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1.
Acta otorrinolaringol. esp ; 73(4)julio 2022. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-207244

RESUMO

La ototoxicidad se define como el daño, reversible o irreversible, producido sobre el oído interno por diversas sustancias que se denominan ototóxicos y que causan una hipoacusia y/o una alteración del sistema vestibular.La hipoacusia permanente afecta significativamente a la calidad de vida y es especialmente importante en el caso de niños. Es frecuente la falta o el retraso en su detección, dado que muchas veces progresa de forma poco llamativa hasta que afecta a la comunicación y al desarrollo global. Este impacto puede minimizarse siguiendo una estrategia de monitorización audiológica de la ototoxicidad, que permita su detección y tratamiento precoz. Se recomienda implantar dicha monitorización en los niños que van a ser tratados con cisplatino o aminoglucósidos.Este documento de revisión y recomendaciones de la CODEPEH se enfoca a la detección precoz, la profilaxis, la otoprotección, el seguimiento y el tratamiento de la ototoxicidad por aminoglucósidos y antineoplásicos derivados del platino en la población pediátrica. (AU)


Ototoxicity is defined as the damage, reversible or irreversible, produced in the inner ear by various substances that are called ototoxic and that can cause hearing loss and/or an alteration of the vestibular system.Permanent hearing loss significantly affects quality of life and is especially important in children. The lack or delay in its detection is frequent, since it often progresses in an inconspicuous manner until it affects communication and overall development. This impact can be minimized by following a strategy of audiological monitoring of ototoxicity, which allows for its early detection and treatment. This document recommends that children who are going to be treated with cisplatin or aminoglycosides be monitored.This CODEPEH review and recommendation document focuses on the early detection, prophylaxis, otoprotection, monitoring and treatment of ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides and platinum-based antineoplastics in the paediatric population. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Cisplatino , Aminoglicosídeos , Prevenção de Doenças , Perda Auditiva , Terapêutica
2.
Acta otorrinolaringol. esp ; 71(6): 349-357, nov.-dic. 2020. graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-198078

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The impact of medical interventions for reducing ototoxicity requires focus in contexts where safe non-ototoxic alternative drugs are not yet available. OBJECTIVES: The goal was to investigate the impact of medical intervention strategies for reducing the ototoxic effects of long-term use of aminoglycosides for the treatment of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in adults at a rural hospital in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. METHODS: A retrospective record review with a control group design was used, with audiological and medical record reviews of all participants' files over a six-month period. A total of 86 participants (intervention group n = 32 and control group n = 54) were included. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Results revealed progressive hearing loss in both groups, with worsening of thresholds at each subsequent assessment session. The progression of the hearing loss, however, was much slower in the intervention group, with degree of hearing loss being more severe in the control group in the final session of assessment (36.78-71.74 dB), when compared to the intervention group (33-44.39 dB). Furthermore, the hearing loss in the intervention group remained in the high frequencies while that in the control group progressed to involve the lower frequencies on the audiogram. The most common medical intervention strategies employed in the current study were to reduce the dosage of the ototoxic drug (61%), with the daily dosage reduced to 800 mg in 39% of participants, while the administration of the drug was reduced from daily to thrice weekly in 22% of participants. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal better hearing sensitivity over the treatment period in the intervention group when compared to the control group; thus suggesting that early medical strategies implemented had a significant preventive impact. Current findings are relevant to the audiological, medical and pharmaceutical fields, particularly within the South African context where resource constraints are a consideration in all treatment measures


INTRODUCCIÓN: El impacto de las intervenciones médicas para reducir la ototoxicidad requiere concentrarse en los contextos en los que no se dispone de fármacos alternativos no ototóxicos seguros. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo fue investigar el impacto de las intervenciones médicas para reducir los efectos ototóxicos del uso prolongado de aminoglucósidos para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis multirresistente a los fármacos (MDR-TB) en adultos, en un hospital rural en Cabo Oriental, Sudáfrica. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de historias con grupo control de las revisiones audiológicas y médicas de todos los participantes durante un periodo de 6 meses, incluyéndose a un total de 86 participantes (grupo intervención n = 32 y grupo control n = 54). Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales para analizar los datos. RESULTADOS: Los resultados revelaron hipoacusia progresiva en ambos grupos, con empeoramiento de los umbrales en cada examen sucesivo. Sin embargo, la progresión de la hipoacusia fue menor en el grupo intervención, siendo más severo el grado de pérdida auditiva en el grupo control en el examen final de evaluación (36,78-71,74 dB), en comparación con el grupo intervención (33-44,39 dB). Además, la hipoacusia se mantuvo en frecuencias altas en el grupo intervención, mientras que en el grupo control experimentó una progresión, incluyendo las frecuencias bajas en el audiograma. Las intervenciones médicas más comunes utilizadas en el presente estudio fueron la reducción de la dosis de fármacos ototóxicos (61%), reduciéndose la dosis diaria a 800 mg en el 39% de los participantes, mientras que la administración del fármaco se redujo de una a tres veces por semana en el 22% de los participantes. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados revelan mejor sensibilidad auditiva a lo largo del periodo de tratamiento en el grupo intervención, en comparación con el grupo control, lo cual sugiere que las estrategias médicas tempranas implementadas tuvieron un impacto preventivo significativo. Los hallazgos actuales son relevantes para los campos audiológico, médico y farmacéutico, particularmente en el contexto de Sudáfrica, donde las limitaciones de recursos son dignas de consideración en todas las medidas de tratamiento


