Effect of various dietary fructose concentrations on the gallstone formation process in mice / Efecto de diversas concentraciones de fructosa dietética en el proceso de formación de cálculos biliares en ratones

Background: little information is availaible on the effect of fructose on bile lipids. The first stage in the formation of gallstones corresponds tobiliary cholesterol crystallization, derived from the vesicular transporters. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of consumingdiets with different fructose concentrations on serum lipids and their implications on gallstones formation. Methods: BALB/c mice divided into a control group as well as groups were treated with different fructose concentrations (10 %, 30 %, 50 % or70 %) for different periods (1, 2 or 5 months). Blood, liver and bile samples were obtained. In bile samples, cholesterol and phospholipids levelswere analyzed, and cholesterol transporters (vesicles and micelles) were separated by gel filtration chromatography. Results: treated animals showed: 1) increases in body weight similar to the control group; 2) a significant increase in plasma triglycerides only atvery high fructose concentrations; 3) a significant increase in total serum cholesterol in the treatment for 1 month; 4) no variations in HDL-cho-lesterol; 5) a significant increase in serum glucose only at very high fructose concentrations in the second month of treatment; 6) no differencesin the plasma alanine-aminotransferase activity; 7) a significant increase in liver triglyceride levels only at very high fructose concentrations; 8)no change in biliary lipid concentrations or in micellar and vesicular phospholipids.Conclusion: changes in plasma, liver and bile lipids were only observed at very high fructose concentrations diets. We conclude that fructoseapparently does not alter the gallstone formation process in our experimental model.(AU)

Introducción: se dispone de escasa información sobre el efecto de la fructosa sobre los lípidos biliares. La primera etapa en la formación decálculos biliares corresponde a la cristalización del colesterol biliar, derivado de los transportadores vesiculares. El objetivo de este estudio fueinvestigar la influencia del consumo de dietas con diferentes concentraciones de fructosa en los lípidos séricos y sus implicaciones en el procesode formación de cálculos biliares.Métodos: ratones BALB/c fueron tratados con diferentes concentraciones de fructosa (10 %, 30 %, 50 % o 70 %) durante diferentes períodos(1, 2 o 5 meses). Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre, hígado y bilis. En muestras de bilis se analizaron los niveles de colesterol y fosfolípidos, ylos transportadores de colesterol (vesículas y micelas) se separaron mediante cromatografía de filtración en gel.Resultados: los animales tratados mostraron: 1) aumentos en el peso corporal similares al grupo de control; 2) aumento significativo en lostriglicéridos plasmáticos sólo a concentraciones muy altas de fructosa; 3) aumento significativo del colesterol sérico total en el tratamientodurante 1 mes; 4) ninguna variación en los niveles de HDL-colesterol; 5) aumento significativo en glucosa sérica solo a concentraciones muyaltas de fructosa; 6) ninguna diferencia en la actividad de la alanina-aminotransferasa plasmática; 7) aumento significativo en los niveles detriglicéridos hepáticos sólo a concentraciones muy altas de fructosa; 8) ningún cambio en las concentraciones de lípidos biliares o en los fos-folípidos micelares y vesiculares.Conclusión: se observaron cambios en los lípidos plasmáticos, hígado y bilis sólo en dietas con concentraciones muy altas de fructosa. Con-cluimos que la fructosa aparentemente no altera el proceso de formación de cálculos biliares en nuestro modelo experimental.(AU)

Effect of Aerobic Exercise on The Psychological Stress State of Hypertensive Patients / Efecto del ejercicio aeróbico sobre el estado de estrés psicológico de los pacientes hipertensos

Hypertension may also be referred to as essential hypertension. The circulatory movement is in its early stages. Hypertension is a self-contained systemic ailment characterised by elevated arterial blood pressure, leading to detrimental effects on various organs such as the heart, brain, kidneys, and other bodily systems. The term "high" refers to a state or condition that is elevated or above average. Hypertension is a prevalent and highly morbid condition within the cardiovascular system. The prevalence of hypertension in our nation is experiencing an upward trend, with a concomitant rise in the proportion of hypertensive adults observed annually. Currently, the predominant approach to managing hypertension in our nation revolves around pharmacological interventions; however, it is worth noting that these drug treatments are associated with certain adverse effects. In the long term, there is a significant fluctuation in blood pressure following discontinuation. There is an urgent need for an improvement to be made regarding this particular phenomenon. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of aerobic exercise on stress levels, quality of life, and lipid and glucose metabolism among hypertensive adults. A total of 92 individuals diagnosed with hypertension were assigned to two groups: a control group consisting of 46 participants, and a study group also consisting of 46 participants. The allocation of individuals to each group was determined based on digital criteria. Both cohorts were administered a regimen of pharmaceutical compounds, with the experimental group additionally engaging in aerobic exercise as an adjunctive intervention.(AU)

The role of lipid metabolism in cancer radioresistance

Radiotherapy is one of the main therapies for cancer. The process leading to radioresistance is still not fully understood. Cancer radiosensitivity is related to the DNA reparation of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), which supports cancer cell survival. Factors that affect DNA reparation and the TME can directly or indirectly affect the radiosensitivity of cancer. Recent studies have shown that lipid metabolism in cancer cells, which is involved in the stability of cell membrane structure, energy supply and signal transduction of cancer cells, can also affect the phenotype and function of immune cells and stromal cells in the TME. In this review, we discussed the effects of lipid metabolism on the radiobiological characteristics of cancer cells and the TME. We also summarized recent advances in targeted lipid metabolism as a radiosensitizer and discussed how these scientific findings could be translated into clinical practice to improve the radiosensitivity of cancer (AU)

Correlation analysis of lipid metabolism genes with the immune microenvironment in gastric cancer and the construction of a novel gene signature

