Induction of perineural invasion in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma by circular RNA RNF111

Objective Local recurrence, distant metastasis, and perineural invasion (PNI) viciously occur in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC), resulting in a poor prognosis. This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which circular RNA RNF111 (circ-RNF111) regulates PNI in SACC by targeting the miR-361-5p/high mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) axis. Method Circ-RNF111 and HMGB2 were highly expressed in SACC specimens, while miR-361-5p was underexpressed. Functional experiments showed that ablating circ-RNF111 or promoting miR-361-5p hindered the biological functions and PNI of SACC-LM cells. Results HMGB2 overexpression induced the reversal of SACC-LM cell biological functions and PNI caused by circ-RNF111 knockout. Furthermore, reduction of circ-RNF111 suppressed PNI in a SACC xenograft model. Circ-RNF111 regulated HMGB2 expression through targeted modulation of miR-361-5p. Conclusion Taken together, circ-RNF111 stimulates PNI in SACC by miR-361-5p/HMGB2 axis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for SACC (AU)

Autophagy deficiency promotes lung metastasis of prostate cancer via stabilization of TWIST1

PurposeThe role of autophagy in prostate cancer metastasis remains controversial, and the effects of the autophagy-related gene ATG5 on prostate cancer metastasis are poorly understood. This study aims to explore the effects of ATG5 on prostate cancer metastasis and its molecular mechanism.MethodsThe metastatic characteristics of LNCaP and DU145 cells were assessed by NOD/SCID mouse experiments, western blot, transwell assay, and wound-healing assay. Double membrane autophagic vesicle observation and the adenovirus-expressing mCherry-GFP-LC3B fusion protein were used to assess the autophagic characteristics of LNCaP and DU145 cells. The role of p62 in the accumulation of TWIST1 was confirmed by western blot under different conditions. The lentivirus particles of shATG5, NOD/SCID mice experiments, western blot, transwell assay, and wound-healing assay were used to confirm the role of ATG5 in TWIST1 accumulation and prostate cancer cell metastasis.ResultsWe identified a stabilizing effect of p62 on TWIST1 in the autophagic regulation of EMT and prostate cancer metastasis. The loss of ATG5 in DU145 cells resulted in autophagy deficiency and p62 accumulation, which stabilized TWIST1 and increased the TWIST1 level in prostate cancer cells, and eventually promoted EMT and metastasis. In comparison, LNCaP cells with regular ATG5 expression and autophagy status retained remarkable epithelial cell characteristics and had limited metastatic characteristics. Similar results were also found in wild-type LNCaP cells and LNCaP cells with stable ATG5 interference.ConclusionsOur research revealed ATG5-mediated autophagy as a key mechanism that controls the metastasis of prostate cancer by regulating p62 abundance and TWIST1 stabilization.

TRIM27 suppresses inflammation injuries in pediatric pneumonia by targeting TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway

Background Pneumonia widely occurs in children and has high global morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent requirement to clarify the underlying mechanism of pediatric pneumonia and definite its potential therapeutic targets. Tri-domain protein 27 (TRIM27) is one of the TRIM protein family members which widely participated in multiple cellular processes.Objective To assess whether TRIM27 protects against pediatric pneumonia.Methods A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation injury model was constructed. The level of TRIM27 in LPS-induced cells was examined. The effects of TRIM27 in cell apoptosis and inflammatory response was evaluated. Moreover, the involvement of TLR4/NF-κB pathway were detected by Immunoblot.Results We established a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation injury model. Our data confirmed that LPS-treated WI-38 cells demonstrated a down-regulated expression of TRIM27. Overexpression of TRIM27 effectively reduced apoptosis and up-regulated the inflammatory factors in LPS-treated WI-38 cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway acted as a key point in LPS-mediated inflammation injuries, and overexpression of TRIM27 remarkably inhibited the activity of TLR4/NF-κB pathway, indicating the anti-inflammatory effect of TRIM27 (AU)