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Aminoglicosídeos/efeitos adversos , Antituberculosos/efeitos adversos , Perda Auditiva/induzido quimicamente , Perda Auditiva/prevenção & controle , Intervenção Médica Precoce/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/complicações , Resultado do Tratamento , Audiometria de Tons Puros , Limiar Auditivo , África do Sul
3.
Pharm. pract. (Granada, Internet) ; 17(3): 0-0, jul.-sept. 2019. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-188120

RESUMO

Background: Inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents is one of the most important factors in inducing resistance and prolonged hospitalization as well as increase in patient mortality rate. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate aminoglycosides (AGs) usage pattern at intensive care units (ICUs) of Nemazee hospital Shiraz, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the usage pattern of AGs was evaluated during 32 months. Guidelines for AGs usage were approved by the drug and therapeutic committee of the hospital, and criteria were developed to assess 11 parameters involving AGs therapy, such as proper indication for the use of the drug, dosage and duration of therapy. Clinical parameters, such as microbial culture and sensitivity, serum creatinine (SCr) and creatinine clearance, and white blood cell count were evaluated. Results: Ninety-five patients were recruited, 50 male and 45 females. In most patients (64%) the origin of infection was hospital and only in 36% of them, community was the source. Ventilator associated pneumonia (27%), central nervous system (25%) and urinary tract infection (10%) were the most important indications for AGs prescription. Scores of AGs usage at Nemazee hospital was calculated as 5.9 out of 11, which meant that in only 54% of cases AGs prescription was based on guideline proposed by the Department of Clinical Pharmacy of Nemazee Hospital. Conclusions: Non-adherence to the guidelines occurred frequently in the ICUs of Nemazee hospital. Prescription of loading dose, and AGs level measurement were not done and evaluating microbiological data was often neglected. Incorporating pharmacists in the health care team and holding training programs for physicians and nurses with the goal of raising awareness about the proposed guideline


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aminoglicosídeos/uso terapêutico , Estado Terminal/terapia , Prescrição Inadequada/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Farmacêutica/estatística & dados numéricos , Amicacina/uso terapêutico , Gentamicinas/uso terapêutico , Hospitais de Ensino/estatística & dados numéricos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico
5.
Acta otorrinolaringol. esp ; 69(2): 105-109, mar.-abr. 2018. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-172141

RESUMO

Introduction: Cochlear damage is frequent in long-term aminoglycosides therapy or chemotherapeutic treatments with platinum-based agents. Despite its prevalence, it is currently underestimated and underdiagnosed. A monitoring protocol is vital to the early detection of cochleotoxicity and its implementation is widely encouraged in every hospital unit. Our aim was to elaborate a cochleotoxicity monitoring protocol for patients treated with platinum compounds or aminoglycosides antibiotics. Methods: PubMed® database was searched using terms relevant to drug cochleotoxicity in order to identify the most adequate protocol. Several articles and guidelines influenced our decision. Results: There is no consensus on a universal monitoring protocol. Its formulation and application rely heavily on available resources and personnel. High-frequency audiometry and otoacoustic emissions play an important role on early detection of cochleotoxicity caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics and platinum compounds. Conclusion: A cochleotoxicity monitoring protocol consisting on an initial evaluation, treatment follow-up and post-treatment evaluation is proposed (AU)


Introducción: El daño coclear es frecuente en la terapia de aminoglucósidos a largo plazo, o en tratamientos quimioterapéuticos con agentes a base de platino. A pesar de su prevalencia, actualmente está subestimado y subdiagnosticado. Un protocolo de monitorización es vital para la detección temprana de la ototoxicidad, por lo que se incita a su implementación en todas las unidades hospitalarias. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar un protocolo de monitorización de la cocleototoxicidad para pacientes tratados con compuestos de platino o antibióticos aminoglucósidos. Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en la base de datos PubMed® utilizando términos relevantes para la cocleototoxicidad de los fármacos con el fin de identificar el protocolo más adecuado. Varios artículos y directrices influyeron en nuestra decisión. Resultados: No hay consenso sobre un protocolo de monitoreo universal. Su formulación y aplicación dependen en gran medida de los recursos y el personal disponibles. La audiometría de alta frecuencia y las emisiones otoacústicas desempeñan un papel importante en la detección temprana de la cocleototoxicidad causada por los antibióticos aminoglucósidos y los compuestos de platino. Conclusión: Se propone un protocolo de monitorización de la cocleototoxicidad, consistente en una evaluación inicial, seguimiento del tratamiento y evaluación postratamiento (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cóclea , Cóclea/patologia , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/complicações , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Aminoglicosídeos/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/terapia , Aminoglicosídeos/administração & dosagem , Aminoglicosídeos/análise , Aminoglicosídeos/uso terapêutico
7.
Med. clín (Ed. impr.) ; 149(8): 331-338, oct. 2017. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-167658