Background Lipid metabolism reprogramming plays an important role in cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion of cancer. However, the prognostic value of lipid metabolism during gastric cancer (GC) progression and the relationship with the immune microenvironment are still unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the correlation between lipid metabolism genes and GC immunity. Method We obtained 350 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and 355 patients from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Lipid metabolism-related gene datasets were obtained from the Reactome and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Molecular subtypes were obtained by Consensus clustering, and subtype immune status was analyzed using ESTIMATE, TIMER and microenvironmental cell population counter (MCP Counter) algorithm for immune analysis. Functional analyses included the application of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), KEGG, gene ontology (GO), and Protein–Protein Interaction Networks (PPI) to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of different subtypes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify genes associated with immunity. The LASSO algorithm and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to construct prognostic risk models. Result Based on the lipid metabolism genes found in GC, patients with GC can be divided into two subgroups with significantly different survival. The subgroup with a better prognosis presented higher immune scores and immune infiltrating cell abundance. 1170 immune-related genes were screened by WGCNA, and further screening by PPI network analysis revealed that PTPRC, CD4, ITGB2 and LCP2 were closely associated with immune cells. Combined with the TIDE score results, it was found that the population with high expression of the above genes might be more sensitive to immunotherapy (AU)

Manejo anestésico perioperatorio de la deficiencia de acil-coenzima A deshidrogenasa de cadena muy larga / Perioperative anesthetic management of very long-chain acyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency

La deficiencia de acil-coenzima A deshidrogenasa de cadena muy larga (VLCADD) es un trastorno infrecuente del metabolismo de β-oxidación de los ácidos grasos que origina susceptibilidad a hipoglucemia, fallo hepático, cardiomiopatía y rabdomiólisis durante las situaciones catabólicas. Reportamos el caso de un varón de 10 años de edad programado para la colocación de catéter venoso central totalmente implantado durante su hospitalización por rabdomiólisis, que fue exitosamente gestionada con anestesia general con óxido nitroso, sevoflurano y remifentanilo. No se produjo hipoglucemia y los niveles de creatina quinasa no se incrementaron durante el periodo perioperatorio. Describimos las dificultades a que nos enfrentamos, y las estrategias utilizadas para evitar mayor descompensación de la enfermedad debida al estrés quirúrgico.(AU)

Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) is a rare disorder of β-oxidation fatty acid metabolism that results in susceptibility to hypoglycemia, liver failure, cardiomyopathy and rhabdomyolysis during catabolic situations. We report the case of a 10-year-old male undergoing a totally implanted central venous catheter placement during hospitalization for rhabdomyolysis, who was successfully managed with general anesthesia with nitrous oxide, sevoflurane and remifentanil. No hypoglycemia occurred and creatine kinase levels did not increase in the perioperative period. We describe the challenges encountered and the strategies used to avoid further decompensation of the disease due to surgical stress.(AU)

Concentración de vitamina D en niños diabéticos de tipo 1. Asociación con el control glucémico y el metabolismo óseo y lipídico / Vitamin D concentration in type 1 diabetic children. Association with glycemic control, lipidic and bone metabolism

Introducción: debido a que la vitamina D juega un papel primordial en la regulación de la secreción de insulina y su déficit parece conferir un mayor riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus, se ha pretendido analizar la prevalencia del déficit de vitamina D en nuestra población de niños diabéticos de tipo 1 y si se relaciona con un peor control de la enfermedad, así como con el metabolismo lipídico y óseo. Material y métodos: se trata de un estudio retrospectivo en el cual se disponía de los datos clínicos y analíticos de 124 niños diabéticos de tipo 1, controlados en la Unidad de Diabetes Pediátrica de nuestro hospital. Resultados: la concentración mediana de vitamina D del total de la muestra fue de 25,41 (7,43) ng/mL, siendo más elevada en el sexo masculino que en el femenino (p = 0,006). Un 43,55 % de los niños presentaron buen control metabólico, con hemoglobina glicosilada inferior al 7,5 %, siendo la concentración de glucosa y la de colesterol ligeramente más bajas, y la de fosfatasa alcalina ósea más elevada, cuando la concentración de vitamina D era ≥ 20 ng/ml. Conclusiones: no hemos encontrado diferencias significativas en el control metabólico de los niños con concentración suficiente o insuficiente de vitamina D. Los niños del estudio tenían concentraciones de vitamina D muy parecidas a las de un estudio similar en niños sanos, así como un buen control metabólico de su diabetes, siendo su perfil óseo y lipídico más favorable cuando presentaban buen control metabólico. (AU)

Introduction: vitamin D plays a key role in regulating insulin secretion and its deficit seems to confer an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. In this study, we have tried to analyze the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our type 1 diabetic children population and if their deficiency is related to a worse control of the disease, as well as with their bone and lipid metabolism. Material and methods: this is a retrospective study, in which both clinical and laboratory data were available for 124 children, who were controlled in the Pediatric Diabetes Unit of our Hospital. Results: the median vitamin D concentration of the total sample was 25.41 (7.43) ng/ml, higher in males than in females (p = 0.006); 43.55 % of patients had good metabolic control, with glycosylated hemoglobin lower than 7.5 %. Slightly lower glucose and cholesterol concentrations and higher bone alkaline phosphatase concentrations were found, when vitamin D concentration was ≥ 20 ng/ml. Conclusions: we have not found any significant differences in relation to metabolic control between children with sufficient and insufficient concentration of vitamin D. The children in the present study presented very similar vitamin D concentrations to those found in a study made in healthy children, and a good metabolic control of their diabetes, with bone and lipid profiles being more favorable when they had good metabolic control. (AU)

Effects of treatment with monacolin K, berberine and coenzyme Q10 on lipid metabolism in patients with moderate cardiovascular risk / Efectos del tratamiento con un suplemento nutricional a base de monacolina K, berberina y coenzima Q10 (lipoK®) sobre el metabolismo lipídico en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia y riesgo cardiovascular moderado

