Produção de frango caipirão como alternativa de renda para a agricultura familiar no noroeste de Minas- MG / Free-range broiler production as an alternative income for family farming in the northwest of Minas-MG

Muitos agricultores familiares empregam o cooperativismo como uma ferramenta para o fortalecimento dos meios produtivos e vislumbram a diversificação produtiva como uma estratégia de geração de renda. Este estudo analisou o projeto de diversificação promovido pela CAPUL no ano de 2020, no município de Arinos ­MG,com foco na produção de aves caipiras (Gallus domesticus) para abastecimento da demanda para alimentação escolar e comércio local. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os impactos econômicos e sociais que o projeto gerou na vida dos agricultores familiares e elucidar a relevância do cooperativismo para a promoção da diversificação produtiva, bem como evidenciar os desprendimentos e entraves que existiram durante a execução do projeto. Utilizou-se como fonte de dados primários o questionário autoaplicável, considerando um universo de 13 agricultores familiares. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de instrumentos de cunho qualitativo e quantitativo e foram tabulados por meio do programa Microsoft Excel, para análise estatística descritiva dos resultados utilizou-se uma análise de cluster com o método hierárquico pelo modelo Ward. Conclui-se com essa pesquisa, que o projeto intitulado Frango Caipirão CAPUL causou impactos na vida dos agricultores familiares e que a cooperativa por meio das suas ações de ATER exerceu influências no modo de reprodução social eeconômica dos participantes do referido estudo, contribuindo para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Implica-se, portanto, que outras ações do mesmo segmento podem utilizar este artigo como eixo norteador.(AU)

Many family farmers use cooperativism as a tool to strengthen productive environments and envision productive diversification as anincome generation strategy. This study analyzed the diversification project promoted by CAPUL in 2020, in the municipality of Arinos -MG, focusing on the production of free-range birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) to supply the demand for school meals and local commerce. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic and social impacts that the project generated in the lives of family farmers and elucidate the relevance of cooperativism for the promotion of productive diversification, as well as tohighlight the detachments and obstacles that existed during the execution of the project. The self-administered questionnaire was used as the primary data source, considering a universe of 14 family farmers. The data were obtained through qualitative and quantitative instruments and were tabulated using the Microsoft Excel program. For descriptive statistical analysis of the results, a cluster analysis was used with the hierarchical method by the Ward model. It is concluded with this research that the project entitled Frango Caipirão CAPUL caused impacts on the lives of family farmers and that the cooperative, through its ATER actions, exerted influences on the social and economic reproduction of the participants of that study, contributing to the strengthening family farming. It is implied, therefore, that other actions in the same segment can use this master's dissertation as a guideline.(AU)

Salmonella Pullorum em criação de galinhas caipiras no Oeste da Bahia, Brasil / Salmonella Pullorum in a free-range chicken farm in Western Bahia, Brazil

Background: Industrial poultry farming has developed progressively in Brazil, conferring the country a prominent position on the national and international scene. Likewise, alternative poultry farming is an important economic activity for small-scale family farmers. However, shortcomings related to sanitary management lead to increased occurrence of avian diseases, such as those caused by Salmonella spp. Despite salmonellosis has been described in industrial establishments, reports in alternative farms are less common, therefore the objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of salmonellosis in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra, Western Bahia, Brazil. Cases: The poultry farmer reported the occurrence of diarrhoea in his chicken flock since the acquisition of the batch of chicks. Initially, carrying out the medicinal treatment of the birds, there was clinical improvement, however, successive recurrences of clinical signs occurred, such as diarrhoea, apathy, anorexia, and death of some birds. Upon learning about the case, an epidemiological investigation of the flock was carried out, and it was noted that some of the birds were retracted, apathetic, anorexic, and a lot of diarrheic faeces of a yellowish-white appearance were also observed. The entire flock had a history of vaccination against diseases: newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, gumboro disease, and fowlpox. For better evaluation, five birds were necropsied, enabling the observation that the animals had a good body score. However, the necropsy revealed lesions such as splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and enteritis in the three birds initially analysed (Animals 1, 2, and 3). The other birds (Animals 4 and 5) were submitted to evaluation for Eimeria sp. oocysts by means of scrapings from the intestinal mucosa, and there were no structures compatible with oocysts. Faecal samples were collected from another six birds in the flock for coproparasitological examination, and the presence of oocysts was not detected. Finally, sera from 20 birds in the flock were collected for the Rapid Serum Agglutination Test (SAR) for the detection anti-Salmonella Pullorum antibodies. Discussion: The diagnosis was based on clinical evaluation, post mortem pathological findings of the necropsied birds, epidemiological data and confirmed with SAR testing, whereby 11 birds were seropositive for Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Pullorum. The prevalence of S. Pullorum is poorly described in alternative farming. Based on the farmer's report, it is believed that the chicks were purchased already infected, because birds from the same batch, also purchased by neighbouring producers, showed the same clinical signs. The unsatisfactory sanitation in the flock was another factor that may have favoured the persistence of the bacteria, since, the lack of removal of organic matter is a source of nutrients for microorganisms, and this may have favoured the multiplication and maintenance of the bacteria in the down feathers, feed, and water. The elimination of S. Pullorum through the faeces, in addition to the density of the birds, may have led to transmission to the other healthy birds. However, the knowledge and adoption of prophylactic measures in free-range chicken farms is a crucial factor in minimizing the occurrence of outbreaks and thus avoiding a future public Health Problem.

