CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH correlates with prognostic parameters in canine mammary neoplasms

The identification of putative prognostic factors in canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) has been focused on tissue-specific biomarkers, but the serum biomarkers, including cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), c-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been demonstrated to display clinical application in cases of CMNs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of these serum biomarkers and their association with well-established prognostic factors in CMNs. Samples from 15 female canines with CMNs and 15 clinically healthy ones were collected. The results were evaluated using the Tukey's, Pearson, or Spearman tests. The cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in a logistic regression model (P<0.05). The levels of CA 15-3, CRP and LDH were significantly higher in the serum of female dogs with CMNs compared to the healthy ones. Moreover, these factors were positively correlated with ulceration, tumor size, histopathological grade, metastatic lymph node, and clinical staging. Female dogs with CMNs were found to exhibit highest serum levels of CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH. Therefore, they can be applied to improve the efficacy of the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in casas of CMNs.(AU)

Hiperplasia fibroepitelial mamária em um gato macho: relato de caso / Mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia in a male cat: case report

As neoplasias mamárias representam a terceira neoplasia mais comum em gatas, enquanto nos machos a incidência é rara. Esse trabalho relata o caso de um gato macho, não castrado, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, com uma neoformação mamária. O diagnóstico inicial, obtido por meio de punção aspirativa por agulha fina, sugeriu a presença de carcinoma mamário. Exames de imagem como a radiografia torácica e a ultrassonografia abdominal não evidenciaram a presença de metástase no parênquima pulmonar e nos órgãos abdominais, respectivamente. O tratamento instituído foi a remoção cirúrgica da neoformação, pela técnica de mastectomia parcial bilateral. O exame histopatológico da massa evidenciou uma hiperplasia fibroepitelial. Diante disso, conclui-se que, apesar de raras, as neoformações mamárias em gatos do sexo masculino podem ocorrer, devendo, dessa forma, compor parte da lista de diagnósticos diferenciais para aumentos de volume na região ventral desses animais.(AU)

Mammary neoplasms represent the third most common neoplasm in queens, while in tomcats the incidence is rare. This study reports the case of a tomcat, not neutered, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Ceará, with a mammary neoformation. The initial diagnosis, obtained through aspiration cytology, suggested the presence of mammary carcinoma. Imaging tests such as thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasound, did not show the presence of metastasis in the lung parenchyma and abdominal organs, respectively. The chosen treatment was the surgical removal of the neoformation, using the bilateral partial mastectomy technique. Histopathological examination of the mass showed a mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia. Therefore, it is concluded that, although rare, mammary neoformations in male cats can occur, thus, it should be part of the list of differential diagnoses for increases in volume in the ventral region of these animals.(AU)

The prognostic value of serum neoplastic biomarkers CA 15-3 and CEA in canine mammary neoplasms: a review / O valor prognóstico dos biomarcadores neoplásicos séricos CA 15-3 e CEA em neoplasias mamárias caninas: uma revisão

As neoplasias mamárias caninas (NMCs) são as mais frequentes em cadelas, com isso, uma grande variedade de técnicas tem sido utilizada para identificar os seus fatores prognósticos. Dentre as possibilidades, os biomarcadores neoplásicos séricos antígeno do câncer (CA 15-3) e o antígeno carcinoembrionário (CEA) são os mais promissores. Biomarcadores neoplásicos são substâncias presentes na neoplasia, sangue ou demais produtos biológicos, produzidos pela neoplasia, ou secundariamente pelo paciente, em resposta à sua presença. Na medicina veterinária, esses marcadores são pouco estudados. Em termos gerais, eles não podem ser usados para o diagnóstico primário de neoplasias mamárias, mas estão relacionados com os fatores prognóstico já bem estabelecidos na literatura e tem como vantagem se tratar de uma análise menos invasiva e que é possível de ser feita de forma seriada. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever o CA 15-3 e o CEA como biomarcadores utilizados nas NMCs, o progresso recente feito na literatura e providenciar um sumário dos principais resultados já obtidos. O CA 15-3 e o CEA apresentam potencial prognóstico nas NMCs. Apesar de existir uma grande variação de resultados para esses biomarcadores na literatura, o seu uso deve ser considerado, visto os resultados obtidos na caracterização e prognóstico das NMC.(AU)