RESUMO

Fundamento y objetivos: La toxicidad renal de ciertos antibióticos (AB) es conocida. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es conocer el posible efecto de los tratamientos AB en el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal (IR) en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa (EI). Material y método: Recogida en un registro nacional multicéntrico de los datos referentes a la función renal, tanto previa como su deterioro si existiese, durante el tratamiento de las EI y relacionarlo con los posibles factores causantes, entre ellos los AB. Resultados: Entre 2008 y 2012 se han analizado 1.853 episodios de EI remitidos desde 26 centros españoles. De ellos, un 21,6% presentaban una alteración previa de la función renal. Desarrollaron IR de novo o un empeoramiento de la función renal previa un 38,7% de los casos. En aquellos pacientes que presentaban IR previa, el deterioro fue más frecuente (64 frente a 31,7%; p<0,001). Globalmente los pacientes con IR tenían más edad (70,6 frente a 67 años; p<0,01) y comorbilidades (índice de Charlson 5 frente a 4; p<0,01), y la EI era por Staphylococcus aureus (32,1 frente a 16,5%; p<0,01). El uso de AB potencialmente nefrotóxicos solo se asoció a IR en el grupo de pacientes sin IR previa (aminoglucósidos: OR=1,47 [IC 95% 1,096-1,988], p=0,010; aminoglucósidos-vancomicina: OR=1,49 [IC 95% 1,069-2,09], p=0,019]). Conclusiones: En pacientes sin IR previa, los AB nefrotóxicos se asocian a un deterioro de la función renal. En pacientes con IR previa al episodio de EI, el deterioro de renal fue más frecuente, pero parece estar más relacionado con la gravedad de la infección (AU)


Background and objectives: The possible renal toxicity of certain antibiotics (AB) is well known. The objective of our work is to know the possible effect of AB treatments in the development of renal failure (RF) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). Material and method: Collection from a national multi-centre registry of collection on renal function, both prior and its impairment, if any, during the treatment of IE and in relation to possible causative factors, including the use of AB. Results: Between 2008 and 2012, 1,853 episodes of IE reported from 26 Spanish centres were analysed. Of these, 21.6% had prior RF. They developed new RF or impairment of renal function in 38.7% of the cases. In patients with prior RF, impairment was more frequent (64 vs. 31.7%, P<.001). Overall, patients with RF were older (70.6 vs. 67 years, P<.01), had more comorbidities (Charlson index 5 vs. 4, P<.01), and IE by Staphylococcus aureus (32.1 vs. 16.5%, P<.01). Potentially nephrotoxic AB use was only associated with RF in patients without prior RF (aminoglycosides: OR=1.47 [95% CI 1.096-1.988], P=.010; aminoglycosides with vancomycin: OR=1.49 [95% CI 1.069-2.09], P=.019). Conclusions: In patients without prior RF, the use of nephrotoxic AB is associated with impairment of renal function. In patients with RF prior to the IE episode, impairment of renal function was more frequent but appears to be more related to the severity of infection (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Endocardite Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Renal/induzido quimicamente , Testes de Toxicidade , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Aminoglicosídeos/uso terapêutico , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , Indicadores de Morbimortalidade
9.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-170727

RESUMO

El problema de la resistencia a los antibióticos en general, y en concreto en las especies de bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis y Streptococcus pneumoniae, constituye una grave amenaza para la salud pública. Estos microorganismos presentan múltiples mecanismos de resistencia frente a los agentes utilizados, hoy en día, en la práctica clínica. Muchos de estos mecanismos de resistencia son comunes y se identifican en estas 4 especies bacterianas. Otros, sin embargo, parecen ser más específicos. En cualquier caso, la prevalencia de un mecanismo de resistencia y su capacidad de diseminación varían considerablemente en función del microorganismo. En esta revisión nos centraremos en los mecanismos de resistencia a los antibióticos con mayor relevancia clínica para el tratamiento de infecciones producidas por estas especies bacterianas, haciendo especial hincapié en los nuevos mecanismos descritos tanto para antibióticos de amplio uso como para los más nuevos agentes como lipopéptidos, lipoglucopéptidos, glicilciclinas u oxazolidinonas (AU)


Antimicrobial resistance among Gram-positive bacteria, especially in Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a serious threat to public health. These microorganisms have multiple resistance mechanisms to agents currently used in clinical practice. Many of these resistance mechanisms are common to all 4 of these bacterial species, but other mechanisms seem to be more specific. The prevalence and dissemination of these mechanisms varies considerably, depending on the microorganism. This review discusses the resistance mechanisms to the most clinically relevant antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the new mechanisms described for widely used antibiotics and for newer agents such as lipopeptides, lipoglycopeptides, glycylcyclines and oxazolidinones (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/complicações , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Enterococos Resistentes à Vancomicina/isolamento & purificação , Glicopeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Estreptograminas/uso terapêutico , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Mupirocina/uso terapêutico , Aminoglicosídeos/uso terapêutico , Tetraciclinas
10.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 63(11): 501-509, 1 dic., 2016. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-158367