Detection of Salmonella spp. in eggs for human consumption from poultry farms in municipalities of Alagoas State, Brazil / Detecção de Salmonella spp. em ovos destinados ao consumo humano de propriedades familiares avícolas em municípios do Estado de Alagoas, Brasiil

Salmonellosis is a disease that worries poultry farmers and can seriously impact the food safety of the population that consumes products of animal origin. The present study sought to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. in eggs intended for consumption from family poultry farms in municipalities of Alagoas State. The study was carried out from eight farms, where the sample from each farm was obtained by making pools of shell and internal contents of six randomly selected eggs. The pools were submitted to microbiological culture and the colonies were characterized and evaluated by means of laboratory tests. To this end, 50% (4/8) of the shell samples and 75% (6/8) of the internal contents of the eggs were positive for Salmonella spp. In addition, Klebsiella pneumoniae 12.5% (1/8) and Proteus spp. 25% (2/8) were found in the shell samples, and Yersinia spp. 12.5% (1/8) in the internal contents of the eggs. Salmonella spp. and other enterobacteria were confirmed to occur in eggs intended for consumption. The way the birds were raised did not seem to have a significant influence on the results obtained, and the presence of passerines on the farms may have contributed to the existence of bacteria there. Being aware of the risk to public health that some of these bacteria can present, it is necessary to take decisions that support the small producer in search of food safety for all.(AU)

A Salmonelose é uma doença que preocupa os criadores de aves e pode impactar seriamente a segurança alimentar da população que consome produtos de origem animal. O presente estudo buscou detectar a presença de Salmonella spp. em ovos destinados ao consumo provindos de aviculturas familiares de municípios do Estado de Alagoas. O estudo foi realizado a partir de oito granjas, onde a amostra de cada uma delas foi obtida pela confecção de pools de casca e de conteúdo interno de seis ovos selecionados aleatoriamente. Os pools foram submetidos a cultivo microbiológico e as colônias caracterizadas e avaliadas por meio de testes laboratoriais. Para tanto, 50% (4/8) das amostras de casca e 75% (6/8) das amostras de conteúdo interno dos ovos foram positivos para Salmonella spp. Além disso, também fora constatada a presença de Klebsiella pneumoniae12.5% (1/8) e Proteus spp. 25% (2/8) nas amostras de casca, e a presença de Yersinia spp. 12.5% (1/8) no conteúdo interno dos ovos. Foi confirmada a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e outras enterobactérias em ovos destinados ao consumo. O modo de criação das aves não parece ter influenciado significativamente nos resultados obtidos e a presença de passeriformes nas granjas podem ter contribuído com a existência das bactérias no local. Tendo ciência do risco à saúde pública que algumas dessas bactérias podem apresentar, se faz necessária a tomada de decisões que apoiem o pequeno produtor em busca de uma segurança alimentar para todos.(AU)

Bem-estar animal: caracterização da ambiência e do manejo na produção e abate de frangos de corte / Animal welfare: characterization of the environment and handling in the production and slaughter of broiler / Bienestar animal: caracterización del medio ambiente y gestión en la producción y matanza de pollo

O modelo de produção mais utilizado na avicultura brasileira é o sistema de integração entre produtores e frigoríficos, o que permite a análise completa da cadeia produtiva e o estudo sistematizado da correlação entre estrutura, manejo e ambiente proporcionado às aves. Diante deste cenário, objetivou-se identificar os principais pontos vulneráveis da cadeia produtiva de frangos de corte relacionados à ambiência e ao manejo, caracterizando o nível de atendimento das normas de bem-estar animal (BEA) em estabelecimentos de criação e abate de aves, localizados no Sudoeste Goiano. Desta forma, procedeu-se à verificação de recomendações norteadas pelas diretrizes da Humane Farm Animal Care (HFAC) e da Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) em vinte granjas e três frigoríficos distribuídos pela região amostrada. Os dados foram analisados pelo método descritivo. Como resultado, foram observadas falhas técnicas, de manejo e estruturais nas etapas pré-abate, bem como nos procedimentos industriais nos estabelecimentos avaliados, além da total ausência de enriquecimento ambiental.

The production model most used in Brazilian poultry is the system of integration between farmers and slaughterhouses, which allows a complete analysis of the production system and a systematic study of the correlation between structure, management and the environment provided to the chickens. In view of this scenario, the objective was to identify the main vulnerable points in the broiler productive process associated to environment and handling, characterizing the level of compliance with animal welfare (WPA) standards in poultry breeding and slaughter establishments, located in the Southwest of Goiás. Thus, we proceeded to verify recommendations guided by the guidelines of the Humane Farm Animal Care (HFAC) and of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) in twenty farms and three slaughterhouses distributed throughout the sampled region. The data were analyzed using the descriptive method. As a result, technical, management and structural failures were observed in the pre-slaughter stages, as well as in industrial procedures in the evaluated establishments, in addition to the total absence of environmental enrichment.

El modelo de producción más utilizado en la avicultura brasileñas es el sistema de integración entre productores y mataderos, que permite un análisis completo de la cadena de producción y un estudio sistemático de la correlación entre la estructura, el manejo y el ambiente proporcionado a las aves. Ante este escenario, el objetivo era identificar los principales puntos vulnerables en la cadena de producción de pollos de engorde relacionados con el ambiente y la gestión, caracterizando el nivel de cumplimiento de las normas de bienestar animal (BEA) en los establecimientos de cría y sacrificio de aves de engorde, ubicado en el suroeste de Goiás. Por lo tanto, procedimos a verificar las recomendaciones guiadas por las pautas de Humane Farm Animal Care (HFAC) y la Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) en veinte granjas y tres mataderos distribuidos en toda la región muestreada. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el método descriptivo. Como resultado, se observaron fallas técnicas, de gestión y estructurales en las etapas previas al sacrificio, así como en los procedimientos industriales en los establecimientos evaluados, además de la ausencia total de enriquecimiento ambiental.