Objective The use of nutritional supplements to treat hypercholesterolemia is gradually increasing, however further studies on their efficacy and safety are required. Patients and methods The present clinical trial included patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular risk who were treated either with a nutraceutical preparation containing 3.75mg of monacolin K, 515mg of berberine and 50mg of coenzyme Q10 per tablet (Lipok®) or with a placebo. The clinical and laboratory variables were analyzed at baseline and at three and six months. None of the patients was diabetic, and none was being treated with lipid-lowering drugs or with any other nutritional supplements affecting lipid metabolism. Results In patients of the intervention group and of the placebo group, baseline LDL-C was 134.7mg/dL (14.4) and 138.7mg/dL (15.2), respectively. At three months after treatment start, LDL-C had decreased by 26.1mg/dL (−32.4 to 19.7) and increased by 4.5mg/dL (−1.5 to 10.5) in the respective groups. In the intervention group, a similar decrease in non-HDL-C and total cholesterol was observed, while no significant changes were observed in either group for HDL-C, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a). A good tolerance and safety profile was observed. Conclusion In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the combination of monacolin K, berberine and coenzyme Q10 is effective and safe for treating hypercholesterolemia in patients with a moderate degree of excess LDL-C and cardiovascular risk (AU)

Objetivo El uso de suplementos nutricionales para tratar la hipercolesterolemia está aumentando de forma progresiva; sin embargo son necesarios más estudios sobre su eficacia y seguridad. Pacientes y métodos En el presente ensayo clínico fueron incluidos pacientes con hipercolesterolemia y riesgo cardiovascular moderados que fueron tratados con un preparado nutracéutico que contenía 3,75mg de monacolina K, 515mg de berberina y 50mg de coenzima Q10 por comprimido (Lipok®) o con placebo. Se analizaron las variables clínicas y de laboratorio en situación basal y a los 3 y 6 meses. Ningún paciente era diabético y ninguno seguía tratamiento con fármacos hipolipidemiantes u otros suplementos nutricionales con efectos sobre el metabolismo lipídico. Resultados En los pacientes del grupo de intervención y del grupo placebo, el c-LDL basal era de 134,7mg/dL (14,4) y 138,7mg/dL (15,2), respectivamente. A los 3 meses de tratamiento el c-LDL había disminuido 26,1mg/dL (de –32,4 a 19,7) y aumentado 4,5mg/dL (de –1,5 a 10,5) en ambos grupos, respectivamente. En el grupo de intervención se observó un descenso similar del c-no HDL y del colesterol total, mientras que no ocurrieron cambios significativos en ninguno de los 2 grupos en el c-HDL, los triglicéridos y la lipoproteína (a). Se observó un buen perfil de tolerancia y seguridad. Conclusión Este estudio demuestra que la combinación de monacolina K, berberina y coenzima Q10 es eficaz y segura para tratar la hipercolesterolemia en los pacientes con un grado de exceso de c-LDL y de riesgo cardiovascular moderados (AU)

Effects of very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet on lipid metabolism in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis / Efectos de la dieta cetogénica muy baja en carbohidratos sobre el metabolismo de los lípidos en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo II: un metaanálisis

Objective: to evaluate the lipid metabolism of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) diet treatment, so as to provide an evidence-based basis for better dietary management and comprehensive treatment of diabetic patients. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized controlled trial about VLCK diet on lipid metabolism of T2DM up to September 2021. The data were analyzed using the Stata 15.0; standardized mean difference (SMD) was used as effect size. Results: ten articles were included in this meta-analysis. There were no significant differences between the two groups in total cholesterol (SMD = -0.07, 95 % CI: -0.06-0.20, p > 0.05), HDL (SMD = 0.13, 95 % CI: -0.05-0.31, p > 0.05) and LDL (SMD = 0.07, 95 % CI: -0.06-0.20, p > 0.05) levels after treatment. No difference was found in total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels between the two groups after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment (p > 0.05). Triglyceride levels decreased after VLCK diet compared with control (SMD = -0.49, 95 % CI: -0.82 to -0.17, p = 0.003). A marked reduction of triglyceride levels was identified after 3 months of VLCK diet treatment (SMD = -0.69, 95 % CI: -1.00 to -0.38), without significant difference after 6 and 12 months. Conclusion: T2DM patients who receive a VLCK diet to lower blood glucose are not associated with increased levels of total cholesterol and LDL, and decreased levels of HDL. Additionally, this diet can achieve a short-term reduction of triglyceride levels (AU)

Objetivo: evaluar el metabolismo lipídico de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DMT2) tras el tratamiento con una dieta cetogénica muy baja en carbohidratos (VLCK), con el fin de proporcionar una base basada en la evidencia para un mejor manejo dietético y un tratamiento integral de los pacientes diabéticos. Métodos: se buscaron en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase y Web of Science ensayos controlados aleatorios sobre los efectos de la dieta VLCK en el metabolismo de los lípidos de la DMT2 hasta septiembre de 2021. Los datos se analizaron con el Stata 15.0. Se utilizó la diferencia de medias estandarizada (DME) como tamaño del efecto. Resultados: se incluyeron diez artículos en este metaanálisis. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en los niveles de colesterol total (DME = -0,07, IC del 95 %: -0,06-0,20, p > 0,05), HDL (DME = 0,13, IC del 95 %: -0,05-0,31, p > 0,05) y LDL (DME = 0,07, IC del 95 %: -0,06-0,20, p > 0,05) después del tratamiento. No se encontraron diferencias en los niveles de colesterol total, HDL y LDL entre los dos grupos después de 3, 6 y 12 meses de tratamiento (p > 0,05). Los niveles de triglicéridos disminuyeron después de la dieta VLCK en comparación con el control (DME = -0,49, IC del 95 %: -0,82 a -0,17, p = 0,003). Se identificó una marcada reducción de los niveles de triglicéridos después de 3 meses de tratamiento con la dieta VLCK (DME = -0,69, IC del 95 %: -1,00 a -0,38), sin diferencias significativas después de 6 y 12 meses. Conclusión: los pacientes con DMT2 que reciben una dieta VLCK para reducir la glucemia no se asocian a un aumento de los niveles de colesterol total y LDL, y a una disminución de los niveles de HDL. Además, esta dieta puede lograr una reducción a corto plazo de los niveles de triglicéridos (AU)

