Efecto de la dieta CAF sobre la capacidad de EX4 de modular la expresión de marcadores proteicos de oxidación de ácidos grasos y termogénesis en músculo de ratones / Effect of the CAF diet on the ability of EX4 to modulate the expression of protein markers of fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis in mouse muscle

El ambiente obesogénico promueve la obesidad al facilitar el acceso y consumo de una amplia variedad de alimentos palatables altos en calorías. La activación del receptor de GLP1 (GLP1R) reduce la ingesta de alimentos, enlentece el vaciamiento gástrico y promueve un balance energético negativo a través de su acción en distintos órganos como el músculo esquelético, disminuyendo así el peso corporal. La obesidad inducida por dieta alta en grasa disminuye el efecto anorexigénico de la administración sistémica vía intra-peritoneal de EX4 (agonista de GLP1R). Sin embargo, se desconoce si la exposición a un ambiente obesogénico previo a la manifestación de obesidad disminuye los efectos anorexigénicos de EX4 o un posible efecto de EX4 sobre marcadores de oxidación de ácidos grasos y termogénesis en músculo esquelético. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto a corto plazo de la dieta CAF, un modelo del ambiente obesogénico humano, sobre la capacidad de EX4 de reducir la ingesta y modular la expresión de marcadores proteicos de oxidación de ácidos grasos y termogénesis (CPT1 y UCP2) en músculo de ratones. Nuestros datos muestran que una inyección intraperitoneal de EX4 a ratones C57BL/6J alimentados con dieta CAF o dieta control durante 10 días no altera la ingesta calórica total, peso corporal, o la expresión de proteínas marcadoras de los procesos de beta-oxidación y de termogénesis (CPT1 y UCP2). Estos datos sugieren que protocolos alternativos de administración de EX4 son necesarios para observar los efectos fisiológicos de la activación de GLP1R.

The obesogenic environment promotes obesity by facilitating access to and consumption of a wide variety of palatable, high-calorie foods. Activation of the GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) reduces food intake, slows gastric emptying, and promotes a negative energy balance by acting on organs such as skeletal muscle, thus decreasing body weight. Obesity induced by a high-fat diet decreased the anorexigenic effect of intraperitoneal systemic administration of EX4 (GLP1R agonist). However, it is unknown whether exposure to an obesogenic environment before the manifestation of obesity diminishes the anorexigenic effects of EX4 or a possible effect of EX4 on markers of fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. This investigation aimed to determine the short-term effect of the CAF diet, a model of the human obesogenic environment, on the ability of EX4 to reduce intake and modulate the expression of protein markers of fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis (CPT1 and UCP2) in mouse muscle. Our data show that intraperitoneal injection of EX4 to C57BL/6J mice fed CAF diet or control diet for ten days does not alter total caloric intake, body weight, or expression of proteins markers of beta-oxidation and thermogenesis processes (CPT1 and UCP2). These data suggest that alternative EX4 administration protocols are necessary to observe the physiological effects of GLP1R activation.

Thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of lean and obese fit and unfit girls exercising in the heat / Respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas de meninas magras e obesas com alta e baixa aptidão aeróbica exercitando-se no calor

Abstract Objective: To verify the thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of obese and lean girls, either fit or unfit, exercising in the heat at a similar rate of metabolic heat production per unit body mass. Methods: A total of 34 pubescent girls were allocated in four groups: 12 obese fit, 9 obese unfit, 5 lean fit, and 8 lean unfit. The obese groups (13.2 ± 1.4 years, 40.5% ± 5.8% fat by DXA) differed in their aerobic fitness (V˙O2peak 76.0 ± 8.1 vs. 56.6 ± 5.8 mL.kg muscle mass-1.min-1), as well as the lean groups (13.1 ± 1.6 years, 24.0% ± 4.8% fat) (V˙O2peak 74.5 ± 2.9 vs. 56.2 ± 5.0 mL.kg muscle mass-1 min-1). Girls cycled two bouts of 25 min with a 10 min rest in between, at ∼5.4 W.kg-1 in the heat (36 °C and 40% relative humidity) and they were kept euhydrated. Rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate were measured every 5 min. Perceptual responses were evaluated throughout the exercise. Results: Initial rectal temperature was higher in the obese subjects compared to the lean subjects (37.5 ± 0.3 and 37.2 ± 0.3 °C). No difference was observed among the girls whom were obese (eight fit or unfit) and lean (also fit or unfit) throughout the exercise in rectal temperature (37.6 ± 0.2, 37.5 ± 0.3, 37.5 ± 0.3, 37.4 ± 0.3 °C, respectively), skin temperature (34.8 ± 0.8, 35.1 ± 1.0, 34.4 ± 0.9, 35.2 ± 0.9 °C), and heart rate (128 ± 18; 118 ± 12, 130 ± 16, 119 ± 16 beats min-1). No differences were observed in perceptual responses among groups. Conclusion: Regardless of the adiposity or aerobic fitness, pubescent girls had similar thermoregulatory and perceptual responses while cycling in the heat at similar metabolic heat production.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar as respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas de meninas obesas e magras, com alta e baixa aptidão aeróbica, exercitando-se no calor com produção metabólica de calor similar por massa corporal. Métodos: Um total de 34 meninas púberes foram alocadas em quatro grupos: 12 obesas com alta aptidão aeróbica, 9 obesas com baixa aptidão aeróbica, 5 magras com alta aptidão aeróbica e 8 magras com baixa aptidão aeróbica. Os grupos obesos (13,2 ± 1,4 anos, 40,5% ± 5,8% de gordura por DXA) diferiram em sua aptidão aeróbica (V˙O2peak 76,0 ± 8,1 vs. 56,6 ± 5,8 mL.kg de massa muscular-1.min-1), bem como os grupos magros (13,1 ± 1,6 anos, 24,0% ± 4,8% de gordura) (V˙O2peak 74,5 ± 2,9 vs. 56,2 ± 5,0 mL.kg de massa muscular-1min-1). As meninas pedalaram duas sessões de 25 minutos com descanso de 10 minutos entre as sessões, a ∼5,4 W.kg-1 no calor (36∘C e 40% de umidade relativa) e foram mantidas hidratadas. As temperaturas retal e cutânea e a frequência cardíaca foram medidas a cada 5 minutos. As respostas perceptivas foram avaliadas durante o exercício. Resultados: A temperatura retal inicial foi maior nas meninas obesas em comparação com as magras (37,5 ± 0,3 e 37,2 ± 0,3 °C). Não houve diferença entre as meninas obesas (com alta aptidão aeróbica ou não) e magras (também com alta aptidão aeróbica ou não) durante todo o exercício em relação à temperatura retal (37,6 ± 0,2; 37,5 ± 0,3; 37,5 ± 0,3; 37,4 ± 0,3 °C; respectivamente), temperatura da pele (34,8 ± 0,8; 35,1 ± 1,0; 34,4 ± 0,9; 35,2 ± 0,9 °C), e frequência cardíaca (128 ± 18; 118 ± 12, 130 ± 16, 119 ± 16 batimentos.min-1). Não foram observadas diferenças nas respostas perceptivas entre os grupos. Conclusão: Independentemente da adiposidade ou do condicionamento aeróbico, as meninas púberes tiveram respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas semelhantes, enquanto pedalavam no calor com uma produção metabólica de calor similar.