Bem-estar animal: caracterização da ambiência e do manejo na produção e abate de frangos de corte / Animal welfare: characterization of the environment and handling in the production and slaughter of broiler / Bienestar animal: caracterización del medio ambiente y gestión en la producción y matanza de pollo

O modelo de produção mais utilizado na avicultura brasileira é o sistema de integração entre produtores e frigoríficos, o que permite a análise completa da cadeia produtiva e o estudo sistematizado da correlação entre estrutura, manejo e ambiente proporcionado às aves. Diante deste cenário, objetivou-se identificar os principais pontos vulneráveis da cadeia produtiva de frangos de corte relacionados à ambiência e ao manejo, caracterizando o nível de atendimento das normas de bem-estar animal (BEA) em estabelecimentos de criação e abate de aves, localizados no Sudoeste Goiano. Desta forma, procedeu-se à verificação de recomendações norteadas pelas diretrizes da Humane Farm Animal Care (HFAC) e da Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) em vinte granjas e três frigoríficos distribuídos pela região amostrada. Os dados foram analisados pelo método descritivo. Como resultado, foram observadas falhas técnicas, de manejo e estruturais nas etapas pré-abate, bem como nos procedimentos industriais nos estabelecimentos avaliados, além da total ausência de enriquecimento ambiental.(AU)

The production model most used in Brazilian poultry is the system of integration between farmers and slaughterhouses, which allows a complete analysis of the production system and a systematic study of the correlation between structure, management and the environment provided to the chickens. In view of this scenario, the objective was to identify the main vulnerable points in the broiler productive process associated to environment and handling, characterizing the level of compliance with animal welfare (WPA) standards in poultry breeding and slaughter establishments, located in the Southwest of Goiás. Thus, we proceeded to verify recommendations guided by the guidelines of the Humane Farm Animal Care (HFAC) and of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) in twenty farms and three slaughterhouses distributed throughout the sampled region. The data were analyzed using the descriptive method. As a result, technical, management and structural failures were observed in the pre-slaughter stages, as well as in industrial procedures in the evaluated establishments, in addition to the total absence of environmental enrichment.(AU)

El modelo de producción más utilizado en la avicultura brasileñas es el sistema de integración entre productores y mataderos, que permite un análisis completo de la cadena de producción y un estudio sistemático de la correlación entre la estructura, el manejo y el ambiente proporcionado a las aves. Ante este escenario, el objetivo era identificar los principales puntos vulnerables en la cadena de producción de pollos de engorde relacionados con el ambiente y la gestión, caracterizando el nivel de cumplimiento de las normas de bienestar animal (BEA) en los establecimientos de cría y sacrificio de aves de engorde, ubicado en el suroeste de Goiás. Por lo tanto, procedimos a verificar las recomendaciones guiadas por las pautas de Humane Farm Animal Care (HFAC) y la Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) en veinte granjas y tres mataderos distribuidos en toda la región muestreada. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el método descriptivo. Como resultado, se observaron fallas técnicas, de gestión y estructurales en las etapas previas al sacrificio, así como en los procedimientos industriales en los establecimientos evaluados, además de la ausencia total de enriquecimiento ambiental.(AU)

Synanthropic diptera affecting layer poultry farms: a review / Dípteros sinantrópicos de importância para a avicultura de postura: uma revisão

The poultry farm of posture is an economic activity of great relevance to Brazil. Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In this context, the control of synanthropic diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. In Brazil, the control of flies in poultry environments is based mainly on the use of pesticides, while other alternatives are less frequent. Among the flies' species most regularly found in poultry farms are the Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., and others. This review aims at compiling the literature on the occurrence, impact on poultry systems, biology, epidemiology and control of the species of synanthropic flies considered important for the Brazilian poultry industry.(AU)

A avicultura de postura é uma atividade econômica de grande relevância para o Brasil. Aspectos sanitários dos plantéis de galinhas poedeiras, tais como infestações por parasitos e pragas avícolas, influenciam significativamente os indicadores de produtividade desse setor. Nesse contexto, o controle de dípteros sinantrópicos constitui um dos desafios de avicultores e profissionais da área. No Brasil, o controle de moscas em ambientes avícolas é baseado, sobretudo, no uso de pesticidas, ao passo que o uso de outras alternativas é menos recorrente. Entre as espécies de moscas mais frequentes em granjas avícolas de postura, destacam-se Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., entre outras. O objetivo desta revisão é realizar a compilação da literatura existente sobre a ocorrência, o impacto nos sistemas avícolas, a biologia, a epidemiologia e o controle das espécies de dípteros sinantrópicos consideradas importantes para a avicultura de postura brasileira.(AU)

Synanthropic diptera affecting layer poultry farms: a review / Dípteros sinantrópicos de importância para a avicultura de postura: uma revisão

The poultry farm of posture is an economic activity of great relevance to Brazil. Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In this context, the control of synanthropic diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. In Brazil, the control of flies in poultry environments is based mainly on the use of pesticides, while other alternatives are less frequent. Among the flies' species most regularly found in poultry farms are the Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., and others. This review aims at compiling the literature on the occurrence, impact on poultry systems, biology, epidemiology and control of the species of synanthropic flies considered important for the Brazilian poultry industry.(AU)

A avicultura de postura é uma atividade econômica de grande relevância para o Brasil. Aspectos sanitários dos plantéis de galinhas poedeiras, tais como infestações por parasitos e pragas avícolas, influenciam significativamente os indicadores de produtividade desse setor. Nesse contexto, o controle de dípteros sinantrópicos constitui um dos desafios de avicultores e profissionais da área. No Brasil, o controle de moscas em ambientes avícolas é baseado, sobretudo, no uso de pesticidas, ao passo que o uso de outras alternativas é menos recorrente. Entre as espécies de moscas mais frequentes em granjas avícolas de postura, destacam-se Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., entre outras. O objetivo desta revisão é realizar a compilação da literatura existente sobre a ocorrência, o impacto nos sistemas avícolas, a biologia, a epidemiologia e o controle das espécies de dípteros sinantrópicos consideradas importantes para a avicultura de postura brasileira.(AU)