Análisis de desempeños cognitivos y polimorfismos en SORL, PVRL2, CR1, TOMM40, APOE, PICALM, GWAS_14q, CLU y BIN1 en pacientes con trastorno neurocognitivo leve y en sujetos cognitivamente sanos / Analysis of cognitive performance and polymorphisms of SORL1, PVRL2, CR1, TOMM40, APOE, PICALM, GWAS_14q, CLU, and BIN1 in patients with mild cognitive impairment and cognitively healthy controls

Introducción: Los polimorfismos de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedad de Alzheimer (se han estudiado en pacientes con demencia, pero aún no se han explorado en trastorno neurocognitivo leve (TNL) en nuestra población, ni se han considerado en relación con variables cognitivas, las cuales pueden ser biomarcadores predictivos de enfermedad.ObjetivoEvaluar los desempeños cognitivos y los polimorfismos en los genes SORL1(rs11218304), PVRL2(rs6859), CR1(rs6656401), TOMM40(rs2075650), APOE(isoformas ɛ2, ɛ3, ɛ4), PICALM(rs3851179), GWAS_14q(rs11622883), BIN(rs744373), CLU (rs227959 y rs11136000) en pacientes con TNL y en sujetos sanos.MetodologíaEstudio descriptivo, exploratorio y transversal, en una cohorte prospectiva de participantes seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico, evaluados por neurología, neuropsicología y genética, y clasificados como cognitivamente sanos y pacientes con TNL, según criterios. La cognición se evaluó por medio de la batería Neuronorma y se analizó en relación con las variantes polimórficas por medio de medidas de tendencia, intervalos de confianza y estadísticos no paramétricos.ResultadosSe identificaron diferencias en los desempeños en tareas de lenguaje y memoria en relación con las variantes de BIN1, CLU y CR1, junto con tendencias en las variantes de PICALM, GWArs, SORL y PVRL2, mientras que en APOE y TOMM40 no se encontraron tendencias.DiscusiónLas tendencias en los desempeños cognitivos en relación con variantes polimórficas podrían indicar que, en ausencia de demencia, los mecanismos que regulan estos genes podrían tener un efecto sobre la cognición; sin embargo, esta aproximación tiene un carácter exploratorio y sus resultados permiten generar hipótesis que requieren ser exploradas en muestras de mayor tamaño. (AU)

Introduction: Alzheimer disease risk polymorphisms have been studied in patients with dementia, but have not yet been explored in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in our population; nor have they been addressed in relation to cognitive variables, which can be predictive biomarkers of disease.ObjectiveTo evaluate cognitive performance and presence of polymorphisms of the genes SORL1(rs11218304), PVRL2(rs6859), CR1(rs6656401), TOMM40(rs2075650), APOE (isoforms ɛ2, ɛ3, ɛ4), PICALM(rs3851179), GWAS_14q(rs11622883), BIN1(rs744373), and CLU (rs227959 and rs11136000) in patients with MCI and healthy individuals.MethodologyWe performed a cross-sectional, exploratory, descriptive study of a prospective cohort of participants selected by non-probabilistic sampling, evaluated with neurological, neuropsychological, and genetic testing, and classified as cognitively healthy individuals and patients with MCI. Cognition was evaluated with the Neuronorma battery and analysed in relation to the polymorphic variants by means of measures of central tendency, confidence intervals, and nonparametric statistics.ResultsWe found differences in performance in language and memory tasks between carriers and non-carriers of BIN1, CLU, and CR1 variants and a trend toward poor cognitive performance for PICALM, GWAS_14q, SORL1, and PVRL2 variants; the APOE and TOMM40 variants were not associated with poor cognitive performance.DiscussionDifferences in cognitive performance associated with these polymorphic variants may suggest that the mechanisms regulating these genes could have an effect on cognition in the absence of dementia; however, this study was exploratory and hypotheses based on these results must be explored in larger samples. (AU)