Female canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) are the most frequent neoplasm in bitches, and a variety of techniques have been used to identify they prognostic factors. Among the possibilities, the serum biomarkers cancer antigen (CA 15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are the most reliable. Neoplastic biomarkers are substances present in the neoplasia, blood, or other biological products, produced mainly by the neoplasia, or secondarily by the patient, in response to their presence. In veterinary medicine, these biomarkers are poorly studied. In general terms they cannot be used for primary diagnosis of mammary neoplasms but are related to the prognostic factors and have the advantage of being a less invasive analysis and that it is possible to be done in a serial way. The objective of this review is to describe CA 15-3 and CEA use as biomarkers in CMNs, the recent progress made in literature and the main overall results that had been already obtained. CA 15-3 and CEA have prognostic potential for CMNs. There is a wide variation of results for these biomarkers in literature, but despite this, its use must be considered as they provide relevant results in terms of characterization and prognostic in CMNs.(AU)

Sperm quality and morphometry characterization of cryopreserved canine sperm in ACP-106c or TRIS

Morphological sperm evaluation supported by the morphometry can be used in the determination of the seminal quality and in the investigation of potential extenders. Although there are studies comparing TRIS and ACP extenders, there are no comparative studies between them for the computerized assisted semen analysis (CASA), sperm viability, membrane functionality and sperm morphometry parameters of cryopreserved canine semen. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the effects of ACP-106c and TRIS on post-freezing canine sperm quality. Five dogs were submitted to semen collection twice with one-week interval. The semen was evaluated within the parameters: total motility, vigor, concentration, viability, plasma membrane functionality, morphology and morphometry. In the morphometric evaluation, the morphologically normal sperm was measured as: length, width, area and perimeter of the head and the midpiece, tail length and total length. The parameters of ellipticity, elongation, regularity and roughness were determined. Then, the semen was divided into two aliquots that were diluted in TRIS or ACP-106c, with the addition of egg yolk and glycerol. The diluted semen was refrigerated and frozen. The thawed samples were evaluated. Total motility, viability, sperm membrane functionality and normal morphology reduced after thawing in both extenders (morphology reduced from 89.60 ± 1.3% to 84.40 ± 1.8 and 84.60 ± 1.1% in TRIS and ACP-106c, respectively). However, it did not differ between TRIS and ACP-106c. In the ACP106c the sperm head defects in cryopreserved semen were higher compared to fresh semen (P < 0.05). For all the morphometric parameters evaluated, there were no differences between fresh and cryopreserved samples (3.70 ± 0.4% vs. 2.30 ± 0.5%). In kinetics, with an interval of one week statistical differences between the extenders were found only in the parameters ALH and LIN (P < 0.05). Regardless of the extender, there were no changes in the morphometric parameters of sperm after thawing.(AU)

Heterologous in vitro fertilization and embryo production for assessment of jaguar (Panthera onca Linnaeus, 1758) frozen-thawed semen in different extenders