Effect of the fatty acid composition of meals on postprandial energy expenditure: a systematic review

SUMMARY The energy imbalance produced by an increase in caloric intake and/or decrease in energy expenditure induces obesity. However, the fatty acid composition of a diet can affect the metabolism in different ways, having a role in the development of obesity. AIM To determine the effect of different fatty acids types and composition on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) and postprandial energy expenditure in humans. METHODS A search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, yielded a total of 269 potential articles as a first result; 254 were excluded according to the criteria. RESULTS Fifteen articles were used for this systematic review. The studies analyzed report different effects of the fatty acids of the treatment on the diet-induced thermogenesis. Evidence indicates that the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids causes a greater DIT than saturated fatty acids. Also, the consumption of medium-chain fatty acids compared to long-chain fatty acids has been shown to increase DIT. Likewise, the use of certain oils has shown positive effects on postprandial energy expenditure, as is the case of olive oil, compared to rapeseed oil. CONCLUSIONS The use of specific types of fatty acids in the everyday diet can increase postprandial energy expenditure in humans. Nevertheless, longer-term studies are required.

RESUMO O desequilíbrio energético produzido pelo aumento da ingestão calórica e/ou diminuição do gasto energético provoca obesidade. Sem embargo, a composição de ácidos graxos da dieta pode afetar diferencialmente o metabolismo, tendo um papel no desenvolvimento da obesidade. OBJETIVO Determinar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de ácidos graxos e sua composição na termogênese induzida por dieta e no gasto energético pós-prandial em humanos. MÉTODOS Uma busca nas bases de dados da PubMed e da Web of Science gerou um total de 269 artigos potenciais como primeiro resultado; 254 foram excluídos de acordo com os critérios. RESULTADOS Quinze artigos foram utilizados para esta revisão sistemática. Os estudos analisados informam os efeitos diferenciais dos ácidos graxos no tratamento da termogênese induzida pela dieta. As evidências indicam que o consumo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ocasiona maior DIT que os ácidos graxos saturados. Além disso, demonstra-se que o consumo dos ácidos graxos da cadeia média, em comparação com os ácidos graxos da cadeia longa, aumenta o DIT. Do mesmo modo, o uso de certos azeites demonstra os efeitos positivos sobre o gasto de energia pós-prandial, como é o caso do azeite de oliva, em comparação com o azeite de colza. CONCLUSÃO O uso de tipos específicos de ácidos graxos na dieta habitual pode aumentar o gasto de energia pós-prandial nos seres humanos. Sem embargo, é necessária maior investigação no longo prazo.

Efecto antimicrobiano de la terapia fotodinámica versus la terapia láser sobre la Porphyromona gingivalis: Estudio in vitro / Efeito antimicrobiano da terapia laser versão daterapia photodinâmica na Porphyromonas gingivalis: Estudo in vitro / Antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy versus laser therapy on Porphyromone gingivalis: In vitro study