Renal tubule ectopic lipid deposition in diabetic kidney disease rat model and in vitro mechanism of leptin intervention

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major health burden closely related to lipid metabolism disorders. Leptin has lipid-lowering efficacy, but the specific mechanism of its local effects on kidney is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of ectopic lipid deposition (ELD) in DKD and evaluate the lipid-lowering efficacy of leptin in the palmitic acid (PA)-induced renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E). DKD model was established in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats by giving single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg) after high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Then, the expression changes of lipid metabolism-related markers were observed. At week 12, the protein expression level of lipid-deposited marker adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) was significantly increased. Besides, the lipid synthesis marker sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP 1c) was highly expressed while the expression of insulin-induced gene 1 (Insig-1), a key molecular of inhibiting SREBP 1c, was decreased. Leptin and compound c were incubated with the PA-induced NRK-52E cells to investigate the lipid-lowering effects and whether this effect was mediated by the AMPK/Insig-1/SREBP 1c signaling pathways. mRNA and protein of ADRP and SREBP 1c were reduced after leptin treatment, while Insig-1 and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were increased. Conversely, inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation by compound c mostly eliminated lipid-lowering efficacy of leptin in PA-induced cells. Collectively, these results suggested that there was ELD of renal tubular epithelial cells in DKD rats. Leptin upregulated the expression level of Insig-1 by activating AMPK to attenuate ELD in PA-induced NRK-52E cells. (AU)

Adiponectin overexpression in C2C12 myocytes increases lipid oxidation and myofiber transition

Metabolic syndrome and obesity have detrimental effects on the metabolic function of the skeletal muscle. Mounting evidence indicates that patients with those conditions may present an increased ratio of glycolytic to oxidative fibers associated with a decrease in oxidative capacity. In this regard, adiponectin, a hormone mainly secreted by adipocytes that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, has emerged as a myokine that could play an important role in this process. We aimed to investigate whether adiponectin overexpression in skeletal muscle might be a local protective mechanism, favoring fatty acid utilization. To that end, we generated an in vitro model of myocytes with upregulated endogenous adiponectin using a lentiviral carrier. We demonstrated that the adiponectin-transduced myocytes were able to produce and secrete fully functional adiponectin complexes. Adiponectin overexpression remarkably upregulated the mRNA level of myogenic regulatory factors as well as genes implicated in lipolysis (HSL, ATGL) and cellular and mitochondrial fatty acid transport (LPL, CD36, CPT1B). This was accompanied by increased isoproterenol-induced lipolysis and β-oxidation and reduced lipogenesis, whereas insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was unaltered in transduced myocytes. Lastly, the relative expression of the more glycolytic myofibers (MyHC IIb) compared to the more oxidative ones (MyHC I) was notably reduced. Our results showed that the released adiponectin acted in an autocrine/paracrine manner, increasing lipid oxidation in myocytes and leading to a transition of myofibers from the glycolytic to the oxidative type. In conclusion, muscle adiponectin overexpression might be a way to relieve muscle diseases caused by oxidative muscle fiber deficiency. (AU)

Efecto selectivo de bypass gástrico laparoscópico en Y de Roux sobre el metabolismo lipídico / Selective effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on lipid metabolism

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cirugía bariátrica (CB) ha mostrado reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular en obesidad mórbida. La CB ha mejorado la dislipemia del paciente insulinorresistente (IR). El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue evaluar si existe diferencia en el perfil lipídico entre la técnica de bypass gástrico laparoscópico en Y de Roux (BGYRL) vs. la técnica de la gastrectomía tubular laparoscópica (GTL) a 18 meses de seguimiento. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, abierto, prospectivo, de pacientes con obesidad mórbida sometidos que realizaron a cirugía bariátrica a 18 meses seguimiento. Se realizaron análisis antropométricos, composición corporal, gasto energético de reposo, de glucosa, insulina, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL), triglicéridos (TG) y colesterol total (CT). RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias basales de la proporción de pacientes con hipertensión arterial, diabetes de tipo 2, esteatosis y de sexo entre los grupos de BGYRL (91) vs. GTL (77). Se observo reducción de TG a los seis meses a favor de BGYRL vs. GTL: 108,60± 34,86 vs. 124,59±44,58; p = 0,044), en cambio se encontró disminución tanto de niveles de LDL a los 12 y 18 meses a favor del grupo BGYRL vs. GTL: 96,23±24,33 vs. 107,83±28,88, p = 0,025; 90,98±20,62 vs. 106,22±31,48, p = 0,003; la disminución de CT se observó solo a los 18 meses a favor del grupo BGYRL vs. GTL: 171,39±25,058 vs. 186,89±31,81, p = 0,005.ConclusiónEl BGYRL ha mostrado ser más eficaz para reducir LDL y CT en comparación con GTL, lo cual otorga un beneficio adicional del BGYRL en relación al perfil lipídico del paciente.

INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery (BS) has shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in obesity. The BS has improved the dyslipidemia of the insulin resistant patient, our objective was to evaluate if there was a difference in the lipid profile between the laparoscopic roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) technique vs. the sleeve gastrectomy (SG) technique at 18 months of follow-up. METHODS: An observational, open, prospective study of morbidly obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery at 18-month follow-up. Anthropometric analysis, body composition, energy expenditure at rest, glucose, insulin, HbA1c, LDL, HDL, TG and CT were performed. RESULTS: Absence baseline differences were found in the proportion of patients with hypertension, diabetes, steatosis, and sex between the RYGB vs SG groups. A reduction of TG was observed at 6 months in favor of RYGB vs SG: 108.60±34.86 vs. 124.59±44.58, P = 0.044), however, a decrease in both LDL levels was found at 12 and 18 months in favor of the RYGB vs. SG group: 96.23±24.33 vs. 107.83±28.88, P = 0.025; 90.98±20.62 vs 106.22±31.48, P = 0.003; the decrease in CT was observed only at 18 months in favor of the RYGB vs. SG group: 171.39±25.058 vs. 186.89±31.81, P = 0.005. CONCLUSIONS: RYBG has shown to be more effective in reducing LDL and CT levels compared to SG, which provides an additional benefit of RYGB in relation to the lipid profile of the patient.

Variación del perfil lipídico durante el embarazo y su relación con las enfermedades metabólicas / Changes in lipid profile during pregnancy and their association with metabolic disorders

Introducción: En el embarazo se producen numerosos cambios fisiológicos en las gestantes los cuales pueden llegar a desencadenar potenciales complicaciones y enfermedades cardiovasculares o metabólicas tales como hipertensión gestacional, hiperlipidemia y diabetes mellitus gestacional.Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura con objeto de evaluar la relación entre las variaciones del perfil lipídico durante el embarazo y el riesgo de padecer enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares.Métodos: Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática siguiendo las directrices del modelo PRISMA en la que se incluyeron 22 artículos. Los descriptores empleados incluyeron marcadores del perfil lipídico (HDL, LDL, TG y CT) y las principales patologías metabólicas y cardiovasculares. El idioma se restringió a español e inglés. La revisión fue llevada a cabo durante el año 2019.Resultados: Niveles elevados de colesterol total, LDL y triglicéridos durante el embarazo se asocian con un mayor riesgo de padecer preeclampsia y diabetes mellitus gestacional. Un mayor índice de masa corporal pre gestacional y una mayor ganancia ponderal se relacionan con mayor tasa hiperlipidemia lo cual conlleva a su vez alteraciones vasculares.Conclusiones: Se hace patente la necesidad de reforzar el control preventivo del peso materno trimestral y del perfil lipídico durante la gestación con objeto de prevenir complicaciones del embarazo. Son necesarios estudios centrados en determinados resultados adversos perinatales tales como la macrosomía del recién nacido.(AU)

Background: Various changes occur during pregnancy that, when exacerbated, could progress to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders such as gestational hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gestational diabetes mellitus.Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature that evaluates the association between changes in lipid profile during pregnancy and the risk of developing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.Methods: We conducted a PRISMA systematic review of scientific databases. A total of 22 articles were finally included. Used search terms consisted of lipid profile biomarkers (HDL, LDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol) in combination with the most important metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Language was restricted to Spanish and English. The review was conducted during 2019.Results: High levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides during pregnancy were found to be associated with increased risk of developing preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Higher pre-gestational BMI and elevated gestational weight gain were associated with increase rates of hyperlipidemia which is closely related to vascular pathologies.Conclusions: Fostering routine control of maternal weight during all trimesters of gestation and monitoring the lipid profile throughout pregnancy is necessary to prevent pregnancy adverse outcomes. New studies focused on specific perinatal outcomes such as neonatal macrosomia are required.(AU)

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum and Ceratonia siliqua on blood glucose, lipid profile, and body composition in women with fibromyalgia / Efectos de Ganoderma lucidum y Ceratonia siliqua sobre la glucosa en sangre, el perfil lipídico y la composición corporal en mujeres con fibromialgia

INTRODUCTION: fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic rheumatic disorder that is related to high levels of cholesterol, high values of diastolic pressure, higher waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR), and higher body mass index. OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and Ceratonia siliqua (CS) on blood parameters and anthropometrical measures in women with fibromyalgia. METHODS: a double-blind randomized pilot trial was carried out. One group took 6 g/day of micro-milled carpophore powder of GL for 6 weeks, while the second group took the same dose of CS flour. Fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides levels, weight, fat mass, muscular mass, waisthip ratio, and blood pressure were assessed. RESULTS: our results did not show any statistically significant differences in any of the outcome measures, even if there was a CS tendency to reduce fasting glucose levels and increase WHR. CONCLUSIONS: our results did not support the utility of both GL and CS as nutritional supplements to control blood parameters and anthropometric measures as assessed in women with fibromyalgia. Due to the limitations of the research, additional studies will be necessary to confirm our findings

INTRODUCCIÓN: la fibromialgia (FM) es una afección reumática crónica que está relacionada con altos niveles de colesterol, altos valores de presión diastólica, una mayor relación cintura-cadera y un mayor índice de masa corporal. OBJETIVOS: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de Ganoderma lucidum (GL) y Ceratonia siliqua (CS) sobre los parámetros sanguíneos y antropométricos de mujeres con fibromialgia. MÉTODOS: se realizó un ensayo piloto aleatorizado con doble ciego. Un grupo tomó 6 g/día de carpóforos micromolidos de GL durante 6 semanas, mientras que el segundo grupo tomó la misma dosis de harina de CS. Se evaluaron los niveles de glucosa, colesterol y triglicéridos, el peso, la masa grasa, la masa muscular, la relación cintura-cadera y la presión arterial. RESULTADOS: los resultados no han evidenciado ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el GL y la CS en ninguna de las medidas analizadas, aunque hubo tendencia de la CS a reducir los niveles de glucosa y aumentar la relación cintura-cadera. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados obtenidos indican que la suplementación de la dieta con GL y CS no tiene efectos positivos sobre los parámetros sanguíneos y antropométricos analizados en las mujeres con fibromialgia. Debido a las limitaciones del estudio, será necesario confirmar estos datos con ulteriores investigaciones