TWIST1 upregulation affects E-cadherin expression in brain metastases

Purpose E-cadherin is a calcium-dependent glycoprotein whose main role is cell–cell adhesion. Its transcriptional repressor TWIST1 is a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) protein that participates in gastrulation and formation of mesodermal tissues during embryogenesis. In adult tissues, the high expression of TWIST1 induces the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)—a process in which cells become motile and able to metastasize. In this paper, we investigated the involvement of E-cadherin and TWIST1 in the carcinogenesis of brain metastases originating from two different primary sites—breast and lung. Methods The localization and expression of E-cadherin and its transcriptional repressor TWIST1 were investigated using a DAB-labeled streptavidin–horseradish peroxidase immunohistochemical reaction and specific monoclonal antibodies against TWIST1 and E-cadherin. Image J software was used for semi-quantitative analysis while H-score served for statistical evaluations. Results Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of E-cadherin was downregulated in 85.7% of brain metastases, while at the same time, 82.2% of them showed upregulated TWIST1. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant negative correlation between expressions of TWIST1 and E-cadherin (p = 0.001). When the brain metastases expression levels were compared to primary breast tumors in corresponding patients, E-cadherin showed higher expression in primary pairs compared to corresponding metastases. Consistent to its role, TWIST1 was downregulated in all primary tumor samples in comparison to corresponding metastases pairs (p = 0.034). Conclusion This research provides valuable data regarding molecular events involving two EMT key components that could give directions for new possibilities for brain metastases diagnosis and treatment (AU)

CDC6 is up-regulated and a poor prognostic signature in glioblastoma multiforme

Purpose Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most common and the most malignant type of brain tumor. Cell division cycle 6 (CDC6), a gene associated with DNA replication initiation, has been proven to be associated with the prognosis of multiple tumors. In this study, we aim to explore the association between CDC6 expression and GBM carcinogenesis and prognosis. Methods CDC6 expression in normal cells and GBM cells was explored by analyzing TCGA dataset, as well as by RT-PCR and western blot methods. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate Cox-regression analysis was adopted to estimate the independence of CDC6 as a GBM prognostic factor. Results and conclusions Elevated CDC6 levels in GBM tumor tissues compared with those in normal brain tissues were illustrated by analyzing the gene expression profiles from TCGA dataset, and confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot assays in GBM tumor and normal human astrocyte cell lines. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated the negative influence of high CDC6 expression on GBM overall survival (OS) probability and days to progression (D2P) after initial treatment, but not on days to recurrence (D2R) after initial treatment. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed CDC6 as an independent signature marker gene for GBM prognosis. In addition, the combination of CDC6 mRNA expression and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) could sensitively predict 3-year OS and D2P. In conclusion, our study uncovered the role of CDC6 in GBM carcinogenesis and prognosis for the first time, which could shed new light on GBM diagnosis and treatment (AU)

Long non-coding RNA NANCI/NKX2-1 duplex impacts prognosis in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer / La combinación de NANCI/NKX2-1 de ARN no codificante de cadena larga afecta al pronóstico del cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas en estadio I

BACKGROUND: NANCI, an intergenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is essential for buffering NKX2-1 expression during embryonic development and in adult tissue. We analyzed NANCI and NKX2-1 in human lung embryonic samples and adult lung tissues and evaluated their potential as prognostic markers in stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS AND RESULTS: NANCI and NKX2-1 expression was assessed by TaqMan assays in 18 human embryonic samples from 8 to 13 weeks, 59 non-tumoral (NT) lung tissue samples, and 98 stage I NSCLC tumor samples. NANCI and NKX2-1 expression in embryonic and NSCLC samples were downregulated in comparison to adult NT tissue. Patients with low expression of NANCI had shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than those with high levels (47.6 vs 69.3 months, P = 0.032 and 57.7 vs 77.6 months, P = 0.021, respectively). When the expression levels of NANCI and NKX2-1 were evaluated in combination, four groups were identified (high NANCI/high NKX2-1, low NANCI/high NKX2-1, high NANCI/low NKX2-1 and low NANCI/low NKX2-1) with differential impact on DFS (P = 0.042) and OS (P = 0.024). Interestingly, the high NANCI/high NKX2-1 duplex group had longer DFS and OS than the other three groups (71.25 vs 46.3 months, P = 0.009 and 81.3 vs 56.1 months, P = 0.004, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, the high NANCI/high NKX2-1 duplex was identified as an independent prognostic factor for longer DFS (HR 0.346, 95% CI, 0.169-0.709; P = 0.004) and OS (HR 0.309, 95% CI, 0.121-0.786; P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: NANCI and the NANCI-NKX2-1 duplex impacts prognosis in stage I NSCLC patients