RESUMO

Resumen. La toxicidad neurológica de muchos antibióticos se ha documentado en numerosos artículos y notas clínicas. En esta revisión se clasifican los antibióticos en función del mecanismo fisiopatogénico por el que pueden provocar un trastorno de la marcha, teniendo en cuenta tanto datos clínicos como experimentales. Se ha realizado una búsqueda exhaustiva en Google Scholar y PubMed con el objetivo de encontrar revisiones, artículos y casos clínicos acerca de trastornos de la marcha secundarios a distintos antibióticos. Se han separado los diferentes antibióticos en función del mecanismo fisiopatogénico por el cual podrían producir una alteración de la marcha. Se han clasificado en antibióticos capaces de producir ataxia cerebelosa, ataxia vestibular, ataxia sensitiva o un trastorno de la marcha extrapiramidal. El principal objetivo era agrupar todos los fármacos que pueden provocar un trastorno de la marcha, para facilitar la sospecha clínica y, en consecuencia, el tratamiento de los pacientes (AU)


Summary. The neurological toxicity of many antibiotics has been reported in a number of articles and clinical notes. In this review antibiotics are classified according to the physiopathogenic mechanism that can give rise to a gait disorder, taking both clinical and experimental data into account. An exhaustive search was conducted in Google Scholar and PubMed with the aim of finding reviews, articles and clinical cases dealing with gait disorders secondary to different antibiotics. The different antibiotics were separated according to the physiopathogenic mechanism that could cause them to trigger a gait disorder. They were classified into antibiotics capable of producing cerebellar ataxia, vestibular ataxia, sensitive ataxia or an extrapyramidal gait disorder. The main aim was to group all the drugs that can give rise to a gait disorder, in order to facilitate the clinical suspicion and, consequently, the management of patients (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Ataxia/congênito , Ataxia/patologia , Polineuropatias/congênito , Polineuropatias/patologia , Isoniazida/administração & dosagem , Cloroquina/administração & dosagem , Macrolídeos/metabolismo , Aminoglicosídeos/administração & dosagem , Aminoglicosídeos/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/provisão & distribuição , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Ataxia/complicações , Ataxia/diagnóstico , Polineuropatias/complicações , Polineuropatias/diagnóstico , Isoniazida/metabolismo , Cloroquina/metabolismo , Aminoglicosídeos/provisão & distribuição , Aminoglicosídeos/normas
11.
Farm. hosp ; 40(5): 352-370, sept.-oct. 2016. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-155723

RESUMO

The use of parenteral antibiotic eye drop formulations with non-marketed compositions or concentrations, commonly called fortified antibiotic eye drops, is a common practice in Ophthalmology in the hospital setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ocular toxicity of the main fortified antibiotic eye drops prepared in the Hospital Pharmacy Departments. We have conducted an in vitro experimental study in order to test the toxicity of gentamicin, amikacin, cefazolin, ceftazidime, vancomycin, colistimethate sodium and imipenem-cilastatin eye drops; their cytotoxicity and acute tissue irritation have been evaluated. Cell-based assays were performed on human stromal keratocytes, using a cell-based impedance biosensor system [xCELLigence Real-Time System Cell Analyzer (RTCA)], and the Hen’s Egg Test for the ocular irritation tests. All the eye drops, except for vancomycin and imipenem, have shown a cytotoxic effect dependent on concentration and time; higher concentrations and longer exposure times will cause a steeper decline in the population of stromal keratocytes. Vancomycin showed a major initial cytotoxic effect, which was reverted over time; and imipenem appeared as a non-toxic compound for stromal cells. The eye drops with the highest irritating effect on the ocular surface were gentamicin and vancomycin. Those antibiotic eye drops prepared at the Hospital Pharmacy Departments included in this study were considered as compounds potentially cytotoxic for the ocular surface; this toxicity was dependent on the concentration used (AU)