Efecto positivo de un suplemento de propóleo sobre el perfil lipídico, la glucemia y el estado antioxidante hepático en un modelo animal experimental / Positive effect of a propolis supplement on lipid profile, glycemia, and hepatic antioxidant status in an experimental animal model

INTRODUCCIÓN: el uso de suplementos nutricionales naturales puede ser una terapia complementaria ya que tienen fitoquímicos con posibles efectos antioxidantes que pueden mejorar la regulación del metabolismo lipídico y glucémico. OBJETIVOS: determinar el efecto de la suplementación con propóleo natural sobre el metabolismo lipídico y la actividad antioxidante hepática. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 20 ratas albinas Wistar macho (8 semanas) se dividieron en dos grupos de 10 animales cada uno y se sometieron a un período de 90 días en el que se alimentaron con dos tipos diferentes de dietas: estándar para el grupo de control (dieta C) y dieta estándar + 2 % de propóleo (dieta P). Se determinaron los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos. Se extrajeron los hígados, se lavaron con solución salina y las fracciones citosólicas se prepararon frescas para análisis adicionales de las enzimas antioxidantes catalasa, superóxido-dismutasa, glutatión-peroxidasa y glutatión-reductasa. RESULTADOS: tras el consumo de la dieta con suplemento de propóleo, encontramos una reducción de la glucosa (p < 0,01), el colesterol total (p < 0,001), la GOT (p < 0,05) y la GPT (p < 0,01), mientras que dicha dieta indujo un incremento en la actividad hepática de SOD (p < 0,001), CAT (p < 0,01) y GR (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: el presente estudio revela que el suplemento nutricional de propóleo al 2 % puede mejorar significativamente el perfil lipídic, el glucémico y las enzimas antioxidantes, y reducir la liberación de GOT y GPT hepáticas

INTRODUCTION: the use of natural nutritional supplements can be used as a coadjuvant therapy since they have several phytochemicals with potential antioxidant effects that could influence lipid and glycemic metabolism. OBJECTIVES: to determine the effect of natural propolis supplementation on lipid metabolism and liver antioxidant activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 20 male Wistar albino rats (8 weeks) were divided into two groups of 10 animals each. Subsequently, they were fed two different types of diet for 90 days: a standard diet for the control group (diet C) and a standard diet + 2 % propolis (diet P). Hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed. The livers were extracted and washed with saline solution, and the cytosolic fractions were prepared fresh for additional analysis of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. RESULTS: after consuming the diet supplemented with propolis, we found a reduction in glucose (p < 0,01), total cholesterol (p < 0,001), GOT (p < 0,05) and GPT (p < 0,01), whereas the propolis supplement induced an increase in the hepatic activity of SOD (p < 0,001), CAT (p < 0,01) and GR (p < 0,05). CONCLUSION: the present study reveals that a dietary propolis supplement (2 %) can improve the lipid and glycemic profiles, also increasing antioxidant enzimes and reducing the release of liver transaminases

Modification of liver fibrosis, glucose and lipid profile after hepatitis C virus clearance with direct-acting antiviral agents / Cambios en la fibrosis hepática, glucosa y perfil lipídico tras la eliminación del virus de la hepatitis C con antivirales de acción directa

INTRODUCTION: There is little information on whether direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment can improve liver fibrosis or change glucose and lipid profile in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). We aimed to evaluate the impact of sustained virologic response (SVR) on liver stiffness, glucose and lipid levels. METHODS: 445 monoinfected CHC patients started treatment with interferon-free DAA therapy from January 2015 to February 2017. Transient elastography (TE), fibrosis scores, glucose and lipid levels were analyzed at baseline and 48 weeks post-treatment (SVR48). RESULTS: The SVR rate was 97.7%. Finally, we evaluated 369 patients who achieved SVR and had reliable TE measurements. Median liver stiffness significantly decreased from 9.3 (IQR 7.3-14.3) kPa at baseline to 6.4 (IQR 4.9-8.9) at SVR48 (p < 0.0001). 54.7% of the cohort presented fibrosis regression. Median FIB4 score regressed from 2.0 (IQR 1.1-3.3) to 1.3 (IQR 0.9-2.0) (p < 0.0001). Median APRI and Forns values significantly decreased from 0.9 (IQR 0.5-1.7) to 0.3 (IQR 0.2-0.4) and from 6.2 (5.0-7.5) to 4.9 (IQR 3.8-5.9) (p < 0.001), respectively. Mean levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C increased from 172mg/dL and 101.5mg/dL to 191mg/dL and 117.5mg/dL (p < 0.0001), respectively. In the sub-group of patients with pre-diabetes or diabetes, mean glucose levels decreased from 142.7mg/dL at baseline to 127.2mg/dL at SVR48 (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: SVR reduces liver stiffness based on TE and fibrosis scores, in patients treated with DAA. Our results show elevated total cholesterol and LDL-C and decreased glucose levels at SVR48