En la actualidad existen diferentes aplicaciones del láser en Odontología; esta Terapia se basa en la emisión de energía luminosa con diferente longitud de onda dependiendo del procedimiento que se realice generan efectos físicos y químicos que producen repuestas biológicas y terapéuticas como cicatrización de heridas, efectos analgésicos y antiinflamatorios además de inhibir la progresión de gingivitis y periodontitis. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano de la Terapia Fotodinámica (TFD) y de la Terapia Láser sobre colonias de Porphyromona Gingivalis (Pg). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio experimental, in vitro. La muestra estuvo constituida por 48 disoluciones de (Pg) que aprox. contiene 1000 colonias, se dividieron en 6 grupos de 8 muestras cada uno siendo: G1: 0.05% Azul de Metileno AM + luz led, G2: 0.1%AM + luz led, G3: 0.05% AM + Laser, G4: 0.1%AM + Laser, G5 Terapia Láser (30") y G6: Terapia Láser (60"). Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados estadísticamente mediante la prueba de Kruskal Wallis y U Mann Whitney con un nivel de significancia de 5%. Resultados: Los valores medios de ufc fueron de 190,1, 187,8, 23,6, 13,1, 2,1 y 0,0 para G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 y G6 respectivamente. Obteniéndose una significancia (p<0,001) que permitió inferir que la capacidad antimicrobiana fue distinta para los diferentes protocolos empleados. Conclusión: La TFD con láser y el uso del Láser fueron más efectivas que la TFD con luz led en la reducción de colonias bacterianas (Pg).

At present there are different applications of the laser in Dentistry; This Therapy is based on the emission of luminous energy with different wavelengths. Depending on the procedure performed, they generate physical and chemical effects that produce biological and therapeutic responses such as wound healing, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as inhibiting the progression of gingivitis and periodontitis. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Laser Therapy on colonies of Porphyromona Gingivalis (Pg). Materials and Methods: Experimental study, in vitro. The sample consisted of 48 solutions of (Pg) that approx. contains 1000 colonies, were divided into 6 groups of 8 samples each being: G1: 0.05% Methylene blue AM + led light, G2: 0.1% AM + led light, G3: 0.05% AM + Laser, G4: 0.1% AM + Laser, G5 Laser Therapy (30 ") and G6: Laser Therapy (60"). The data obtained were statistically analyzed by the Mann Whitney U test with a level of significance of 5%. Results: The mean cfu values were 190.1, 187.8, 23.6, 13.1, 2.1 and 0.0 for G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 respectively. obtained a Significance (p <0.001) that allowed us to infer that the antimicrobial capacity was different for the different protocols used. Conclusion: The PDT with laser and the use of the laser were more effective than the PDT with led light in the reduction of bacterial colonies (Pg).

Atualmente existem diferentes aplicações do laser na Odontologia; esta terapia baseia-se na emissão de energia luminosa com comprimentos de onda diferentes, dependendo do procedimento realizado geram efeitos físicos e químicos que produzem respostas biológicas e terapêuticas como cicatrização de feridas, efeitos analgésicos e anti-inflamatórios além de inibir a progressão da gengivite e periodontite. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano da Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) e Laser Therapy em colônias de Porphyromona Gingivalis (Pg). Materiais e Métodos: Estudo experimental, in vitro. A amostra foi composta por 48 soluções de (Pg) que aprox. contém 1000 colônias, foram divididos em 6 grupos de 8 amostras sendo: G1: 0,05% azul de metileno AM + luz led, G2: 0,1% AM + luz led, G3: 0,05% AM + Laser, G4: 0,1% AM + Laser, Terapia Laser G5 (30 ") e G6: Terapia Laser (60"). Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de Kruskal Wallis e U Mann Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os valores médios de ufc foram 190,1, 187,8, 23,6, 13,1, 2,1 e 0,0 para G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 e G6, respectivamente. Obteve-se significância (p <0,001) que permitiu inferir que a capacidade antimicrobiana foi diferente para os diferentes protocolos utilizados. Conclusão: A TFD com laser e o uso de laser foram mais efetivos que TFD com luz LED na redução de colônias bacterianas (Pg).

Neonatal tobacco smoke reduces thermogenesis capacity in brown adipose tissue in adult rats

Maternal smoking is a risk factor for progeny obesity. We have previously shown, in a rat model of neonatal tobacco smoke exposure, a mild increase in food intake and a considerable increase in visceral adiposity in the adult offspring. Males also had secondary hyperthyroidism, while females had only higher T4. Since brown adipose tissue (BAT) hypofunction is related to obesity, here we tested the hypothesis that higher levels of thyroid hormones are not functional in BAT, suggesting a lower metabolic rate. We evaluated autonomic nerve activity in BAT and its function in adult rats that were exposed to tobacco smoke during lactation. At birth, litters were adjusted to 3 male and 3 female pups/litter. From postnatal day (PND) 3 to 21, Wistar lactating rats and their pups were divided into SE group, smoke-exposed in a cigarette smoking machine (4 times/day) and C group, exposed to filtered air. Offspring were sacrificed at PND180. Adult SE rats of both genders had lower interscapular BAT autonomic nervous system activity, with higher BAT mass but no change in morphology. BAT UCP1 and CPT1a protein levels were decreased in the SE groups of both genders. Male SE rats had lower β3-AR, TRα1, and TRβ1 expression while females showed lower PGC1α expression. BAT Dio2 mRNA and hypothalamic POMC and MC4R levels were similar between groups. Hypothalamic pAMPK level was higher in SE males and lower in SE females. Thus, neonatal cigarette smoke exposure induces lower BAT thermogenic capacity, which can be obesogenic at adulthood.