Heterologous in vitro fertilization (IVF) is an important tool for assessing fertility of endangered mammals such as the jaguar, considering difficult access to females for artificial insemination and to obtain homologous oocytes. We aimed to evaluate the fertility of jaguar sperm cryopreserved with different extenders, using domestic cat oocytes to assess the development of hybrid embryos. Semen from four captive jaguars was obtained by electroejaculation. Samples were cryopreserved in powdered coconut water (ACP-117c) or Tris extender containing 20% egg yolk and 6% glycerol. Thawed spermatozoa were resuspended (2.0 × 106 spermatozoa/mL) in IVF medium and co-incubated with cat oocytes matured in vitro for 18 h. Presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7 days. After 48 h, cleavage rate was evaluated, and non-cleaved structures were stained for IVF evaluation. On days 5 and 7, the rate of morula and blastocyst formation was assessed. Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test (p < 0.05). No difference was observed between ACP-117c and Tris extenders, respectively, for oocytes with 2nd polar body (2/51, 3.9 ± 2.9% vs. 2/56, 3.6 ± 3.1%), pronuclear structures (5/51, 9.8 ± 4.7% vs. 8/56, 14.3 ± 8.0%), and total IVF rates (7/36, 19.4 ± 5.0% vs. 10/37, 27.0 ± 13.8%). All the samples fertilized the oocytes, with 22.9 ± 3.2% (16/70) and 16.7 ± 3.6% (12/72) cleavage of mature oocytes for ACP-117c and Tris extenders, respectively. Morula rates of 4.3 ± 2.3% (3/70) and 5.6 ± 2.2% (4/72) were observed for ACP-117c and Tris, respectively. Only the Tris extender demonstrated blastocyst production (2/12, 16.7 ± 1.5% blastocyst/cleavage). We demonstrated that jaguar ejaculates cryopreserved using ACP-117c and Tris were suitable for IVF techniques, with blastocyst production by ejaculates cryopreserved in Tris. This is a first report of embryos produced in vitro using jaguar sperm and domestic cat oocytes through IVF.(AU)

Considerações sobre a reprodução da gata / Considerations regarding the queen's reproduction

Compreender a fisiologia reprodutiva da gata é importante para melhor conhecer a espécie, bem como para lidar com os felinos selvagens e as populações de gatos ferais. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão é fazer algumas considerações sobre a reprodução da gata que é poliéstrica sazonal com diferentes fases do ciclo estral. É considerada ter ovulação induzida, com a cópula desencadeando a liberação do hormônio luteinizante (LH). No entanto, em algumas circunstâncias, algumas gatas são capazes de ovular espontaneamente. A ovulação induzida na gata é dependente de vários fatores: o número de cópulas e os intervalos entre eles, o dia do estro em que ela é acasalada e diferenças individuais no pico de LH. Se a gata ovular, mas não gestar, ela entrará em pseudogestação semelhante à gestação nos primeiros 40 dias. Após 40 dias, os níveis plasmáticos de progesterona estarão de volta ao nível quase basal na gata pseudogestante, devido à regressão lútea. Se a gata for acasalada e ficar gestante, ela passará por uma fase dominada por progesterona mais longa do que durante a pseudogestação. Ainda não está claro se sua placenta é responsável pela produção da progesterona que mantém a gestação após o início da regressão lútea. Assim, conclui-se que os processos reprodutivos da gata não estão totalmente mapeados. Portanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias para um entendimento mais completo da sua fisiologia reprodutiva.

Understanding the cat's reproductive physiology is important to better know the species, as well as to deal with wild cats and feral cat populations. Thus, the purpose of this review is to make some considerations about the queen's reproduction that is seasonal polyestric with different stages of the estrous cycle. She is considered to have induced ovulation, with copulation triggering the release of luteinizing hormone (LH). However, in some circumstances, some queens are able to spontaneously ovulate. The induced ovulation in the queen is dependent on several factors: the number of matings and the intervals between them, the day of the estrus on which she is mates and individual differences in the LH peak. If the queen ovulates, but does not gestate, she will go into pseudo-pregnancy similar to pregnancy in the first 40 days. After 40 days, plasma progesterone levels will be back to almost basal level in the pseudo-pregnant queen, due to luteal regression. If the queen is mated and becomes pregnant, she will go through a phase dominated by progesterone longer than during pseudo-pregnancy. It is not yet clear whether her placenta is responsible for the production of progesterone that maintains pregnancy after the start of luteal regression. Thus, it is concluded that the reproductive processes of the queen are not fully mapped. Therefore, more research is needed for a more complete understanding of your reproductive physiology.