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se desconoce el efecto a largo plazo de los antivirales de acción directa (AAD) sobre la fibrosis hepática y el perfil metabólico en pacientes con hepatitis crónica C (HCC). Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de la respuesta viral sostenida (RVS) sobre la rigidez hepática, la glucosa y el perfil lipídico. MÉTODOS: Un total de 445 pacientes con HCC monoinfectados iniciaron tratamiento con AAD libres de IFN entre enero del 2015 y febrero del 2017. La ET, los marcadores serológicos de fibrosis, los niveles de glucosa y lípidos se analizaron basalmente y 48 semanas tras finalizar el tratamiento (RVS48). RESULTADOS: La tasa de RVS fue del 97,7%. Finalmente analizamos 369 pacientes que obtuvieron RVS y tenían medidas fiables en la ET. La mediana de la rigidez hepática descendió de forma significativa de 9,3 (IQR 7,3-14,3) basalmente a 6,4 (IQR 4,9-8,9) kPa en RVS48 (p < 0,0001). El 54,7% de la cohorte presentó una regresión de la fibrosis. La mediana del FIB4 disminuyó de 2,0 (IQR 1,1-3,3) a 1,3 (IQR 0,9-2,0) (p < 0,0001). Las medianas del APRI y del Forns descendieron significativamente de 0,9 (IQR 0,5-1,7) a 0,3 (IQR 0,2-0,4) y de 6,2 (IQR 5,0-7,5) a 4,9 (3,8-5,9) (p < 0,001), respectivamente. La media de los niveles de colesterol total (CT) y LDL-C aumentaron de 172mg/dL y 101,5mg/dL a 191mg/dL y 117,5mg/dL (p < 0,0001), respectivamente. En el subgrupo de pacientes con prediabetes o diabetes, los niveles de glucosa descendieron de 142,7mg/dL a 127,2mg/dL en RVS48 (p < 0,001). DISCUSIÓN: La RVS reduce la rigidez hepática determinada mediante ET y marcadores serológicos de fibrosis en pacientes tratados con AAD. Nuestros resultados muestran una elevación en el CT y LDL-C y un descenso en los niveles de glucosa en RVS48

Malassezia pachydermatis: to be, or not to be lipid-dependent / Malassezia pachydermatis: ser o no ser lipodependiente

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Niveles plasmáticos de glucosa, triglicéridos, VLDL, leptina y resistina como potenciales biomarcadores de la grasa miocárdica en ratones / Plasma glucose, triglycerides, VLDL, leptin and resistin levels as potential biomarkers for myocardial fat in mice

Introducción: El incremento de grasa miocárdica ha sido propuesto como uno de los principales precursores de la disfunción miocárdica de etiología diabética independiente de la enfermedad arterial coronaria. Sin embargo, actualmente se carece de biomarcadores que reflejen el contenido de grasa miocárdica para la detección clínica de esta patología. Métodos: Las correlaciones entre el contenido de triglicéridos cardíacos y los niveles plasmáticos de las principales moléculas alteradas durante la diabetes y los niveles cardíacos de ARNm de genes implicados en el metabolismo cardíaco (Cd36 y Pdk4) han sido exploradas en un modelo murino de resistencia a la insulina inducida por una dieta con alto contenido en grasas. Resultados: En ratones resistentes a la insulina, la dieta grasa aumentó los niveles de triglicéridos del miocardio, en comparación con animales controles alimentados con una dieta estándar. El contenido de triglicéridos cardíacos se encontró directamente asociado con los niveles plasmáticos de glucosa, triglicéridos, VLDL, resistina y leptina. Además, se observó una correlación inversa entre el contenido de triglicéridos y los niveles cardíacos de ARNm de Cd36 y Pdk4. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos revelan que el contenido cardíaco de triglicéridos se encuentra asociado con un perfil bioquímico plasmático alterado y con una reprogramación de la expresión de genes dirigida a atenuar el impacto de la acumulación ectópica de lípidos en miocardio

Introduction: The increase in myocardial fat has been proposed as one of the main precursors of myocardial dysfunction due to diabetic aetiology, independently of coronary artery disease. However, biomarkers reflecting the myocardial fat content for the clinical detection of this pathology are currently lacking. Methods: Correlations between 4cardiac triglyceride content and plasma levels of major altered molecules during diabetes and cardiac mRNA levels of genes involved in cardiac metabolism (Cd36 and Pdk4) have been explored in a murine model of insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet. Results: In insulin-resistant mice, the fatty diet increased myocardial triglyceride levels, compared to control animals fed with a standard diet. The content of cardiac triglycerides was directly associated with plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, VLDL, resistin and leptin. In addition, an inverse correlation was observed between the content of cardiac triglycerides and the cardiac mRNA levels of Cd36 and Pdk4. Conclusions: Our data reveal that the cardiac triglyceride content is associated with altered plasma biochemical profile and reprogramming of gene expression aimed to mitigate the impact of ectopic lipid accumulation in the myocardium

Alteraciones del metabolismo lipídico producidas por el virus de la hepatitis C en pacientes con infección crónica / Lipid metabolism alterations produced by hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic infection

OBJETIVO: Es conocido que la infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) genera un perfil lipídico aparentemente favorable. Paradójicamente, estos pacientes presentan un aumento de eventos cardiovasculares concomitantes. Los objetivos de la presente revisión fueron analizar y sintetizar los estudios que indagasen en las modificaciones que produce el VHC sobre el metabolismo lipídico de los pacientes con infección crónica, así como estudiar si esas modificaciones pueden asociarse a episodios posteriores de enfermedad cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos de Medline y Scopus de los artículos publicados desde enero de 2008 hasta febrero de 2019. Se identificaron un total de 901 publicaciones, de las cuales se revisaron 10 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión propuestos. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que en los pacientes con infección crónica por el VHC estaban disminuidos los niveles de colesterol total y sus fracciones lipídicas. No existió una clara asociación con los niveles de triglicéridos. Además, parecía haber una asociación entre la infección crónica por VHC y un aumento del riesgo de padecer aterosclerosis y de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares. CONCLUSIONES: La infección crónica por el VHC tiene un efecto hipolipemiante y aumenta el riesgo cardiovascular. Se precisan estudios prospectivos que analicen el efecto de las nuevas terapias con antivirales de acción directa sobre el metabolismo lipídico y el riesgo cardiovascular