Regulation of adiposity by mTORC1 / Controle da adiposidade por mTORC1

ABSTRACT Obesity is characterized by an excessive increase in the adipose tissue mass, and is associated with higher incidence of several chronic metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Therefore, its increasing prevalence is a public health concern, and it is important to better understand its etiology to develop new therapeutic strategies. Evidence accumulated over the years indicates that obesity is associated with a marked activation in adipose tissue of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a signaling pathway that controls lipid metabolism, and adipocyte formation and maintenance. Curiously, mTORC1 is also involved in the control of nonshivering thermogenesis and recruitment as well as browning of white adipose tissue. In this review, we explored mTORC1 functions in adipocytes and presented evidence, suggesting that mTORC1 may either increase or reduce adiposity, depending on the conditions and activation levels.

RESUMO A obesidade é caracterizada pelo aumento excessivo da massa de tecido adiposo, estando associada à maior incidência de diversas doenças metabólicas crônicas, como diabetes tipo 2. Sua crescente prevalência é uma questão de saúde pública, e faz-se importante compreender melhor sua etiologia, para desenvolver novas estratégias terapêuticas. As evidências acumuladas por muitos anos indicam que a obesidade está associada à significativa ativação no tecido adiposo do complexo 1 da proteína alvo mecanístico da rapamicina (mTORC1), uma via de sinalização que regula o metabolismo de lipídeos, bem como a formação e manutenção de adipócitos. Curiosamente, mTORC1 também está envolvido no controle da termogênese, independente do tremor muscular, e no recrutamento e browning de tecido adiposo branco. Nesta revisão, exploramos as diferentes funções do mTORC1 em adipócitos e apresentamos evidências que sugerem que o mTORC1 pode aumentar ou reduzir a adiposidade, dependendo das condições e de seu nível de ativação.

Water temperature, body mass and fasting heat production of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

ABSTRACT Knowledge on fasting heat production (HEf) of fish is key to develop bioenergetics models thus improving feeding management of farmed species. The core of knowledge on HEf of farmed, neotropical fish is scarce. This study assessed the effect of body mass and water temperature on standard metabolism and fasting heat production of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, an omnivore, Neotropical fresh water characin important for farming and fisheries industries all through South American continent. An automated, intermittent flow respirometry system was used to measure standard metabolic rate (SMR) of pacu (17 - 1,050 g) at five water temperatures: 19, 23, 26, 29 and 33 °C. Mass specific SMR increased with increasing water temperature but decreased as function of body mass. The allometric exponent for scaling HEf was 0.788, and lied in the range recorded for all studied warm-water fish. The recorded van't Hoff factor (Q10) for pacu (2.06) shows the species low response to temperature increases. The model HEf = 0.04643×W0.7882×T1.837 allows to predict HEf (kJ d-1) from body mass (W, kg) and water temperature (T, °C), and can be used in bioenergetical models for the species.

Metronidazole thermogel improves retention and decreases permeation through the skin

ABSTRACT Metronidazole (MTZ) is widely used as the standard antibiotic for the treatment of rosacea and, more recently, is being used off label in Brazilian hospitals for the treatment of wounds. Following oral administration, minimal amounts of active agent reaches the skin and side effects are strongly induced. Consequently, MTZ is currently being applied topically in order to improve the therapeutic efficacy with reduced side effects, with Rozex(r) (RZ) (an MTZ gelled formulation) being the only marketed product. This study examined whether the use of MTZ 0.75% from thermogel formulations could improve drug retention and reduce dermal exposure compared to that by Rozex(r). Following a 21 h permeation study, the highest total amount of MTZ permeated through the rat healthy and disturbed skin was seen with Rozex(r), but similar to all formulations regardless of the skin condition. On the other hand, the amount retained in the epidermis/dermis was larger for thermogel formulations; at least 4 fold that of Rozex(r), when the stratum corneum was present as a barrier. In conclusion, thermogel formulations can be favorable alternatives to Rozex(r) for the topical application of MTZ with improved efficacy and reduced side effects.

Thermographic analysis and autonomic response in the hands of patients with leprosy

Abstract: Background: Low temperatures and slow blood flow may result from peripheral neuropathy caused by leprosy, and the simple detection of cold fingers could already be a preliminary classification for these patients. Objective: To investigate whether infrared thermography would be able to measure this change in temperature in the hands of people with leprosy. Method: The study assessed 17 leprosy patients who were under treatment at the National Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Uberlândia/MG, and 15 people without leprosy for the control group. The infrared camera FLIR A325 and Therma CAM Researcher Professional 2.9 software were used to measure the temperature. The room was air-conditioned, maintaining the temperature at 25°C; the distance between the camera and the limb was 70 cm. The vasomotor reflex of patients was tested by a cold stress on the palm. Results: The study showed a significant interaction between the clinical form of leprosy and temperature, where the control group and the borderline-borderline form revealed a higher initial temperature, while borderline-lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy showed a lower temperature. Regarding vasomotor reflex, lepromatous leprosy patients were unable to recover the initial temperature after cold stress, while those with the borderline-tuberculoid form not only recovered but exceeded the initial temperature. Conclusion: Thermography proved a potential tool to assist in the early detection of neuropathies, helping in the prevention of major nerve damage and the installation of deformities and disabilities that are characteristic of leprosy.