Considerações sobre a reprodução da gata / Considerations regarding the queen's reproduction

Compreender a fisiologia reprodutiva da gata é importante para melhor conhecer a espécie, bem como para lidar com os felinos selvagens e as populações de gatos ferais. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão é fazer algumas considerações sobre a reprodução da gata que é poliéstrica sazonal com diferentes fases do ciclo estral. É considerada ter ovulação induzida, com a cópula desencadeando a liberação do hormônio luteinizante (LH). No entanto, em algumas circunstâncias, algumas gatas são capazes de ovular espontaneamente. A ovulação induzida na gata é dependente de vários fatores: o número de cópulas e os intervalos entre eles, o dia do estro em que ela é acasalada e diferenças individuais no pico de LH. Se a gata ovular, mas não gestar, ela entrará em pseudogestação semelhante à gestação nos primeiros 40 dias. Após 40 dias, os níveis plasmáticos de progesterona estarão de volta ao nível quase basal na gata pseudogestante, devido à regressão lútea. Se a gata for acasalada e ficar gestante, ela passará por uma fase dominada por progesterona mais longa do que durante a pseudogestação. Ainda não está claro se sua placenta é responsável pela produção da progesterona que mantém a gestação após o início da regressão lútea. Assim, conclui-se que os processos reprodutivos da gata não estão totalmente mapeados. Portanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias para um entendimento mais completo da sua fisiologia reprodutiva.(AU)

Understanding the cat's reproductive physiology is important to better know the species, as well as to deal with wild cats and feral cat populations. Thus, the purpose of this review is to make some considerations about the queen's reproduction that is seasonal polyestric with different stages of the estrous cycle. She is considered to have induced ovulation, with copulation triggering the release of luteinizing hormone (LH). However, in some circumstances, some queens are able to spontaneously ovulate. The induced ovulation in the queen is dependent on several factors: the number of matings and the intervals between them, the day of the estrus on which she is mates and individual differences in the LH peak. If the queen ovulates, but does not gestate, she will go into pseudo-pregnancy similar to pregnancy in the first 40 days. After 40 days, plasma progesterone levels will be back to almost basal level in the pseudo-pregnant queen, due to luteal regression. If the queen is mated and becomes pregnant, she will go through a phase dominated by progesterone longer than during pseudo-pregnancy. It is not yet clear whether her placenta is responsible for the production of progesterone that maintains pregnancy after the start of luteal regression. Thus, it is concluded that the reproductive processes of the queen are not fully mapped. Therefore, more research is needed for a more complete understanding of your reproductive physiology.(AU)

Influence of glycerol addition on the quality of cat epididymal sperm during the freeze-thaw process / Influência da adição do glicerol sobre a qualidade dos espermatozoides epididimários de gato durante as etapas da congelação-descongelação

Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm is a useful tool for preserving the genetic potential of valuable animal specimens. The domestic cat is used as a model to study and develop cryogenics for other felines. However, regulation of the entire cryopreservation process is essential for the success of this biotechnology. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the effects of glycerol equilibration time and freezethaw stages on the quality of epididymal sperm obtained from domestic cats. Epididymal sperm were recovered with TRIS and immediately evaluated for total motility (TM), vigor, viability, membrane functionality (HOST), and morphology. Then, TRIS-20% egg yolk was added to the samples, which were equally divided into two 1.5 mL tubes and refrigerated at 4 ºC for 1 hour. Subsequently, glycerol was added at a final concentration of 5%. The samples were incubated with glycerol (equilibration time) for either 5 or 10 minutes (groups G5 and G10, respectively) and then frozen. Thawing occurred at 37 ºC for 30 seconds. The samples were evaluated at all stages. A reduction in TM was observed only after thawing; however, it was higher in G5 (39.00 ± 4.07%) than in G10 (18.50 ± 4.54%). Vigor declined in both groups after thawing; however, they did not differ from each other. Sperm viability was maintained in G5 after glycerolization (53.60 ± 2.59%); in G10, sperm viability decreased in the glycerolized sample (48.80 ± 2.93%) when compared to that in the fresh sample (59.90 ± 1.74%). Post-thaw viability of G5 (33.80 ± 1.89%) was higher than that of G10 (18.80 ± 3.01%). In the HOST, a decrease in viability was only observed after thawing, with no difference between the groups (41.50 ± 2.84% for G5 and 40.20 ± 3.49% for G10). With regard to sperm morphology, normal sperm decreased while sperm with post-thaw secondary defects increased in both groups. In conclusion, a shorter equilibration time for glycerolization preserves epididymal sperm quality better and the freeze-thaw process is the most critical stage of thawing.(AU)