CONTEXTO GLOBAL: NANCI, un ARN intergénico largo no codificante (lncRNA) es esencial para regular la expresión de NKX2-1 durante el desarrollo embrionario y en el tejido adulto. Analizamos la expresión de NANCI y NKX2-1 en muestras embrionarias de pulmón humano y tejidos pulmonares adultos, y evaluamos su potencial como marcadores pronósticos en el cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas (CPCNP) en estadio I. MÉTODOS Y RESULTADOS: La expresión de NANCI y NKX2-1 se evaluó mediante ensayos TaqMan® en 18 muestras embrionarias humanas de 8 a 13 semanas, 59 muestras de tejido pulmonar no tumoral (NT) y 98 muestras de tumor de CPCNP en estadio i. La expresión de NANCI y NKX2-1 en muestras embrionarias y NSCLC se encontraba reducida en comparación con el tejido NT adulto. Los pacientes con baja expresión de NANCI tuvieron una supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE) y una supervivencia general (SG) más cortas que aquellos con niveles altos (47,6 frente a 69,3 meses; p = 0,032 y 57,7 frente a 77,6 meses; p = 0,021, respectivamente). Cuando se evaluaron los niveles de expresión de NANCI y NKX2-1 combinados se identificaron 4 grupos (NANCI alto/NKX2-1 alto, NANCI bajo/NKX2-1 alto, NANCI alto/NKX2-1 bajo y NANCI bajo/NKX2-1 bajo) con impacto variable en la SLE (p = 0,042) y la SG (p = 0,024). Curiosamente, la combinación de NANCI alto/NKX2-1 alto presentó unas SLE y SG más largas que los otros 3 grupos (71,25 frente a 46,3 meses; p = 0,009 y 81,3 frente a 56,1 meses; p = 0,004, respectivamente). En el análisis multivariante, la combinación de NANCI alto/NKX2-1 alto se identificó como un factor de pronóstico independiente para una SLE más larga (HR: 0,346; IC 95%: 0,169-0,709; p = 0,004), al igual que la SG (HR: 0,309; IC 95%: 0,121-0,786; p = 0,014). CONCLUSIONES: NANCI y la combinación de NANCI-NKX2-1 afecta al pronóstico de los pacientes con CPCNP en estadio i

Marcadores pronóstico en la carcinogénesis pulmonar. Ruta SIAH2-DYRK2 / Prognostic markers in lung carcinogenesis. SIAH2-DYRK2 route

El cáncer de pulmón (CP) es la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo. Su elevada mortalidad refleja, en parte, la limitada eficacia de las terapias actualmente disponibles. Dada la pobre supervivencia actual del CP, y la demostrada evidencia de que el diagnóstico precoz reduce la mortalidad, ha cobrado especial interés la búsqueda de biomarcadores. Recientemente, se ha atribuido a DYRK2 un papel relevante en el desarrollo y progresión tumoral relacionado con la inducción de la apoptosis en respuesta al estrés oncogénico. Así, se identificó a DYRK2 como el gen más frecuentemente sobre- expresado en el adenocarcinoma de pulmón, siendo además un factor pronóstico favorable en estos tumores. Asimismo, se ha demostrado la existencia de una regulación mutua entre DYRK2 y la ubiquitín-ligasa SIAH2, en el control de la respuesta a hipoxia y el daño genotóxico. La búsqueda de nuevas dianas y estrategias terapéuticas supone un paso clave para la lucha contra el cáncer de pulmón. El objetivo del trabajo fue investigar qué papel juegan las proteínas SIAH2-DYRK2 en la carcinogénesis pulmonar, así como determinar el impacto clínico-patológico de su expresión en el tejido neoplásico. La modulación de la ruta SIAH2-DYRK2 podría ser empleada como una terapia dirigida en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón

Lung cancer (LC) continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The high mortality highlights the limited efficacy of available therapies for LC treatment. Given the poor survival rate of LC, and considering that early diagnosis reduces mortality, special interest exists nowadays in searching for lung cancer biomarkers. Recently, it has been suggested a possible role of DYRK2 in the development and progression of tumors, related to the induction of apoptosis in response oncogenic stress. In this regard, DYRK2 was identified as the most commonly up-regulated gene in lung adenocarcinomas, as well as a favourable prognostic factor in these tumors. Moreover, a mutual regulation between DYRK2 and the ubiquitin-ligase SIAH2 in response to hypoxia and DNA-damage signaling pathways has been demonstrated. It is of paramount importance to search for new targets and therapeutic strategies in lung cancer. The aim of the study was to analyse the role of SIAH2-DYRK2 in the development of lung cancer, and to assess the clinical and pathological effects of the expression of these proteins in lung cancer tissue. Modulation of the route SIAH2- DYRK2 might be used as a new targeted therapy in lung cancer patients

Prognostic value of ZFP36 and SOCS3 expressions in human prostate cancer

Purpose: ZFP36 ring finger protein (ZFP36) and the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) have been reported to, respectively, regulate NF-jB and STAT3 signaling pathways. To better understand the correlation of NF-jB and STAT3 negative regulates pathway, we have investigated the involvement of ZFP36 and SOCS3 expressions in human prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: In the present study, paired patient tissue microarrays were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and the ZFP36 protein expression was quantitated as immunoreactive scores in patients with PCa. Associations between ZFP36/SOCS3 expression and various clinicopathological features and prognosis of PCa patients were statistically analyzed based on the Taylor database. Then, the functions of ZFP36 and SOCS3 in cancerous inflammation were determined using qPCR and immunohistochemistry in vitro and in vivo. Results: ZFP36 protein expression in PCa tissues was significantly lower than those in non-cancerous prostate tissues (P < 0.05). In mRNA level, ZFP36 and SOCS3 had a close correlation with each other (P < 0.01, Pearson r = 0.848), and its upregulation was both significantly associated with low Gleason score (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), negative metastasis (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), favorable overall survival (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), and negative biochemical recurrence (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Functionally, LPS treatment could lead to the overexpression of ZFP36 and SOCS3 in vitro and vivo. Conclusions: Our data offer the convincing evidence for the first time that the aberrant expressions of ZFP36 and SOCS3 may be involved into the progression and patients’ prognosis of PCa, implying their potentials as candidate markers of this cancer

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High Sam68 expression predicts poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The nuclear protein Sam68 has been implicated in the oncogenesis and tumor growth. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical value of Sam68 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: We examined Sam68 expression in 50 NSCLC tissues and matched adjacent noncancerous tissues by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Furthermore, the Sam68 protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 208 NSCLC samples. Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression model were used to evaluate the prognostic value of nuclear Sam68 expression in NSCLC for disease survival. RESULTS: The expression of Sam68 was significantly elevated in NSCLC tissues as compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P < 0.01). The high expression of Sam68 in NSCLC was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and tumor TNM stage. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that high expression of Sam68 correlated with poor prognosis of NSCLC patients (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that Sam68 expression was an independent prognostic marker for overall survival of NSCLC patients (HR 2.73, 95 % CI 1.549-4.315, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that high Sam68 expression predicts poor prognosis of NSCLC patients, and Sam68 may be potentially a prognostic biomarker for NSCLC (AU)