The consensus sequence of FAMLF alternative splice variants is overexpressed in undifferentiated hematopoietic cells

The familial acute myeloid leukemia related factor gene (FAMLF) was previously identified from a familial AML subtractive cDNA library and shown to undergo alternative splicing. This study used real-time quantitative PCR to investigate the expression of the FAMLF alternative-splicing transcript consensus sequence (FAMLF-CS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 119 patients with de novo acute leukemia (AL) and 104 healthy controls, as well as in CD34+ cells from 12 AL patients and 10 healthy donors. A 429-bp fragment from a novel splicing variant of FAMLF was obtained, and a 363-bp consensus sequence was targeted to quantify total FAMLF expression. Kruskal-Wallis, Nemenyi, Spearman's correlation, and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to analyze the data. FAMLF-CS expression in PBMCs from AL patients and CD34+ cells from AL patients and controls was significantly higher than in control PBMCs (P<0.0001). Moreover, FAMLF-CS expression in PBMCs from the AML group was positively correlated with red blood cell count (rs =0.317, P=0.006), hemoglobin levels (rs =0.210, P=0.049), and percentage of peripheral blood blasts (rs =0.256, P=0.027), but inversely correlated with hemoglobin levels in the control group (rs =–0.391, P<0.0001). AML patients with high CD34+ expression showed significantly higher FAMLF-CS expression than those with low CD34+ expression (P=0.041). Our results showed that FAMLF is highly expressed in both normal and malignant immature hematopoietic cells, but that expression is lower in normal mature PBMCs.

Brown adipose tissue: what have we learned since its recent identification in human adults / Tecido adiposo marrom: o que aprendemos desde sua recente identificação em humanos adultos

Brown adipose tissue, an essential organ for thermoregulation in small and hibernating mammals due to its mitochondrial uncoupling capacity, was until recently considered to be present in humans only in newborns. The identification of brown adipose tissue in adult humans since the development and use of positron emission tomography marked with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-FDG) has raised a series of doubts and questions about its real importance in our metabolism. In this review, we will discuss what we have learnt since its identification in humans as well as both new and old concepts, some of which have been marginalized for decades, such as diet-induced thermogenesis. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):889-99.

O tecido adiposo marrom, órgão essencial para a termorregulação de animais hibernantes e pequenos devido à sua capacidade desacopladora, era até poucos anos considerado presente apenas em recém-nascidos na espécie humana. A identificação do tecido adiposo marrom em adultos com o desenvolvimento e uso da tomografia de emissão de pósitron marcado com 18-fluorodesoxiglicose (PET-FDG) gerou questões sobre sua real importância para nosso metabolismo. Nesta revisão, discutiremos o que aprendemos nesse tempo, assim como conceitos antigos e novos, alguns marginalizados por décadas, como a termogênese induzida por dieta. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):889-99.

Bases biológicas e evidências epidemiológicas da contribuição do crescimento fetal e pós-natal na composição corporal: uma revisão / The biological bases of and epidemiological evidence for the contribution of fetal and postnatal growth to body composition: a review

Apresentar as bases biológicas e evidências epidemiológicas do crescimento fetal e pós-natal relacionadas ao tamanho e composição corporal. MÉTODOS: a busca de artigos publicados nos últimos 15 anos foi realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO, Medline através dos descritores: crescimento, restrição do crescimento fetal, baixo peso ao nascer, aceleração compensatória do crescimento, composição corporal, índice de massa corporal e hormônios. Os estudos foram selecionados de acordo com a pertinência às evidências a serem analisadas. RESULTADOS: os artigos apontam para a influência da restrição do crescimento intraútero na supressão da termogênese e regulação hormonal, que por sua vez interferem no ganho de peso após o nascimento, e explicam como ambos os processos, restrição do crescimento fetal e rápido ganho de peso pós-natal, influenciam as medidas corporais em fases posteriores da vida, com consequências que poderão afetar gerações. CONCLUSÕES: o crescimento fetal influencia o padrão de crescimento pós-natal devido a diversos fatores relacionados à regulação hormonal, porém existe ainda uma lacuna sobre a contribuição da somação entre crescimento fetal e pós-natal no tamanho e composição corporal em fases posteriores da vida...

To present the biological bases of and epidemiological evidence for fetal and postnatal growth in relation to size and body composition. METHODS: a search of papers published in the last 15 years was carried out in the Lilacs, SciELO, and Medline databases using the key words: growth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, catchup growth, body composition, body mass index and hormones. The studies were selected according to relevance to the evidence to be analyzed. RESULTS: the articles show the influence of intrauterine growth restriction on the suppression of thermogenesis and hormonal regulation, which in turn interfere with weight gain after birth, and explain how both processes, fetal growth restriction and rapid postnatal weight gain influence body measurements in later life, with consequences that might affect generations. CONCLUSIONS: fetal growth influences the pattern of postnatal growth due to several factors related to hormone regulation, but there is still a gap on the contribution of the combination of fetal growth and postnatal size to body composition in later life...

Etiopatogenia de la obesidad / Etiopathogenesis of obesity

La investigación de los factores etiopatogénicos de la obesidad, sean estos ambientales o genéticos, ha influido fuertemente en el desarrollo de las estrategias para controlar la enfermedad. Se considera a la obesidad como una enfermedad en la cual confluyen factores genéticos y ambientales, pero no se han dilucidado cabalmente los mecanismos de regulación del balance energético, cuyas alteraciones favorecen el incremento de la adiposidad en humanos. Entre los factores ambientales, además de la alimentación alta en calorías y el sedentarismo, se describen factores predisponentes sociales, culturales y familiares, así como situaciones o etapas fisiológicas de la vida que pueden gatillar aumento de peso. Aunque los factores y patologías genéticas se pueden evidenciar en un bajo porcentaje de los sujetos obesos, la predisposición genética a la obesidad se puede expresar a través de algunas características metabólicas, como un bajo gasto energético de reposo, mala oxidación de grasas o un bajo nivel de actividad física espontánea.