Epidemiological characterization and risk assessment associated with the presence of Diptera order in laying poultry farms / Caracterização epidemiológica e avaliação de risco associados à presença da ordem Diptera em granjas de postura

Background: Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In recent years, Brazilian poultry has gone through a scientific and technological evolution which resulted in high density poultry hens in the laying sheds and an increase of the occurrence of ectoparasites such as Diptera. The presence of these flies have caused negative impacts for poultry farming, since these may be responsible for the increase of stress and disease emergence and, in addition, reduction of productivity. In this context, the control of synanthropic Diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. This study was carried to assess and characterize the risks for the presence of flies in chicken houses of laying farms in the state of Minas Gerais.Materials, Methods & Results: Was used a secondary database and adapted for this study, with information from 402 chicken houses of 42 laying hens commercial properties. The variables used to compose the correspondence model were selected through chi-square tests (P ≤ 0.05). A risk index was built to the presence of flies from variables considered as risk factors for these ectoparasites. In addition, a study of the spatial analysis was carried to evaluate the intensity of chicken houses of poultry farms with the presence of flies. For this, a Kernel map was produced using the QGIZ 2.18.1 software, georreferencing the regions of state of Minas Gerais that have these ectoparasites. It was observed the presence of flies in 253 chicken houses evaluated, which corresponds to a frequency of 62.9%, with the most present flies were Chrysomya spp. 37.3%, M. domestica 34.3%, Fannia spp. 16% and Stomoxys spp. 14%. The graph of the correspondence analysis produced for the epidemiological characterization of the presence of flies presented an accumulated chi-square value of 56.05%.[...]

Epidemiological characterization and risk assessment associated with the presence of Diptera order in laying poultry farms / Caracterização epidemiológica e avaliação de risco associados à presença da ordem Diptera em granjas de postura

Background: Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In recent years, Brazilian poultry has gone through a scientific and technological evolution which resulted in high density poultry hens in the laying sheds and an increase of the occurrence of ectoparasites such as Diptera. The presence of these flies have caused negative impacts for poultry farming, since these may be responsible for the increase of stress and disease emergence and, in addition, reduction of productivity. In this context, the control of synanthropic Diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. This study was carried to assess and characterize the risks for the presence of flies in chicken houses of laying farms in the state of Minas Gerais.Materials, Methods & Results: Was used a secondary database and adapted for this study, with information from 402 chicken houses of 42 laying hens commercial properties. The variables used to compose the correspondence model were selected through chi-square tests (P ≤ 0.05). A risk index was built to the presence of flies from variables considered as risk factors for these ectoparasites. In addition, a study of the spatial analysis was carried to evaluate the intensity of chicken houses of poultry farms with the presence of flies. For this, a Kernel map was produced using the QGIZ 2.18.1 software, georreferencing the regions of state of Minas Gerais that have these ectoparasites. It was observed the presence of flies in 253 chicken houses evaluated, which corresponds to a frequency of 62.9%, with the most present flies were Chrysomya spp. 37.3%, M. domestica 34.3%, Fannia spp. 16% and Stomoxys spp. 14%. The graph of the correspondence analysis produced for the epidemiological characterization of the presence of flies presented an accumulated chi-square value of 56.05%.[...](AU)

Nutrição precoce de pintos de corte / Early nutrition of broiler chicks

Devido à precocidade e a grande capacidade de ganho de peso dos frangos de corte, a qualidade do pintinho se tornou um parâmetro fundamental. Pintos de baixa qualidade (refugos) tendem a ganhar menos peso e obter pior conversão alimentar, gerando prejuízo aos avicultores. Dentre os vários fatores que impactam na qualidade de pintos de corte, o jejum pós-eclosão é responsável por significativas perdas iniciais de desempenho, sendo essas, muitas vezes, não compensadas futuramente. Durante a vida embrionária, os pintos de corte já possuem enzimas digestivas ativas, assim como mecanismos de absorção de nutrientes no intestino; mas, tanto as enzimas, quanto a capacidade intestinal não se encontram no seu ápice de funcionamento. Após a eclosão, devido à falta de alimento, uma escassez de carboidratos de origem alimentar, leva ao pintinho necessitar prover glicose via gliconeogênese de origem proteica, processo esse que pode levar o pintainho à cetose e também redução da disponibilidade de água metabólica; sendo todo esse quadro agravado, quanto maior for o tempo em que a ave ficar em jejum, após o nascimento. O jejum pré-alojamento pode gerar inúmeros impactos negativos no desempenho da ave: no desenvolvimento muscular, no crescimento visceral e na microbiota intestinal. O fornecimento de uma ração logo após a eclosão, durante o trajeto incubatório-granja, se mostra uma alternativa para reduzir os malefícios ocorridos devido ao jejum pós-eclosão; no entanto, é necessário antes um estudo econômico, visto que dependendo do tempo de jejum entre o nascimento e o alojamento das aves essa prática pode não ser viável.