El uso de reformulaciones de antibióticos parenterales en forma de colirios de composición o concentraciones no comercializadas, comúnmente denominados colirios antibióticos reforzados, es una práctica habitual en oftalmología a nivel hospitalario. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha consistido en evaluar la toxicidad ocular in vitro de los principales colirios antibióticos reforzados elaborados en los Servicios de Farmacia Hospitalaria. Hemos realizado un estudio experimental in vitro para evaluar la toxicidad de los colirios de gentamicina, amikacina, cefazolina, ceftazidima, vancomicina, colistimetato de sodio e imipenem-cilastatina en el que se ha evaluado su citotoxicidad y la irritación tisular aguda. Los ensayos celulares se realizan sobre queratocitos estromales humanos, mediante la utilización de un sistema biosensor de impedancia celular [(xCELLigence Real-Time System Cell Analyzer (RTCA)] y los ensayos de irritación ocular mediante el ensayo Hen´s Egg Test. Todos los colirios, excepto vancomicina e imipenem, han mostrado un efecto citotóxico de concentración y tiempo dependiente, siendo las concentraciones más altas y los tiempos más prolongados los que provocan un descenso más pronunciado en la población de queratocitos estromales. La vancomicina muestra un importante efecto citotóxico inicial que revierte con el transcurso del tiempo y el imipenem se muestra como un compuesto no tóxico para las células estromales. Los compuestos con mayor efecto irritante para la superficie ocular son la gentamicina y la vancomicina. Los colirios antiinfecciosos elaborados en los Servicios de Farmacia Hospitalaria estudiados se muestran como compuestos potencialmente citotóxicos para la superficie ocular, siendo esta toxicidad dependiente de la concentración utilizada (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Soluções Oftálmicas/toxicidade , Antibacterianos/toxicidade , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/estatística & dados numéricos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Aminoglicosídeos/toxicidade , beta-Lactamas/toxicidade , Glicopeptídeos/toxicidade
12.
Arch. Soc. Esp. Oftalmol ; 91(6): 288-291, jun. 2016. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-152663

RESUMO

CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente que tras cirugía de glaucoma presenta pérdida súbita de visión, llegándose al diagnóstico de toxicidad retiniana por tobramicina, caracterizada por blanqueamiento retiniano con mancha rojo cereza, edema macular, y vasculitis con evolución a atrofia papilar y macular con esclerosis arteriolar. Ante la gravedad del cuadro ensayamos con megadosis de corticoides e implante intravítreo de dexametasona (Ozurdex®, Allergan S.A.) precozmente, sin buena respuesta. DISCUSIÓN: La toxicidad por aminoglucósidos es una complicación infrecuente, muy grave e idiosincrásica. Destacar que no existe tratamiento efectivo


CASE REPORT: The case is described of a patient who had a sudden loss of vision in her right eye after glaucoma surgery. A diagnosis of retinal toxicity due to tobramycin (an aminoglycoside) was reached, which was characterised by retinal whitening with a red cherry stain, macular oedema, and vasculitis that progressed to papillary and macular atrophy with arteriolar sclerosis. Given the severity of symptoms an early attempt was made with megadoses of steroids and an intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®, Allergan S.A.), without response. DISCUSSION: Aminoglycoside toxicity is a rare, idiosyncratic, very serious complication for which there is no effective treatment


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Aminoglicosídeos/administração & dosagem , Aminoglicosídeos/efeitos adversos , Aminoglicosídeos , Retina/anormalidades , Retina , Oclusão da Artéria Retiniana/complicações , Oclusão da Artéria Retiniana/diagnóstico , Oclusão da Artéria Retiniana/terapia
13.
Med. intensiva (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 39(9): 563-572, dic. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-145030

RESUMO

The judicious use of existing antibiotics is essential for preserving their activity against infections. In the era of multi-drug resistance, this is of particular importance in clinical areas characterized by high antibiotic use, such as the ICU. Antibiotic dose optimization in critically ill patients requires sound knowledge not only of the altered physiology in serious infections - including severe sepsis, septic shock and ventilator-associated pneumonia - but also of the pathogen–drug exposure relationship (i.e. pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index). An important consideration is the fact that extreme shifts in organ function, such as those seen in hyperdynamic patients or those with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, can have an impact upon drug exposure, and constant vigilance is required when reviewing antibiotic dosing regimens in the critically ill. The use of continuous renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation remain important interventions in these patients; however, both of these treatments can have a profound effect on antibiotic exposure. We suggest placing emphasis on the use of therapeutic drug monitoring and dose individualization when optimizing therapy in these settings


El uso sensato de los antibióticos existentes resulta fundamental para mantener su actividad contra las infecciones. En la era de la resistencia a múltiples fármacos, esto resulta especialmente importante en áreas clínicas caracterizadas por un uso elevado de antibióticos, como por ejemplo las UCI. La optimización de la dosis de antibióticos en pacientes críticamente enfermos requiere sólidos conocimientos no solo sobre las alteraciones fisiológicas asociadas a las infecciones graves (incluida la sepsis grave, el choque séptico y la neumonía asociada a la ventilación) sino también sobre la relación entre patógenos y la exposición a fármacos (esto es, el índice farmacocinético/farmacodinámico). Es importante considerar el hecho de que los cambios extremos en la función orgánica, como los observados en pacientes hiperdinámicos o en aquellos con síndrome de disfunción multiorgánica, pueden tener un efecto sobre la exposición a los fármacos, por lo que se requiere una vigilancia constante al revisar los regímenes posológicos de los antibióticos en los pacientes críticamente enfermos. La terapia de reemplazo renal continuo y la oxigenación por membrana extracorporal siguen constituyendo intervenciones importantes en este tipo de pacientes; no obstante, ambos tratamientos pueden tener un profundo impacto sobre la exposición a los antibióticos. Sugerimos poner un especial énfasis sobre el uso de la monitorización farmacoterapéutica y sobre la individualización de la dosis al optimizar el tratamiento en estos entornos terapéuticos