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Implicaciones del nuevo enfoque etiopatogénico en la clasificación de las enfermedades constitucionales y genéticas del hueso / Implications of the new etiophatogenic approach in the classification of constitutional and genetic bone diseases

El avance en el conocimiento de las alteraciones bioquímicas que causan las enfermedades constitucionales óseas no tiene precedentes. La constatación de que su característica esencial es el trasfondo genético común a todas ellas ha dado lugar a una propuesta de alcance: sustituir el término «constitucionales» por «genéticas» para referirse a estas entidades. La comprensión de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados, identificando el punto exacto de la vía metabólica alterada y sus sistemas de regulación y control, facilita realizar un diagnóstico preciso, basado en la colaboración interdisciplinar, en un tiempo muy inferior del que requería el enfoque tradicional. Además, aunque la correcta valoración de las manifestaciones clínicas y radiológicas sigue siendo crucial, el diagnóstico de certeza se basa cada vez con mayor frecuencia en la aplicación de las nuevas técnicas de análisis genético y molecular. Por último, el esclarecimiento de las complejas alteraciones subyacentes a estos trastornos descubre unas dianas moleculares de gran utilidad potencial en la investigación terapéutica de unas enfermedades que a menudo limitan de manera notable la calidad de vida y que, casi sin excepciones, todavía carecen de un tratamiento eficaz (AU)

Recent years have seen an unprecedented increase in the knowledge and understanding of biochemical disturbances involved on constitutional bone disorders. Recognition of the genetic background as the common cause of these diseases prompted the substitution of the term «constitutional» by «genetic», in referring to them. Understanding physiopathological bases by finding out the altered metabolic pathways as well as their regulatory and control systems, favours an earlier and more accurate diagnosis based on interdisciplinary collaboration. Although clinical and radiological assessment remains crucial in the study of these disorders, ever more often the diagnosis is achieved by molecular and genetic analysis. Elucidation of the damaged underlying molecular mechanisms offers targets potentially useful for therapeutic research in these complex and often disabling diseases (AU)

Neuroblastoma in adolescents: genetic and clinical characterisation

BACKGROUND: Age at diagnosis is an important risk factor in neuroblastoma (NB) with worse prognosis in children older than 18 months. A more indolent course with long-term relapses and fatal outcome has been described in small series of adolescents. Our objective was to describe biological factors that contribute to this particular behaviour and could be helpful in their treatment. PROCEDURE: NB cases older than 10 years of age at diagnosis registered in the files of the Neuroblastoma Group of SEOP from 1992 to 2007 were included. Disease extension was classified according to the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS). Tumour samples were studied according to the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC). Biological studies included MNA, 1p, 11q and 17q status and ploidy. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients, from 10.1 to 24.6 years old, were included. Advanced stages predominated. 14/17 patients presented unfavourable histology. None had NMA or 1p del. However, 11q del was found in 8/13 cases and 17q gain in 7/11. Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) for the entire series at 5 years were 0.45 and 0.32, respectively. Moreover, 5-year OS and EFS for stage 4 patients were 0.33 and 0.15. CONCLUSIONS: NB in adolescents is a special subgroup characterised by high-risk prognostic features which differ from those seen in younger patients, especially in relation to genetic abnormalities. The outcome in stage 4 was worse than in younger metastatic children, outlining the need for new therapeutic approaches in this subgroup of patients. The exact cut-off to separate older patients has not yet been established and will probably be based on biology (AU)

Bases moleculares de la enfermedad de Huntington: papel del estrés oxidativo / The molecular bases of Huntington’s disease: the role played by oxidative stress