Due to the earliness and the large weight gain capacity of broiler chick quality has become a very important parameter. Low quality chicks (scrap) tend to gain less weight and get worse feed conversion, generating damage to poultry farmers. Among the many factors that impact the quality of broiler chicks, the post-hatching fasting is responsible for significant initial losses of performance, and these often not compensated in the future. During embryonic life, the broilers already have their active digestive enzymes, as well as nutrient uptake mechanisms in the gut, but both enzymes as the intestinal ability are not in their working apex. After hatching, due to lack of food, shortage of food-borne carbohydrates leads to chick need to provide glucose via protein source gluconeogenesis, a process that can take the chick to ketosis and also reducing the availability of metabolic water and all that table exacerbated the longer the time that the bird to fast after birth. The pre-accommodation fasting can generate numerous negative impacts on bird performance: in muscle development, visceral growth and intestinal microbiota. Providing a feed immediately after hatching in the hatchery-farm path shown an alternative to reduce the harm occurred because the post-hatching fasting, however is required before an economic study, since depending on the time of fasting between birth and the housing of birds this practice may not be feasible.

Nutrição precoce de pintos de corte / Early nutrition of broiler chicks

Devido à precocidade e a grande capacidade de ganho de peso dos frangos de corte, a qualidade do pintinho se tornou um parâmetro fundamental. Pintos de baixa qualidade (refugos) tendem a ganhar menos peso e obter pior conversão alimentar, gerando prejuízo aos avicultores. Dentre os vários fatores que impactam na qualidade de pintos de corte, o jejum pós-eclosão é responsável por significativas perdas iniciais de desempenho, sendo essas, muitas vezes, não compensadas futuramente. Durante a vida embrionária, os pintos de corte já possuem enzimas digestivas ativas, assim como mecanismos de absorção de nutrientes no intestino; mas, tanto as enzimas, quanto a capacidade intestinal não se encontram no seu ápice de funcionamento. Após a eclosão, devido à falta de alimento, uma escassez de carboidratos de origem alimentar, leva ao pintinho necessitar prover glicose via gliconeogênese de origem proteica, processo esse que pode levar o pintainho à cetose e também redução da disponibilidade de água metabólica; sendo todo esse quadro agravado, quanto maior for o tempo em que a ave ficar em jejum, após o nascimento. O jejum pré-alojamento pode gerar inúmeros impactos negativos no desempenho da ave: no desenvolvimento muscular, no crescimento visceral e na microbiota intestinal. O fornecimento de uma ração logo após a eclosão, durante o trajeto incubatório-granja, se mostra uma alternativa para reduzir os malefícios ocorridos devido ao jejum pós-eclosão; no entanto, é necessário antes um estudo econômico, visto que dependendo do tempo de jejum entre o nascimento e o alojamento das aves essa prática pode não ser viável.(AU)

Due to the earliness and the large weight gain capacity of broiler chick quality has become a very important parameter. Low quality chicks (scrap) tend to gain less weight and get worse feed conversion, generating damage to poultry farmers. Among the many factors that impact the quality of broiler chicks, the post-hatching fasting is responsible for significant initial losses of performance, and these often not compensated in the future. During embryonic life, the broilers already have their active digestive enzymes, as well as nutrient uptake mechanisms in the gut, but both enzymes as the intestinal ability are not in their working apex. After hatching, due to lack of food, shortage of food-borne carbohydrates leads to chick need to provide glucose via protein source gluconeogenesis, a process that can take the chick to ketosis and also reducing the availability of metabolic water and all that table exacerbated the longer the time that the bird to fast after birth. The pre-accommodation fasting can generate numerous negative impacts on bird performance: in muscle development, visceral growth and intestinal microbiota. Providing a feed immediately after hatching in the hatchery-farm path shown an alternative to reduce the harm occurred because the post-hatching fasting, however is required before an economic study, since depending on the time of fasting between birth and the housing of birds this practice may not be feasible.(AU)

Frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in broiler chickens in southern Brazil / Frequência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara em frangos de corte no Sul do Brasil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in naturally infected broiler chickens (n = 189) from the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. The chickens were reared in a semi-intensive system by small family farmers (n = 7). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the presence of anti- Toxocara spp. IgY after serum adsorption with Ascaridia galli antigens. An overall seroprevalence of 67.7% (128/189; 95% CI = 61.1-74.4) was observed. The frequency of positive animals by farm ranged from 29.6% to 100%. The optical density and reactivity index values observed in ELISA test indicated the possible chronicity of infection of the evaluated chickens. Associations between the presence of antibodies and the area where the chickens were reared (p = 0.382) or the population density of dogs on the farm (p = 0.785) were not observed. This study shows a high prevalence of Toxocara spp. antibodies in broiler chickens reared in semi-intensive systems and provides evidence that chickens are a good indicator of environmental contamination by larva migrans agents. Further studies are necessary to assess the risk factors associated with poultry infection and the likelihood of toxocariasis transmission to humans via the ingestion of free-range chicken meat.(AU)

A finalidade do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença de anticorpos anti- Toxocara, em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados (n = 189), no Norte do Paraná, Sul do Brasil. Os frangos foram criados em sistema semi-intensivo, em pequenas propriedades rurais (n = 7). Os testes sorológicos foram realizados pela técnica de ELISA, para detecção de anticorpos IgY (IgG), com pré-adsorção do soro com antígenos de Ascaridia galli. Foi observada uma prevalência de 67,7% (128/189; IC 95% = 61,1-74,4). A frequência de animais soropositivos por propriedade variou de 29,6% a 100%. Os valores da Densidade Ótica e do Índice de Reatividade observados no teste de ELISA indicaram uma possível cronicidade de infecção dos frangos avaliados. Não foi observada correlação entre a positividade dos animais, quando comparada a área (p = 0,382) e a densidade populacional de cães por propriedade (p = 0,785). O presente estudo verificou uma alta prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara em frangos de corte criados em sistema semi-intensivo e oferece dados que apontam esses animais como bons indicadores de contaminação ambiental por agentes de larva migrans . Estudos futuros são necessários para avaliar os fatores de risco associados e a possibilidade da transmissão de toxocaríase ao ser humano pela ingestão de carne de frango.(AU)