Assuntos
Humanos , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Infecções/tratamento farmacológico , Conduta do Tratamento Medicamentoso/organização & administração , Sepse/tratamento farmacológico , Choque Séptico/tratamento farmacológico , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/organização & administração , Fluoroquinolonas/administração & dosagem , Daptomicina/administração & dosagem , Lincosamidas/administração & dosagem , beta-Lactamas/administração & dosagem , Aminoglicosídeos/administração & dosagem
14.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 26(4): 346-352, dic. 2013. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-118226

RESUMO

Introducción: A pesar del aumento de la diversidad étnica en nuestro entorno, existen pocos estudios sobre la influencia en la farmacocinética de amikacina. En este estudio se compararon las características farmacocinéticas de amikacina en diferentes etnias: asiáticos, hispanos, magrebíes y caucásicos. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel durante ocho años. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes en tratamiento con amikacina endovenosa en régimen de ampliación de intervalo. Se analizaron los parámetros farmacocinéticos con determinación de niveles plasmáticos. Se realizó un análisis estadístico bivariado y una regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Se incluyeron 164 pacientes: 7 asiáticos, 135 caucásicos, 11 hispanos y 11 magrebíes. Se evidenciaron concentraciones plasmáticas inferiores de amikacina en la población magrebí respecto al resto de etnias como consecuencia de su mayor aclaramiento. Conclusiones: Sería recomendable monitorizar las concentraciones plasmáticas de amikacina en pacientes magrebíes para evitar el riesgo de concentraciones subterapéuticas (AU)


Objective: Despite the increasing ethnic diversity, there are few studies of its influence on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of amikacin in different populations: Asian, Hispanic, North Africans and Caucasian. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed in a tertiary teaching hospital during eight years. It was included all patients with intravenous amikacin treatment in extended interval dosing regimen with therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed. A bivariate and multiple linear regression statistical analysis were carried out. Results: 164 patients were included: 7 asians, 135 Caucasians, 11 Hispanics and 11 from North Africa. It was shown a lower plasma concentrations of amikacin in North Africa population due to its greater clearance. Conclusions: Amikacin plasma concentrations monitoring is advisable in patients from North Africa in order to avoid subtherapeutic concentrations (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Amicacina/farmacocinética , Amicacina/uso terapêutico , Aminoglicosídeos/farmacocinética , Etnicidade/etnologia , Distribuição por Etnia , Estudos Retrospectivos , 28599
15.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 26(3): 203-213, sept. 2013. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-115563

RESUMO

Objetivos. Analizar una cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemia enterocócica. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo-observacional de adultos ingresados con aislamiento de Enterococcus spp en hemocultivos (Junio 2007-Septiembre 2009). Se revisaron las historias clínicas siguiendo un protocolo que consideraba variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y microbiológicas. El tratamiento con glicopéptidos en pacientes no alérgicos o cepas sin resistencia a ampicilina se consideró “optimizable”. Resultados. Se detectaron 106 episodios (2/1000 pacientes ingresados; 84% E. faecalis); 83% presentaban comorbilidad de base; 88% de adquisición nosocomial/asociada a cuidados sanitarios. El foco fue urinario en 20% y desconocido en 47%; 60% tenían resistencia de alto nivel a gentamicina (RANG); no hubo cepas resistentes a vancomicina o linezolid. Los tratamientos empíricos más usados fueron penicilina-inhibidor de betalactamasas (25%) y glicopéptidos (22%). En el tratamiento definitivo el antibiótico más usado fue glicopéptido (34%), considerándose “optimizado” 21% de tratamientos empíricos y 44% de definitivos. La mortalidad global fue 23% (relacionada 14%). Se asociaron a RANG: adquisición nosocomial (OR 6,083; IC95% 1,428-25,915) y no tener foco abdominal (OR 6,006; IC95%1,398-25.805). Se asociaron a mayor mortalidad la gravedad clínica inicial (Pitt > 3) (OR 14,405; IC95%2,236-92,808) y haber recibido un tratamiento empírico activo (OR 8,849; IC95% 1,101-71,429). La incidencia de la serie histórica fue similar y aumentó el porcentaje de RANG en la cohorte más reciente. Conclusiones. La adquisición nosocomial y el no tener foco abdominal se asociaron a RANG; la gravedad clínica inicial y recibir tratamiento empírico activo (que no optimizado) se asociaron a mayor mortalidad. Apreciamos un aumento en el porcentaje de RANG (AU)