A criopreservação dos espermatozoides epididimários é uma ferramenta útil para preservar o potencial genético de um animal valioso. Além disso, o gato doméstico é modelo eleito para o estudo e desenvolvimento da criogenia para os demais felinos. Contudo, para o sucesso dessa biotécnica é essencial o controle de todo o processo de criopreservação. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do tempo de equilíbrio da glicerolização e das etapas da congelação-descongelação sobre a qualidade dos espermatozoides epididimários de gato doméstico. Para tanto, espermatozoides epididimários foram recuperados com TRIS e imediatamente avaliados quanto à motilidade total (MT), vigor, viabilidade, funcionalidade de membrana (HOST) e morfologia. Em seguida, as amostras foram adicionadas de TRIS-gema a 20%, fracionadas igualmente em dois tubos de 1,5 mL, refrigeradas a 4 ºC por 1 hora e, posteriormente, adicionadas de glicerol na concentração final de 5%. As amostras foram incubadas com glicerol (tempo de equilíbrio) por 5 ou 10 minutos (grupos G5 e G10, respectivamente) e depois congeladas. A descongelação ocorreu a 37 ºC por 30 segundos. As amostras foram avaliadas em todas as etapas. Uma redução na MT foi observada apenas na pós-descongelação, no entanto G5 (39,00 ± 4,07%) foi superior ao G10 (18,50 ± 4,54%). O vigor declinou pós-descongelação em ambos os grupos; contudo, não diferiram entre si. A viabilidade espermática foi mantida no G5 pós-glicerolização (53,60 ± 2,59%), diferentemente do observado em G10, em que a amostra glicerolizada (48,80 ± 2,93%) reduziu em relação à fresca (59,90 ± 1,74%). A viabilidade pós-descongelação de G5 (33,80 ± 1,89%) foi superior à de G10 (18,80 ± 3,01%). No HOST, uma redução da viabilidade só foi observada pósdescongelação, não havendo diferença entre os grupos (41,50 ± 2,84% para G5 e 40,20 ± 3,49% para G10). Em relação à morfologia espermática, os espermatozoides normais diminuíram, enquanto os espermatozoides com defeitos secundários pós-descongelação aumentaram em ambos os grupos. Conclui-se que um menor tempo de equilíbrio para a glicerolização preserva melhor a qualidade dos espermatozoides epididimários e a etapa mais crítica do processo de congelação-descongelação é a descongelação.(AU)

Avaliação da concentração do lactato desidrogenase em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias mamárias / Evaluation of the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase in bitches with mammary gland tumor

The increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity is associated with hypoxia due to the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and high metabolic demands. Few studies have evaluated the LDH concentration in canine mammary tumor (CMT). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate serum LDH concentrations in CMT and its association with prognostic factors. Thirty bitches participated in the work and were divided equally into two groups, with and without CMT. The average concentration of LDH was significantly higher in CMT (424.9±244.4U / L) compared to the control group (299.0±170.3 U / L) and its values were positively correlated with inflammation and / or macroscopic ulceration (r=0.6), tumor size (r=0.5), histopathological grade (r=0.6), metastatic lymph node (r=0.7) and clinical stage (r=0.5).

Concentração sérica da proteína C reativa (PCR) em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias mamárias / Serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in bitches whit mammary gland tumor

There is strong evidence that inflammation plays a key role in all stages of tumorigenesis. In human medicine, C-reactive protein (CRP) is frequently used in tests for neoplastic biomarkers, however, few studies are available on the serum concentration of CRP in cases of canine mammary tumors (CMT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentrations of CRP in bitches with CMT and its association with prognostic factors. Thirty bitches participated in the work, which were equally divided into two groups, with and without CMT. Bitches with CMT have higher concentrations of CRP (4.0±1.9mg/L) compared to the control group (1.0±1.2mg/L) and their values were positively correlated with inflammation and/or macroscopic ulceration (r=0.4), tumor size (r=0.6), histopathological grade (r=0.6), metastatic lymph node (r=0.6) and clinical stage (r=0.8).