Costs of biosecurity measures in Brazilian laying hens farms in response to policies against Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease and Salmonellosis / Custos das medidas de biosseguridade na produção brasileira de galinhas poedeiras em resposta às políticas sanitárias contra a gripe aviária, doença de Newcastle e Salmonelose

The objective of this study was to estimate costs for egg production and for implementation of biosecurity measures described by Normative Instructions No. 56/2007, No. 59/2009, No. 36/2012 and No. 10/2013 on production costs in these establishments. To attend the “National Avian Health Program” and the “National Plan for the Prevention of Avian Influenza and Control and Prevention of Newcastle Disease”, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture published a series of legal acts to establish the “Procedures for Register, Inspection and Control of Breeding and Commercial Avian Establishments” intensifying the measures for prevention of high economic impact illnesses in avian flocks of the country. The adaptations comprise items of structure and biosecurity procedures that aim to increase the level of isolation of the birds to maintain them with the best health status as possible. These adaptations can result in more expenses and dedication from the producers. Thus, production costs were obtained through personal interviews with 10 voluntary commercial farmers of laying hens in Limeira region, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, between June and July, 2013. The result of this study suggests that the implementation of biosecurity measures has relatively low costs when compared to the possible risks of diseases outbreaks and the consequent economic losses that justify the adoption of these practices.(AU)

O objetivo com este trabalho foi estimar os custos para produção de ovos, bem como os impactos da implementação das normas de biosseguridade descritas pelas normativas de número 56/2007, 59/2009, 36/2012, 10/2013. Visando o atendimento ao “Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola” e ao “Plano Nacional de Prevenção da Influenza Aviária e de Controle e Prevenção da Doença de Newcastle”, o Ministério da Agricultura publicou uma série de atos legais para estabelecer os “Procedimentos para Registro, Fiscalização e Controle de Estabelecimentos Avícolas de Reprodução e Comerciais”, intensificando as medidas para prevenção da ocorrência de enfermidades de grande impacto econômico no plantel avícola do país. As adequações englobam itens de estrutura e procedimentos de biosseguridade que visam aumentar o nível de isolamento das aves, para mantê-las com o melhor status sanitário possível. Essas exigências podem resultar em mais despesas e dedicação por parte dos produtores. Desta forma, custos de produção foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas pessoais com 10 produtores de fazendas comerciais de avicultura de postura na região de Limeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre junho e julho de 2013. O resultado deste estudo sugere que a implantação da biosseguridade tem custo relativamente baixo frente aos possíveis riscos de enfermidades e dos prejuízos econômicos que essas enfermidades podem causar, o que justifica a adoção destas práticas.(AU)

Costs of biosecurity measures in Brazilian laying hens farms in response to policies against Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease and Salmonellosis / Custos das medidas de biosseguridade na produção brasileira de galinhas poedeiras em resposta às políticas sanitárias contra a gripe aviária, doença de Newcastle e Salmonelose

The objective of this study was to estimate costs for egg production and for implementation of biosecurity measures described by Normative Instructions No. 56/2007, No. 59/2009, No. 36/2012 and No. 10/2013 on production costs in these establishments. To attend the “National Avian Health Program” and the “National Plan for the Prevention of Avian Influenza and Control and Prevention of Newcastle Disease”, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture published a series of legal acts to establish the “Procedures for Register, Inspection and Control of Breeding and Commercial Avian Establishments” intensifying the measures for prevention of high economic impact illnesses in avian flocks of the country. The adaptations comprise items of structure and biosecurity procedures that aim to increase the level of isolation of the birds to maintain them with the best health status as possible. These adaptations can result in more expenses and dedication from the producers. Thus, production costs were obtained through personal interviews with 10 voluntary commercial farmers of laying hens in Limeira region, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, between June and July, 2013. The result of this study suggests that the implementation of biosecurity measures has relatively low costs when compared to the possible risks of diseases outbreaks and the consequent economic losses that justify the adoption of these practices.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi estimar os custos para produção de ovos, bem como os impactos da implementação das normas de biosseguridade descritas pelas normativas de número 56/2007, 59/2009, 36/2012, 10/2013. Visando o atendimento ao “Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola” e ao “Plano Nacional de Prevenção da Influenza Aviária e de Controle e Prevenção da Doença de Newcastle”, o Ministério da Agricultura publicou uma série de atos legais para estabelecer os “Procedimentos para Registro, Fiscalização e Controle de Estabelecimentos Avícolas de Reprodução e Comerciais”, intensificando as medidas para prevenção da ocorrência de enfermidades de grande impacto econômico no plantel avícola do país. As adequações englobam itens de estrutura e procedimentos de biosseguridade que visam aumentar o nível de isolamento das aves, para mantê-las com o melhor status sanitário possível. Essas exigências podem resultar em mais despesas e dedicação por parte dos produtores. Desta forma, custos de produção foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas pessoais com 10 produtores de fazendas comerciais de avicultura de postura na região de Limeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre junho e julho de 2013. O resultado deste estudo sugere que a implantação da biosseguridade tem custo relativamente baixo frente aos possíveis riscos de enfermidades e dos prejuízos econômicos que essas enfermidades podem causar, o que justifica a adoção destas práticas.