The investigation of the etiological factors of obesity, whether genetic or environmental, has strongly influenced the development of strategies to control the disease. Obesity must be considered as a disease in which genetic and environmental factors converge. However, the mechanisms of regulation of the energy balance, which changes favoring increased adiposity in humans, are not fully elucidated. Among environmental factors, in addition to high-calorie diet and sedentary lifestyle, it has been described social, cultural and family predisposing factors, as well as physiological conditions or stages of life that can trigger weight gain. Although genetic factors and pathologies can be evidenced in a low percentage of obese subjects, genetic predisposition to obesity can be expressed through some metabolic characteristics such as low metabolic rate, poor oxidation of fats or a low level of spontaneous physical activity.

Mortalidade de bovinos zebuínos por hipotermia em Mato Grosso do Sul / Mortality of zebu cattle by hypothermia in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo descrever a ocorrência periódica de mortalidade de bovinos por hipotermia após inversão térmica no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. São relatados 16 surtos encaminhados ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da FAMEZ/UFMS, ocorridos de agosto de 2000 a julho de 2010, em 13 municípios do Estado. O diagnóstico de hipotermia baseou-se na ocorrência de mortes após queda brusca de temperatura acompanhada de chuvas e ventos, simultaneamente em diversas propriedades, nos sinais clínicos observados e na ausência de lesões macro e microscópicas significativas. Em todos os surtos houve uma queda brusca de temperatura, de até 29ºC, em intervalos de um a quatro dias associada a chuva e vento. Na maioria das vezes a morte dos bovinos ocorreu em locais onde havia escassez de pasto e ausência de abrigos naturais ou artificiais. Os bovinos afetados estavam magros, com baixo escore corporal, e, em grande parte dos casos, eram encontrados mortos nos cantos das invernadas e próximos a cercas no dia seguinte à queda brusca da temperatura. Foram afetados bovinos de diferentes idades. Os sinais clínicos se caracterizavam por cegueira, incoordenação, dismetria, fraqueza, decúbito esternal, movimentos de pedalagem, opistótono, tremores musculares, e dificuldade respiratória e morte. Em 30 bovinos necropsiados os principais achados macroscópicos foram edema subcutâneo, cavitário e pulmonar, e, em alguns casos, histologicamente havia eosinofilia neuronal. A hipotermia é uma importante causa de mortalidade quando bovinos com pobre estado nutricional, pouca disponibilidade e qualidade dos pastos e ausência de abrigos naturais, são submetidos a uma condição de mudança climática com queda brusca de temperatura combinada com ventos fortes e chuvas.

This study describes the periodic mortality of cattle due to hypothermia after thermal inversion in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sixteen outbreaks, reported to the Laboratory of Animal Pathology FAMEZ/UFMS, occurred from August 2000 to July 2010 in 13 municipalities of the state. The diagnosis of hypothermia was based on the occurrence of deaths after a sudden decrease in temperature accompanied by rain and wind in several farms simultaneously, on clinical signs and on the absence of significant macroscopic and microscopic lesions. In all outbreaks was a sudden fall of temperature up to29°C at intervals of one to four days together with rain and wind. Most deaths occurred in places with scarce pasture and lack of natural or artificial shelters. The affected cattle were lean, with low body score, and in most cases on the morning following sudden fall in temperature, they were found dead in the corners of wintering and near the fences. Cattle of different ages were affected. Clinical signs were characterized by apparent blindness, incoordination, dysmetria, weakness, sternal recumbency, paddling, opisthotonus, muscle tremors, difficulty in breathing and death. In 30 necropsied animals the main macroscopic findings were subcutaneous, cavity and pulmonary edema. Histologically in some cases neuronal eosinophilia was observed. Hypothermia is an important cause of mortality when cattle, not acclimated, with poor nutritional status, low availability and quality of pasture, and lack of natural shelter, are subjected to climate change with sudden fall in temperature combined with high winds and rain.

Postprandial thermogenesis in Bothrops moojeni (Serpentes: Viperidae)

Snakes that can ingest prey that are proportionally large have high metabolic rates during digestion. This great increase in metabolic rate (specific dynamic action - SDA) may create a significant augment in the animal's body temperature. The present study investigated postprandial thermogenesis in Bothrops moojeni. Briefly, two groups of snakes were fed meals equivalent to 17 ± 3 percent and 32 ± 5 percent of their body weight and were observed for 72 hours, in which thermal images of each snake were taken with an infrared camera in a thermostable environment with a constant air temperature of 30ºC. The results showed a significant increase in snake surface temperature, with a thermal peak between 33 and 36 hours after feeding. The meal size had a great impact on the intensity and duration of the thermogenic response. Such increase in temperature appears to be connected with the huge increase in metabolic rates during digestion of relatively large prey by snakes that feed infrequently. The ecologic implication of the thermogenic response is still not well understood; however, it is possible that its presence could affect behaviors associated with the snake digestion, such as postprandial thermophily.