Objectives. To analyze a cohort of patients with Enterococcus sp. bacteraemia. Patients and methods. Retrospective and observational study of a cohort of non-pediatric in-patients with Enterococcus spp. bacteraemia (June 2007-September 2009). Data collection from clinical records was done according to a standard protocol. We analyzed epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data. Treatment with glycopeptides in non allergic patients or in case of betalactam susceptibility (ampicillin) was considered “optimizable”. Results. Three were 106 cases of bacteraemia (2.2/1000 admitted patients; 84% E. faecalis); 83% had an underlying condition; 88% nosocomial or health related cases. Urinary infection was present in 20% and primary bacteraemia in 47%. High level resistance to gentamicin (HLRG) was present in 60%; there was no vancomycin or linezolid resistance. Most frequent empiric treatments were penicillin-betalactamase inhibitor (25%) and glycopeptides (22%). Most frequent definitive treatment was glycopeptides (34%), being “optimized” 21% and 44% of empiric and definitive treatments, respectively. Mortality was 23% (related, 14%). In the multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with HLRG were nosocomial acquired infection (OR 6.083; 95CI% 1.428-25.915) and no-abdominal origin (OR 6.006; 95CI%1.398-25.805). In multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for mortality were: Pitt > 3 (OR 14.405; 95CI%2.236-92.808) and active empiric treatment (OR 8.849; 95CI% 1.101-71.429).). Incidence in previous cohort was similar but HLRG rate has increased. Conclusions. Risk factors associated with HLRG were nosocomial acquired infection and no-abdominal origin. Risk factors for mortality were initial clinical severity and having received active empiric treatment. HLRG rate has increased (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de Risco , Aminoglicosídeos , Resistência a Medicamentos , Resistência a Medicamentos/fisiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Glicopeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Comorbidade , Strepto-Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus faecalis/isolamento & purificação
16.
Allergol. immunopatol ; 41(2): 121-126, mar.-abr. 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-111623

RESUMO

Contact dermatitis is defined as “airborne” when the causative factor is present in the environment and may determine irritative or allergic skin reactions. It is often work-related. In this review of the literature, we focus our attention on airborne contact dermatitis due to pharmaceutical compounds. Contact reactions to medications, often occupation-related, occur mainly in two exposed groups: employees of pharmaceutical industries involved in the production of the drugs and healthcare workers who use the drugs for therapeutic aims(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/complicações , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/diagnóstico , Erupção por Droga/complicações , Erupção por Droga/diagnóstico , Erupção por Droga/tratamento farmacológico , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , beta-Lactamas/uso terapêutico , Aminoglicosídeos/uso terapêutico , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico
17.
Int. microbiol ; 15(3): 131-139, sept. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-136883

RESUMO

The resistance of 49 strains of bacteria isolated from surface Baltic Sea waters to 11 antibiotics was analyzed and the resistance of selected strains to three metal ions (Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+) was tested. Most isolates belonged to Gammaproteobacteria (78 %), while Alphaproteobacteria (8 %), Actinobacteria (10 %), and Bacteroidetes (4 %) were less abundant. Even though previous reports suggested relationships between resistance and the presence of plasmids or the ability to produce pigments, no compelling evidence for such relationships was obtained for the strains isolated in this work. In particular, strains resistant to multiple antibiotics did not carry plasmids more frequently than sensitive strains. A relation between resistance and the four aminoglycosides tested (gentamycin, kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin), but not to spectinomycin, was demonstrated. This observation is of interest given that spectinomycin is not always classified as an aminoglycoside because it lacks a traditional sugar moiety. Statistical analysis indicated relationships between resistance to some antibiotics (ampicillin and erythromycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, erythromycin and tetracycline), suggesting the linkage of resistance genes for antibiotics belonging to different classes. The effects of NiSO4, ZnCl2 and MnCl2 on various media suggested that the composition of Marine Broth might result in low concentrations of Mn2+ due to chemical interactions that potentially lead to precipitation (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Metais/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Aminoglicosídeos/genética , Aminoglicosídeos/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Mar Mediterrâneo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Filogenia , Plasmídeos
18.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 25(2): 100-121, jun. 2012. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-100507

RESUMO

Ante la grave situación planteada por la resistencia de las bacterias a los antibióticos se revisan antibacterianos que por sus propiedades antimicrobianas y por encontrarse en registro o en fase de desarrollo clínico (I, II, III) tienen posibilidades de ser comercializados en años venideros. Su búsqueda se ha realizado investigando en los resúmenes de los libros de actas y páginas web de congresos internacionales de quimioterapia, enfermedades infecciosas y nuevos fármacos. Muchos de los nuevos antibacterianos actúan sobre dianas conocidas y pertenecen a familias ya utilizadas en clínica. La mayor parte actúa sobre grampositivos. Hay alguna sustancia con espectro muy reducido cuya posible utilización minimizaría los efectos biológicos adversos(AU)


A review of some antibacterial products is done motivated by the serious situation arisen by the antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The attention is focus on those drugs with suitable antimicrobial properties that have prospects to be commercialized in the next years because of they are undergoing a clinical development phase (I, II, III). The search for these antibacterial products has been done by an exhaustive study of conference proceedings and web pages of international congresses on chemotherapy, infectious diseases and new antimicrobial drugs. Some of the new antibacterial products acts on known targets, and they belong to already used families. Furthermore, the great majority acts against the gram-positive bacterium. There is also some limited-spectrum antimicrobial drug whose use would minimize the adverse biological effects(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Cefalosporinas/farmacocinética , Cefalosporinas/uso terapêutico , Aminoglicosídeos/uso terapêutico , Glicopeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Quinolonas/uso terapêutico , Oxazolidinonas/uso terapêutico , Cetolídeos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Peptidomiméticos/farmacocinética , Peptidomiméticos/uso terapêutico , Cininogênios/uso terapêutico
19.
Eur. j. anat ; 16(2): 119-126, mayo 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-108903