Introducción. La enfermedad de Huntington es un proceso de naturaleza neurodegenerativa, autosómica dominante,que afecta principalmente a los ganglios de la base. Está causada por mutación en el gen que codifica para la proteínahuntingtina (Htt), originando agregados intracelulares. La forma adulta, coreica y con demencia es la más frecuente. Cursacon movimientos impredecibles, espasmódicos, involuntarios y constantes, en la mayoría de los casos asociados a alteracionespsiquiátricas y cognitivas. Desarrollo. La enfermedad de Huntington se caracteriza principalmente por pérdida neuronal,gliosis y acúmulos de Htt mutada, todo ello asociado a diferentes vías subyacentes en la patogénesis, como son, entre otras,excitotoxicidad, déficit energético (depleción de adenosín trifosfato), reducción en la síntesis y liberación de factores neurotróficos(factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro y factor neurotrófico derivado de una línea celular glial), y estrés oxidativo.El estrés oxidativo está involucrado en la patogénesis de varias enfermedades neurodegenerativas, entre ellas la enfermedad de Huntington, y son varios los estudios que muestran la existencia de daño oxidativo en el plasma y el tejido de estos pacientes.Conclusiones. El estrés oxidativo acontecido en la enfermedad de Huntington puede utilizarse como marcador de evolución- pronóstico de la enfermedad y de efectividad terapéutica, y es un foco de interés para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas (AU)

Introduction. Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative, autosomal dominant disease that mainly affects thebasal ganglia. The disorder is caused by mutation in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein (Htt), producing intracellularaggregates. The adult form (chorea with dementia) is the most frequent. It is characterized by unpredictable, spasmodic,involuntary and constant movements, mostly associated with psychiatric and cognitive alterations. Development. The maincharacteristics of Huntington’s disease are: neuronal loss, glyosis, and accumulations of mutated Htt, all associated withdifferent underlying channels in the pathogenesis of the disease, such as: excitotoxicity, energy deficit (ATP depletion),reduction in the synthesis and release of neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF), and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress isinvolved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease, and numerous studieshave shown the existence of oxidative damage in the plasma and tissue of patients suffering from this disease. Conclusions.Oxidative stress in patients with Huntington’s disease may be used as an evolutionary-prognostic marker of both the diseaseand therapeutic effectiveness, as well as an interesting field of research for the development of new therapeutic strategies (AU)

¿Qué son los genes Hox? Su importancia en la enfermedad vascular y renal / What are the hox genes? Its importance in vascular and renal diseases

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Valor pronóstico de la expresión de la proteina mdm-2 en cáncer de laringe / Pronostic value of the MDM-2 protein expression in the larynx cancer

En este trabajo hemos estudiado la expresión inmunohistoquímica de la proteína Mdm-2 (IF2) en una serie de 195 pacientes con cáncer de laringe que fueron diagnosticados, tratados y seguidos durante al menos 5 años en el servicio de ORL del Hospital "Virgen de la Salud" (Toledo). En los casos que presentaron metástasis ganglionares analizamos también la expresión de Mdm-2 a este nivel. También hemos querido investigar el valor pronóstico de la expresión de Mdm-2 en este tipo de tumores (desarrollo de recidivas, mortalidad por cancer de laringe y supervivencia) y analizamos la posible relación de dicha expresión con otros parámetros clínicopatológicos (AU)

La ruta de señalización CA++/calcineurina/NFAT en activación endotelial y angiogénesis: efectos de la ciclosporina A / CA++/ calcineurin/NFAT signaling in endothelial activation and angiogenesis: effects od cyclosporin A

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Test NMP-22. ¿Es útil en el seguimiento de pacientes con tumor vesical superficial? / NMP-22 Test. Is it useful in the follow-up of patients with superficial bladder tumors?

