage plaque assay was evaluated as a faecal contamination or process integrity indicator for aspects of the pork slaughter process. Over 400 samples were tested including: sponge swabs from animal hauling trailer floors and dressed carcass surfaces; faecal material; water from slaughter sites; and water from each stage of wastewater treatment. Bacteriophage were observed in wastewater, trailers, slaughter process water and swine faeces. No bacteriophage were observed on dressed carcasses. Numbers of phage plaque-forming units per gram or millilitre showed greater variation and were usually lower than standard indicators, including total coliform or Escherichia coli counts. Among the applications studied, male-specific bacteriophage appear to be best suited for process control verification for wastewater treatment.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Carne/virologia , Ensaio de Placa Viral/métodos , Matadouros , Animais , Biomarcadores , Colífagos/isolamento & purificação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Escherichia coli/virologia , Fezes/virologia , Pisos e Cobertura de Pisos , Masculino , Carne/microbiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Suínos , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
Chromosome studies were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 28 patients with connective tissue disease (6 with progressive systemic sclerosis, 6 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 6 with anti-nuclear antibody positive rheumatoid arthritis, 6 with anti-nuclear antibody negative rheumatoid arthritis, and 4 with mixed connective tissue disease) and on 17 controls to determine the frequency of spontaneous as well as X-ray (75 rads) induced aberrations. The mean spontaneous chromosomal aberration frequency for the 28 patients (9.1%) was significantly (P = 0.038) greater than that of controls (6.4%). When patients were categorized into specific clinically designated connective tissue disease subdivisions for comparison with the controls, only X-irradiated cells from the progressive systemic sclerosis group displayed significantly elevated levels of total chromosomal aberrations over those of the control group. The X-irradiated lymphocytes from these patients had an average of 23.6% aberrations per patient, while those of the control group showed an average of 14.9% per patient (P less than 0.05).