Broiler-Housing Conditions Affect the Performance

In the last decades animal production has considerably increased worldwide to sustain an ever-growing human population. Among animal reared for consumption purposes, chickens are undoubtedly one of the most successful, mainly due to their rapid growth rate. The development of broiler farming has been accompanied in recent years by a substantial attention to animal welfare. This study is aimed at assessing the effects of different housing conditions on both feed conversion ratio and mortality of male broiler flocks through a large-scale study (more than 100 million birds) involving 977 farms belonging to one major producer. For this, we evaluated nine features of the housing system using a linear model with random effect. The features were: roofing, floor, drinkers, feeders, water source, color curtain color, management, light and ventilation. A total of 3516 poultry flocks were assessed. Positive ventilation, metal and clay roof, dirt floor and owner management were shown to reduced mortality. Concrete floor, negative ventilation, blue curtains, fluorescent lightening, owner management, tap water and well water significantly improved FCR. We discuss our findings in relation with economic constraints and provide advices to encourage farmers using simple devices that will improve both production and chicken survival.(AU)

Broiler-Housing Conditions Affect the Performance

In the last decades animal production has considerably increased worldwide to sustain an ever-growing human population. Among animal reared for consumption purposes, chickens are undoubtedly one of the most successful, mainly due to their rapid growth rate. The development of broiler farming has been accompanied in recent years by a substantial attention to animal welfare. This study is aimed at assessing the effects of different housing conditions on both feed conversion ratio and mortality of male broiler flocks through a large-scale study (more than 100 million birds) involving 977 farms belonging to one major producer. For this, we evaluated nine features of the housing system using a linear model with random effect. The features were: roofing, floor, drinkers, feeders, water source, color curtain color, management, light and ventilation. A total of 3516 poultry flocks were assessed. Positive ventilation, metal and clay roof, dirt floor and owner management were shown to reduced mortality. Concrete floor, negative ventilation, blue curtains, fluorescent lightening, owner management, tap water and well water significantly improved FCR. We discuss our findings in relation with economic constraints and provide advices to encourage farmers using simple devices that will improve both production and chicken survival.

AVALIAÇÃO DA EFICIÊNCIA PÓS-LIMPEZA E DESINFECÇÃO DE UM INCUBATÓRIO DE PINTOS DE CORTE NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE SÃO LUÍS-MA

O incubatório avícola é o local de transformação dos ovos férteis na produção dos os pintos de um dia. Estes incubatórios têm como finalidade disponibilizar aos produtores um produto de qualidade, satisfazendo os padrões zootécnicos e de produtividade requeridos pela indústria. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias pós-lavagem e desinfecção de um incubatório de pintos de um dia na área metropolitana de São Luís, Maranhão. Para avaliação deste processo foram realizadas quatro coletas, utilizando-se dois sistemas de avaliação. A primeira sendo do ambiente, feita pelo método da técnica de sedimentação, em locais como: sala de ovos, salas de incubação, salas de nascedouros, corredor central, sala de vacina, laboratório e sala de lavagem e comparados aos padrões de Sadler. Na segunda avaliação, foram usados swabs das superfícies de utensílios e equipamentos do incubatório, tais como: interior, entrada e saída de ar das máquinas de incubação e das máquinas de nascedouros, máquinas de vacina, ovos férteis, bandejas de incubação, interior do caminhão de pintos e mãos de um colaborador para isolamento e identificação de bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae e fungos de importância para avicultura. Os resultados obtidos foram: presença de fungos do gênero Aspergillus sp. em 42,5% das amostras de ambiente, sendo as espécies A. niger, A. flavus e A. terreus as mais encontradas, seguidas dos gêneros Alternaria sp. (10%) e Penicillium sp. (7,5%). Não foram encontradas bactérias do gênero Salmonella sp. em nenhuma das amostras pesquisadas, encontrando-se, porém, o crescimento de outras bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae: Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Morganella morganii. Os resultados apontam que o incubatório obteve níveis excelente e bom na qualidade do ambiente em relação à contagem de fungos e apenas na primeira coleta obteve índices péssimos em relação à contagem de bactérias, permitindo assim, no global, atingir os níveis de qualidade e produtividade requeridos pela indústria avícola.

The poultry hatchery is the place of transformation of fertile eggs to obtain day-old chicks production. The purpose of these hatcheries is to provide farmers with a quality product, meeting the zootechnical and productivity standards required by the industry. The objective of the present study is to avaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions after washing and disinfecting a day-old chicks hatchery in the Metropolitan São Luís, Maranhão, confirming the hygienic-sanitary conditions which, support a quality production. To evaluate these conditions, four sampling collections were performed, using two independent evaluation systems. The first being from the environment, made by the sedimentation technique method, in places such as: egg room, incubations rooms, hatcher rooms, central corridor, vaccine room, laboratory, utensils cleaning room and then compared do Sadlers standards. The second evaluation involved swabs from the surfaces of utensils and equipament in the hatchery such as: interior, air inlet and outlet of incubation and hatching machines, vaccine machines, fertile eggs, incubation trays, truck interior of chicks and hands of a worker for isolation and identification of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family and fungi, all of importance for poltry farming. The results obtained were: presence of fungi of the genus Aspergillus sp. in 42.5% of the environment samples, with the species A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus being the most found, followed by the genera Alternaria sp. (10%) and Penicillium sp. (7.5%). No bacteria of the genus Salmonella sp. were present on the analysed samples. The growth of other bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family were also found: Klebisiella aerogenes, Klebisiella pneumoniae and Morganella morganii. The results indicate that the hatchery obteined excellent and good levels in the quality of the environment in relation to the fungus count and only the first collection indicated elevated indexes on bacterial count, thus allowing, in the global, to reach the conditions for quality and productivity as required by the poultry industry. Keywords:

MORFOLOGIA INTESTINAL DE CODORNAS EUROPEIAS (COTURNIX COTURNIX) SUPLEMENTADAS COM GLUTAMINA E ÁCIDO GLUTÂMICO E SUBMETIDAS A ESTRESSE TÉRMICO CRÔNICO