OBJETIVO: 1.- Valorar la eficacia de NMP-22 como test diagnóstico en recidivas de tumores vesicales. 2.- Comparar la eficacia de NMP-22 con las citologías de orina. MÉTODO: Se incluyeron 90 pacientes con tumor vesical superficial y se realizaron controles citológicos, cistoscópicos y de marcador NMP-22. Se consideró test positivo cuando el marcador señalaba cifras superiores a 10 U/ml. El test de referencia fue la cistoscopia RESULTADOS: El rango de edad de los pacientes incluidos se situó entre 45 y 91 años con una media de 69 años. Un 88 por ciento fueron varones y un 12 por ciento mujeres. Un 61,2 por ciento fueron Ta, un 37,6 por ciento T1 y un 1,2 por ciento Cis, siendo el grado un 17,8 por ciento GI, 63,4 por ciento GII y un 18,8 por ciento GIII.El NMP-22 mostró una sensibilidad global del 32,1 por ciento, una especificidad del 95,1 por ciento, Valor predictivo positivo 75 por ciento y Valor predictivo negativo 75,3 por ciento, para una tasa de recidivas del 27,7 por ciento. La citología mostró una sensibilidad global del 28,6 por ciento; una especificidad del 95,2 por ciento; un VPP del 72,7 por ciento y un VPN del 74,7 por ciento. Cuando se utilizaron los test en paralelo, obtuvimos una sensibilidad del 46,4 por ciento; una especificidad del 90,3 por ciento; un VPP del 68,43 por ciento y un VPN del 78,9 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: El marcador NMP-22 ha demostrado una sensibilidad baja, con lo que no evitamos el uso de la cistoscopia del control. El uso de NMP-22 y citologías en paralelo aumenta mínimamente la sensibilidad. No es posible sustituir a la cistoscopia en el seguimiento de pacientes con tumor vesical superficial (AU)

Bases moleculares de la enfermedad de Huntington y posibles mecanismos patogénicos / Molecular basis of huntington's disease and possible pathogenic mechanisms

Introducción. La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es una de las nueve enfermedades neurológicas autosómicas dominantes causadas por una mutación de expansión de tripletes de CAG codificantes para secuencias de poliglutamina. Afecta a 3-7 casos por 100.000 de la población descendiente de Europa occidental, y su sintomatología abarca trastornos de tipo motor (corea y rigidez, entre otros), cognitivo (demencia subcortical) y psicológico (como irritabilidad y depresión), que terminan con la muerte del individuo. Desarrollo. La neuropatología de la EH es extremadamente restringida, con una marcada atrofia del estriado y en menor medida de la corteza cerebral. Microscópicamente, la patología estriatal se caracteriza por la pérdida neuronal, gliosis y presencia de agregados proteicos. Desde que, en el año 1872, el doctor George Huntington describiera por primera vez la enfermedad, ha habido múltiples avances en su conocimiento. El descubrimiento del gen responsable de la enfermedad en el año 1993 ha dado lugar a la generación de múltiples modelos in vitro, celulares y animales que han permitido ahondar en los fundamentos moleculares de esta neuropatología. Basándose en estos estudios, han surgido varias líneas de investigación que intentan explicar el mecanismo por el cual la huntingtina con la poliglutamina expandida provoca la neuropatología. Conclusión. En este trabajo hemos pretendido dar una visión completa de la enfermedad avanzando desde los aspectos puramente sintomatológicos hasta los moleculares, para entender de un modo global la neuropatología de la EH (AU)

Alteraciones de la madurez nuclear en espermatozoides de varones con antecedentes de criptorquidia / Alterations of nuclear maturity in spermatozoids of males with antecedents of cryptorchidism

La asociación de infertilidad y criptorquidia es un hecho aceptado. Casi siempre se ha atribuido a la oligozoosperrmia, astenozoospermia o teratozoospermia que presentan los eyaculados de los varones con este antecedente. Hemos estudiado la madurez nuclear de los espermatozoides de un grupo de varones con antecedentes de criptorquidia y la hemos comparado con la de un grupo control. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran la deficiente transformación de las proteínas nucleares en protaminas en los varones con antecedentes de criptorquidia respecto al grupo control, permaneciendo en su estado inmaduro de historias. En los espermatozoides del eyaculado de varones adultos con antecedentes ele criptorquidia encontramos alteraciones de la madurez nuclear que pueden contribuir a la subfertilidad de los mismos (AU)