RESUMO

Gentamicin is one of the most extensively used aminoglycoside antibiotic. The study was planned to study any teratogenic effect of Gentamicin as a result of single dose injection given therapeutically or accidentally. Sixty fertilized eggs of white leghorn species were incubated for 20 days and divided into treated (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Eggs of treated and control groups were injected with 0.2mg of Gentamicin sulphate and ‘Sterilized water for injection’ respectively on the 4th day of incubation. On the 20th day, the chick embryos were extracted and then dissected to remove the kidneys. No effect of Gentamicin was found on either the mortality of chick embryos or the gross appearance of the newborn chicks and kidney as compared to the control group. The mean weight of both right and left kidneys was found less in treated group, though not statistically significant. On light microscopy, various changes were noticed in both control and treated groups which included glomerular enlargement and hypercellularity, glomerular congestion, mesangial proliferation and cystic dilatation and cloudy swelling of proximal convoluted tubules and infiltration by inflammatory cells and congestion of blood vessels. Statistical analysis revealed that all these changes except glomerular congestion were higher in treated group in comparison to control group, either in both the kidneys or in one-sided kidneys (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Gentamicinas/farmacocinética , Rim , Aminoglicosídeos/farmacocinética , Teratógenos/farmacocinética , Glomérulos Renais , Células Mesangiais , Zigoto
20.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 29(supl.5): 59-65, dic. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-97421

RESUMO

Los enterococos son importantes patógenos nosocomiales debido a la dificultad de tratamiento condicionada por su multirresistencia intrínseca y a la adquisición de nuevos genes de resistencia. La resistencia adquirida a beta-lactámicos se debe a la hiperproducción o a alteraciones en la PBP5. La producción de betalactamasa es anecdótica. La resistencia de alto nivel a aminoglucósidos (RAN) se debe a la producción de enzimas inactivantes de estos antibióticos y anula el efecto sinérgico con agentes activos en la pared celular. La enzima más frecuente es la AAC(6’)-APH(2”), que inactiva a todos los aminoglucósidos más frecuentemente utilizados en la práctica clínica. La resistencia adquirida a glucopéptidos se debe a la adquisición de operones de resistencia denominados vanA, vanB, vanD, vanE, vanG, VanL, vanM y vanN. La resistencia a linezolid se debe a mutaciones ribosómicas o a la adquisición del gen cfr. Algunas cepas presentan sensibilidad disminuida a la daptomicina. En España, la resistencia de los enterococos a los beta-lactámicos y la RAN a aminoglucósidos es elevada, y Enterococcus faecalis es casi uniformemente sensible a la ampicilina. La resistencia de los enterococos a los glucopéptidos es baja, con la excepción de algunos brotes, y los nuevos antimicrobianos (linezolid, daptomicina, tigeciclina) son casi uniformemente activos frente a estos microorganismos. La gran diseminación de los complejos clonales de alto riesgo como el CC2 y CC9 (E. faecalis) y el CC17 (E. faecium) hace necesario realizar estudios para vigilar la diseminación de genes de resistencia a antimicrobianos y para detectar estos CC de alto riesgo y predecir tendencias futuras en la adquisición de genes de resistencia (AU)


Enterococci are major nosocomial pathogens due to their intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobials as well as to their ability to acquire new mechanisms of resistance. Acquired resistance to beta-lactams is due to PBP5 overproduction or alterations in this protein. Beta-lactamase production is anecdotal. High-level resistance (HLR) to aminoglycosides is due to the production of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes that delete synergistic killing in association with cell wall-active agents. The most frequent enzyme is AAC(6’)- APH(2”), which inactivates all the aminoglycosides most frequently used in clinical practice. Acquired resistance to glycopeptides is due to the acquisition of gene clusters called vanA, vanB, vanD, vanE, vanG, vanL, vanM and vanN. Linezolid resistance is due to ribosomal mutations or to the acquisition of the cfr gene. Some isolates present diminished susceptibility to daptomycin. In Spain, both enterococcal resistance to beta-lactams and HLR to aminoglycosides are high. E. faecalis is almost uniformly susceptible to ampicillin. Enterococcal resistance to glycopeptides is low, with the exception of occasional outbreaks. The new antimicrobials (linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline) are almost uniformly active against these microorganisms. Because of the wide dissemination of the high-risk clonal complexes CC2 and CC9 (E. faecalis), and CC17 (E. faecium), surveillance studies are required to detect antimicrobial resistance genes as well as to identify high-risk clonal complexes in order to predict future trends in the acquisition of resistance genes (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Enterococcus/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Resistência a Ampicilina/genética , Aminoglicosídeos/farmacocinética , Resistência a Vancomicina/genética , beta-Lactamas/farmacocinética , Glicopeptídeos/farmacocinética , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacocinética , Macrolídeos/farmacocinética , Daptomicina/farmacocinética
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