A avicultura desenvolveu-se muito nos últimos anos, sendo considerada um setor extremamente importante na produção de alimentos para a população mundial. A coturnicultura de corte é um dos setores da avicultura que, devido a vários fatores, tem se mostrado uma atividade muito atrativa, devido ao seu alto potencial produtivo, tanto para a produção industrial, como para pequenos produtores ou agricultores familiares. Objetivou-se avaliar como o estresse térmico afeta a morfologia intestinal de codornas europeias e se a suplementação dietética com glutamina associada ao ácido glutâmico pode minimizar os efeitos deletérios do estresse térmico sobre a morfologia intestinal das aves durante seu ciclo produtivo. No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se a morfologia intestinal de codornas europeias suplementadas com glutamina associada ao ácido glutâmico (Gln+Glu), submetidas ou não ao estresse térmico por frio, no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade. No segundo experimento, avaliouse a influência da suplementação dietética de glutamina associada ao ácido glutâmico (Gln+Glu) sobre a morfometria intestinal de codornas europeias submetidas ou não ao estresse térmico por calor, no período de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Em ambos os experimentos foram utilizadas 320 codornas europeias não sexadas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), de acordo com esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo duas condições térmicas e duas dietas (dieta basal e dieta suplementada com 1% de Gln+Glu), com oito repetições e 10 aves por unidade experimental. As variáveis analisadas foram altura de vilosidade, largura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta, relação vilosidade/cripta e área de absorção. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. No primeiro experimento, conclui-se que o estresse térmico por frio na fase inicial de vida das codornas europeias pode ser considerado um fator que afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento morfológico do intestino das aves. No segundo experimento, conclui-se que a suplementação influenciou positivamente a profundidade de cripta do duodeno, e a relação vilosidade/cripta do jejuno de codornas europeias sob estresse térmico por calor. Os efeitos deletérios do estresse térmico podem ser parcialmente revertidos com a suplementação por glutamina e ácido glutâmico quando a temperatura é elevada, porém, não quando a temperatura é baixa.

The poultry industry is considered an extremely important sector in the production of food for the world population. Quail production is one branch that has shown to be economically interesting due to its high productive potential, both for industrial production and for small producers or family farmers. This study evaluated how thermal stress affects the intestinal morphology of European quails and whether dietary supplementation with glutamine associated with glutamic acid can minimize the deleterious effects of thermal stress on the intestinal morphology of birds during their production cycle. In the first experiment, the intestinal morphology of European quails supplemented with glutamine associated with glutamic acid (Gln + Glu) was evaluated, submitted or not to cold thermal stress from 1 to 21 days of age. In the second experiment, the influence of dietary supplementation of glutamine associated with glutamic acid (Gln + Glu) on the intestinal morphometry of European quails subjected or not to heat stress from 22 to 42 days of age was evaluated. In both experiments, 320 non-sexed European quails were used, distributed in a completely randomized design (DIC), according to a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with two thermal conditions and two diets (basal diet and diet supplemented with 1% Gln + Glu), with eight replicates and 10 birds per experimental unit. The variables analyzed were villus height, villus width, crypt depth, villus/crypt ratio and absorption area. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared using the Tukey test. In the first experiment, it was concluded that cold stress in the early life of European quails can be considered a factor that negatively affects the morphological development of the birds' intestines. In the second experiment, supplementation positively affected the crypt depth of the duodenum and the villus/crypt ratio of the jejunum of heat-stressed European quails. Negative effects cause by thermal stress may be partially minimized with glutamine and glutamic acid supplementation in high, but not in low, environmental temperature.

Productive performance of white leghorn hens based on the type of housing during rearing: floor versus cage

Poultry farmers in the southeastern of Mexico consider that the productivity of the hens that comes from rearing on floor has a higher productive performance than reared hens in cages, mainly due to higher percentage of egg laying and lower mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of the laying hen in relation to the type of rearing. A total of 79680 pullets Bovans White of 17 weeks of age were housed in cages with five pullets cage-1 (405 cm2pullet-1). They were divided in two treatments according to their type of rearing (floor vs cage) with four replicates. The study period was from week 20 to week 40 of age. The variables evaluated were daily (%) and cumulative mortality (%), egg production (%), egg weight (g), feed intake (g pullet d-1), cumulative feed intake (g pullet-1), daily and cumulative egg mass, number of eggs per hen housed, egg loss (%) and productivity index. The variables were analyzed using a randomized block design. It was observed that daily and cumulative mortality, feed intake and egg loss was higher (p < 0.05), while the number of eggs per hen housed and productivity index (p < 0.05) was lower for hens in cages. We conclude that it is possible to associate detriments in the productive performance of laying hens based on the type of housing during its growth phase.

Productive performance of white leghorn hens based on the type of housing during rearing: floor versus cage

Poultry farmers in the southeastern of Mexico consider that the productivity of the hens that comes from rearing on floor has a higher productive performance than reared hens in cages, mainly due to higher percentage of egg laying and lower mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of the laying hen in relation to the type of rearing. A total of 79680 pullets Bovans White of 17 weeks of age were housed in cages with five pullets cage-1 (405 cm2pullet-1). They were divided in two treatments according to their type of rearing (floor vs cage) with four replicates. The study period was from week 20 to week 40 of age. The variables evaluated were daily (%) and cumulative mortality (%), egg production (%), egg weight (g), feed intake (g pullet d-1), cumulative feed intake (g pullet-1), daily and cumulative egg mass, number of eggs per hen housed, egg loss (%) and productivity index. The variables were analyzed using a randomized block design. It was observed that daily and cumulative mortality, feed intake and egg loss was higher (p < 0.05), while the number of eggs per hen housed and productivity index (p < 0.05) was lower for hens in cages. We conclude that it is possible to associate detriments in the productive performance of laying hens based on the type of housing during its growth phase.(AU)