Enhancing T3 and cAMP responsive gene participation in the thermogenic regulation of fuel oxidation pathways / Ampliando a participação dos genes responsivos a T3 e cAMP na regulação da termogênese gerada pelas vias de oxidação biológica

OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify glycolysis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, Krebs cycle, respiratory chain, and oxidative phosphorylation enzymes simultaneously regulated by T3 and cAMP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed in silico analysis of 56 promoters to search for cis-cAMP (CREB) and cis-thyroid (TRE) response elements, considering UCP1, SERCA2 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase as reference. Only regulatory regions with prior in vitro validation were selected. RESULTS: 29/56 enzymes presented potential TREs in their regulatory sequence, and some scored over 0.80 (better predictive value 1): citrate synthase, phosphoglucose isomerase, succinate dehydrogenases A/C, UCP3, UCP2, UCP4, UCP5, phosphoglycerate mutase, glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase, glucokinase, malate dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA transferase (thiolase), cytochrome a3, and lactate dehydrogenase. Moreover, some enzymes have not yet been described in the literature as genomically regulated by T3. CONCLUSION: Our results point to other enzymes which may possibly be regulated by T3 and CREB, and speculate their joint roles in contributing to the optimal thermogenic acclimation.

OBJETIVO: Identificar enzimas das vias da glicólise, glicogenólise, lipólise, ciclo de Krebs, cadeia respiratória e fosforilação oxidativa possivelmente reguladas por T3 e cAMP. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Analisamos 56 genes metabólicos in silico mediante a identificação dos elementos cis de regulação gênica responsivos ao T3 e cAMP (TREs, thyroid response elements e CREs, cAMP response elements), utilizando como referência o promotor da UCP1, SERCA2 e gliceraldeído 3-fosfato desidrogenase. Selecionamos somente os promotores com estudo funcional prévio in vitro. RESULTADOS: 29/56 enzimas apresentaram TREs em suas regiões regulatórias, parte com escore > 0,80 (melhor valor preditivo 1): citrato sintase, fosfoglucose isomerase, succinato desidrogenase A/C, UCP3, UCP2, UCP4, UCP5, fosfoglicerato mutase, gliceraldeído 3-P desidrogenase, glucoquinase, malato desidrogenase, acil-CoA transferase (tiolase), citocromo a3, e lactato desidrogenase; parte desconhecida como regulada por T3. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do presente estudo apontam para novos genes regulados por T3 e cAMP e, por conseguinte, sua contribuição na regulação da termogênese.

Effects of protein quality on appetite and energy metabolism in normal weight subjects / Efeitos da qualidade proteica no apetite e metabolismo energético de indivíduos eutróficos

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of consumption of different protein sources on food intake and energy expenditure in normal weight subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Breakfast preparations (casein, soy protein, whey protein or control) were ingested during seven consecutive days. Appetite, food intake, and energy expenditure were assessed. RESULTS: Casein consumption led to a lower energy intake than whey protein. There was lower energy intake on day 7 than on day 1 of the casein session. Soy protein preparations resulted in higher diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) than in control preparations. The respiratory quotient (RQ) obtained in the whey protein session was lower than the control and soy protein sessions. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the consumption of different protein types leads to distinct effects on satiety (casein), DIT (soy protein), and/or RQ (whey protein).

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos do consumo de diferentes fontes proteicas na ingestão alimentar e gasto energético em indivíduos eutróficos. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Preparações (caseína, proteína da soja, proteína do soro de leite ou controle) foram ingeridas no desjejum, durante sete dias consecutivos. RESULTADOS: A caseína resultou em menor ingestão calórica do que o soro de leite. Houve uma menor ingestão calórica no último dia da sessão da caseína em relação ao primeiro dia. Preparações contendo proteína da soja resultaram em maior termogênese induzida pela dieta (TID) em comparação às preparações controle. O cociente respiratório (CR) obtido na sessão do soro de leite foi menor que na sessão controle e da proteína da soja. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que o consumo de diferentes tipos de proteínas resulta em efeitos distintos na saciedade (caseína), TID (proteína da soja) e/ou CR (proteína do soro).

The brain is the conductor: diet-induced inflammation overlapping physiological control of body mass and metabolism: [review] / O cérebro é o maestro: inflamação induzida por dieta interfere no controle fisiológico da adiposidade corporal e do metabolismo: [revisão]

Obesity is currently a worldwide pandemic. It affects more than 300 million humans and it will probably increase over the next 20 years. The consumption of calorie-rich foods is responsible for most of the obesity cases, but not all humans exposed to high-calorie diets develop the disease. This fact has prompted researchers to investigate the mechanisms linking the consumption of high-calorie diets to the generation of an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. According to recent studies, the exposure to fat-rich diets induces an inflammatory response in the hypothalamic areas involved in the control of feeding and thermogenesis. The inflammatory process damages the neuronal circuitries that maintain the homeostatic control of the body's energy stores, therefore favoring body mass gain. This review will focus on the main advances obtained in this field.

Obesidade é hoje um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo. Mais de 300 milhões de pessoas são obesas e esse número deve crescer substancialmente nos próximos 20 anos. As dietas ricas em calorias são a principal causa de obesidade, porém, nem todos os indivíduos expostos a dietas altamente calóricas se tornam obesos. Tal fato estimulou pesquisadores a investigarem os mecanismos que ligam o consumo de dietas ricas em calorias ao desenvolvimento de um balanço inadequado entre consumo e gasto energético. De acordo com estudos recentes, o consumo de dietas ricas em gorduras induz a ativação de uma resposta inflamatória nas áreas do hipotálamo envolvidas com o controle da fome e da termogênese. Tal processo inflamatório lesa os circuitos neuronais que mantêm o controle homeostático das reservas corporais de energia, favorecendo assim o ganho de massa adiposa. Esta revisão irá focar os principais avanços obtidos nesta área.