BACKGROUND: Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to generate an apparently favorable lipid profile. Paradoxically, these patients present an increase in concomitant cardiovascular events. The objectives of the present review were to analyze and synthesize studies that inquired into the changes produced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the lipid metabolism of patients with chronic infection, and about whether these modifications can be associated with subsequent episodes of cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: A bibliographic search was carried out in the Medline and Scopus databases of the articles published from January 2008 to February 2019. A total of 901 publications were identified, of which 10 studies that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed. RESULTS: It was found that the levels of total cholesterol and its lipid fractions were decreased in patients with chronic HCV infection. There was no clear association with triglyceride levels. In addition, there seemed to be an association between chronic HCV infection and an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic HCV infection has a lipid-lowering effect and increases cardiovascular risk. Prospective studies are needed to analyze the effect of new therapies with direct-acting antivirals on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk

Colesterol LDL, cuanto más bajo mejor / LDL-cholesterol: The lower the better

La disminución del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (c-LDL) se asocia a un descenso de la morbilidad y la mortalidad cardiovascular. Se ha demostrado que no existe un valor de c-LDL por debajo del cual deje de obtenerse un beneficio preventivo con su disminución, y tampoco se ha observado una mayor incidencia de efectos secundarios asociada a las concentraciones más bajas de c-LDL. Disponemos de un amplio arsenal terapéutico hipolipidemiante, sin embargo, en un elevado porcentaje de pacientes no se alcanzan los objetivos de c-LDL. Las estatinas de alta potencia disminuyen el c-LDL por encima del 50%, y al asociar ezetimiba se consigue un descenso adicional del c-LDL de un 15-30% y puede doblar el porcentaje de pacientes que alcanzan los objetivos. Dicha combinación se ha mostrado segura y eficaz en prevención primaria y secundaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Otra opción es la combinación de estatinas con resinas de intercambio, aunque requiere un manejo algo más complejo. La inhibición de la proteína PCSK9 con anticuerpos monoclonales disminuye el c-LDL por encima del 60% y es eficaz en la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Sin embargo, debido a su coste, su uso queda restringido a los pacientes isquémicos o con hipercolesterolemia familiar que no alcanzan los objetivos con los fármacos convencionales. La base de evidencias sobre el beneficio y la seguridad de lograr los objetivos de control del c-LDL es muy amplia y va en aumento. En los próximos años va a ser necesario adecuar la intensidad del tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia al grado de riesgo vascular de los pacientes y al grado de descenso necesario para lograr los objetivos terapéuticos. Ello redundará en una prevención cardiovascular más eficaz y en una mayor calidad de vida, en particular en el amplio colectivo de pacientes de mayor riesgo vascular

The reduction of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-chol) has been associated with a decrease in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It has been demonstrated that there is no value of LDL-chol below which there ceases to be a preventive benefit with its reduction, and neither has it been observed that there is a higher incidence of secondary effects associated with lower concentrations of LDL-chol. Although there is a wide range of lipid-lowering drugs available, a high percentage of patients do not achieve the desired LDL-chol levels. The high-potency statins reduce the LDL-chol by 15-30%, and can double the percentage of patients that reach their desired level. This combination has shown to be safe and effective in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Another option is the combination of statins with exchange resins, although this requires a more complex management. The inhibition of PCSK9 protein with monoclonal antibodies reduces the LDL-chol by more than 60%, and is effective in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, due to its cost, its use is restricted to patients with ischaemia or familial hypercholesterolaemia that do not achieve the desired levels with conventional drugs. The evidence base as regards the benefit and safety of achieving the desired levels of LDL-chol is very wide and is still increasing. In the next few years, it may be necessary to adjust the intensity of the hypercholesterolaemia treatment to the level of vascular risk of the patients, and to the level of reduction necessary to achieve the therapeutic targets. This will result in a more effective cardiovascular prevention and in a better quality of life, particularly in the large group of patients at higher vascular risk

Estrategia para el diagnóstico de las dislipidemias. Recomendación 2018 / Strategy for the diagnosis of dyslipidaemias

Las dislipidemias son alteraciones del metabolismo lipídico que cursan con concentraciones de lípidos alteradas, tanto por exceso como por defecto. Estas alteraciones están fuertemente asociadas con el proceso aterosclerótico, y se ha demostrado que el control de dichas alteraciones consigue disminuir la incidencia de episodios de origen isquémico. Diagnosticar las dislipidemias desde un punto de vista etiológico es muy importante, ya que el riesgo cardiovascular al que predispone cada una de ellas es diferente, dependiendo del tipo de lipoproteína que esté alterada y de su concentración. Por ello es de gran utilidad disponer de algoritmos diagnósticos sencillos que incluyan magnitudes del metabolismo lipídico disponibles en la mayoría de los laboratorios clínicos, con el fin de realizar el diagnóstico inicial del tipo de dislipidemia, en caso de poseer las herramientas diagnósticas adecuadas identificarla y, en caso contrario, disponer de la información apropiada para recomendar la ampliación del estudio en otro centro que disponga de los recursos necesarios para establecer el diagnóstico

Dyslipidaemias are alterations in lipid metabolism that involve an excess, as well as a deficit, in lipid concentrations. These alterations are strongly associated with atherosclerosis, and it has been shown that its control reduces the incidence of episodes of ischaemic origin. Diagnosing dyslipidaemias from an aetiological point of view is very important, since the cardiovascular risk to which each one predisposes is different, and depends on the type of lipoprotein that is altered and its concentration. For this reason, it is very useful to have simple diagnostic algorithms that include the measurements of lipid metabolism that are available in most clinical laboratories in order to make the initial diagnosis of the type of dyslipidaemia. In the case of having the right diagnostic tools, identify it; and if not, to have the appropriate information to recommend the extension of the study in another centre with resources to establish the diagnosis