Contribuição renal para a termoregulação: termogênese e a doença renal / Renal contribution to thermoregulation: thermogenesis and renal disease

O presente estudo apresenta inicialmente uma breve revisão da fisiologia da termogênese e suas relações com atividade renal. Embora se saiba que o rim tem uma intensa atividade metabólica, o impacto de sua contribuição à manutenção da homeostase térmica não foi ainda devidamente avaliado. Através de um modelo concebido para promover o isolamento térmico em animais ratos Sprague-Dawley; aferimos, após 30 minutos, um ganho térmico de 2.77 ± 0.47°C no grupo com nefrectomia 5/6; 2.56 ± 0.24°C no grupo denervado; 2.2 ± 0.42°C no grupo simulado e 2.17 ± 0.02°C em animais controles íntegros (P<0.05). Foi também coletada e aferida a massa do peso da gordura marrom com os seguintes resultados: Nx5/6: 174.5 ± 5.80(g); Dx: 233.1 ± 25.42(g) e sham: 279.6 ± 28.22(g) (P<0.005).Sugerimos que os maiores ganhos térmicos observados nos modelos parcialmente nefrectomizados (denervados e nefrectomizados) foram ocasionados por uma suposta necessidade de compensar a perda da atividade termogênica renal. Esta atividade compensatória deveu-se, sobretudo, a um aumento na queima de gordura marrom e da atividade da termogênese facultativa neste tecido.

The present study starts with a brief view of thermogenesis and its interconnections with renal activity. It is well known that the kidney has an intense metabolic activity but its true contribution to the internal temperature has not yet been well evaluated. Utilizing a system which promoted a thermal isolation in Sprague-Dawley rats, we were able to record the increase of temperature from basal internal temperatures during thirty minutes of experiment, which was associated with enhanced uncoupling protein (UCP) expression. The group of sub total nephrectomy (Nx5/6) registered a gain of 2.77 ± 0.47 °C, the denervation group (DNx): 2.56 ± 0.24°C, the sham: 2.2 ± 0.43°C, and the normal group a gain of 2.17± 0.02°C (P<0.05). We also measured the weight of brown adipose tissue (BAT) - a specialized thermogenic tissue - with the following results: Nx5/6: 174.5 ± 5.80 g; DNx: 233.1 ± 25.42 g and sham: 279.6 ± 28.22 g (P<0,005). We concluded that the higher values of thermal gain observed in these chronic injuries (denervation and nephrectomy) revealed the necessity of increase in facultative thermogenic activity to supply the loss of body heat through BATactivation.

Gasto energético corporal: conceitos, formas de avaliação e sua relação com a obesidade: [revisão] / Human energetic expenditure: concepts, assessment methods and relationship to obesity: [review]

A obesidade, apesar de intensamente estudada nos últimos anos, ainda apresenta muitas controvérsias, entre elas a sua relação com o gasto energético (GE). O presente estudo representa uma revisão da literatura procurando abordar: as técnicas existentes para avaliação do GE, com suas vantagens e limitações e as relações existentes entre GE e a obesidade. O GE pode ser avaliado por métodos calorimétricos, espectrométricos, ou mesmo por questionários. De acordo com os objetivos e as possibilidades da pesquisa, todas as técnicas apresentam pontos positivos e limitações. Os indivíduos obesos têm sido apontados como "econômicos", do ponto de vista metabólico, ou seja, gastariam menos energia do que os não obesos. Essa economia tem sido investigada a partir de cada componente do GE diário (GED) (GE de repouso, efeito termogênico à alimentação ou GE da atividade física) e os resultados são bastante controversos. Paralelamente às análises do GE em humanos, estudos moleculares têm auxiliado no esclarecimento desse tema tão complexo. Diferentes hormônios, especialmente os secretados pelo adipócito, bem como proteínas específicas em vários tipos de células, têm auxiliado na compreensão do GE corporal. Muitos estudos ainda são necessários, e é importante que se padronizem as técnicas, de maneira que se permita maior reprodutibilidade dos resultados.

Despite many studies in the last years, obesity still needs more investigation, including its relation with energetic expenditure (EE). This manuscript consisted of a review considering: the existing techniques to measure EE, showing their advantages and limitations and modifications in EE due to obesity. EE can be evaluated by calorimetric methods, spectroscopic methods, or by questionnaires. According to the research’s objectives and possibilities, all techniques present advantages and limitations. Obese individuals have been recognized as "economics" in metabolic point of view, which means that they are able to expend little energy, compared to non-obese individuals. This economy has been investigated in many aspects. They have been analyzed every component of daily energetic expenditure (resting EE, thermogenic response to feeding and EE by physical activity), and the results are controversial, mainly because of the lack on standardization of procedures and techniques. Together with evaluation of EE in humans, molecular studies have contributed to clarify many aspects. They have been identified hormones and cellular proteins located in different kinds of cells. Studies are still necessary, and it is imperative to standardize the procedures and techniques to allow the reproducibility of the results.