Concentração sérica da proteína C reativa (PCR) em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias mamárias / Serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in bitches whit mammary gland tumor

There is strong evidence that inflammation plays a key role in all stages of tumorigenesis. In human medicine, C-reactive protein (CRP) is frequently used in tests for neoplastic biomarkers, however, few studies are available on the serum concentration of CRP in cases of canine mammary tumors (CMT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentrations of CRP in bitches with CMT and its association with prognostic factors. Thirty bitches participated in the work, which were equally divided into two groups, with and without CMT. Bitches with CMT have higher concentrations of CRP (4.0±1.9mg/L) compared to the control group (1.0±1.2mg/L) and their values were positively correlated with inflammation and/or macroscopic ulceration (r=0.4), tumor size (r=0.6), histopathological grade (r=0.6), metastatic lymph node (r=0.6) and clinical stage (r=0.8).(AU)

Avaliação da concentração do lactato desidrogenase em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias mamárias / Evaluation of the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase in bitches with mammary gland tumor

The increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity is associated with hypoxia due to the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and high metabolic demands. Few studies have evaluated the LDH concentration in canine mammary tumor (CMT). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate serum LDH concentrations in CMT and its association with prognostic factors. Thirty bitches participated in the work and were divided equally into two groups, with and without CMT. The average concentration of LDH was significantly higher in CMT (424.9±244.4U / L) compared to the control group (299.0±170.3 U / L) and its values were positively correlated with inflammation and / or macroscopic ulceration (r=0.6), tumor size (r=0.5), histopathological grade (r=0.6), metastatic lymph node (r=0.7) and clinical stage (r=0.5).(AU)

Diâmetro biparietal fetal por ultrassonografia como ferramenta para estimar a idade gestacional em cadelas da raça buldogue francês / Fetal biparietal diameter by ultrassonography as a tool for estimating gestational age in bitches of the French Bulldog race

O acompanhamento gestacional por ultrassonografia permite avaliar o desenvolvimento do concepto e estimar a idade gestacional (IG). No entanto, a fórmula de Nyland e Mattoon para cálculo da IG foi desenvolvida no Beagle. Cães braquicefálicos como o Buldogue Francês apresentam maior predisposição à distocia, o que torna ainda mais importante a correta estimativa da IG. Objetivou-se avaliar a fórmula de Nyland e Mattoon para datar a IG em Buldogue Francês. Cinco cadelas foram submetidas à ultrassonografia abdominal aos 55 dias pós-inseminação. Foi mensurado o diâmetro biparietal (DBP) fetal e aplicado na fórmula. Os resultados foram expressos na forma de média e erro padrão. O DBP foi de 2,14±0,02 e a IG correspondeu a 52 dias. A fórmula não tem confiabilidade para estimar a IG nesta raça.

The ultrasound gestational follow-up allows the evaluation of the development of the concept and the estimation of gestational age (GI). However, the Nyland and Mattoon formula for calculating the GI was developed in the Beagle. Brachycephalic dogs such as the French Bulldog have a greater predisposition to dystocia, which makes the correct estimation of GI even more important. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Nyland and Mattoon formula for dating GI in French Bulldog. Five bitches were submitted to abdominal ultrasound at 55 days post-insemination. The fetal biparietal diameter (DBP) was measured and applied in the formula. The results were expressed as mean and standard error. DBP was 2.14±0.02 and IG corresponded to 52 days. The formula has no reliability to estimate GI in this breed.

Diâmetro biparietal fetal por ultrassonografia como ferramenta para estimar a idade gestacional em cadelas da raça buldogue francês / Fetal biparietal diameter by ultrassonography as a tool for estimating gestational age in bitches of the French Bulldog race

O acompanhamento gestacional por ultrassonografia permite avaliar o desenvolvimento do concepto e estimar a idade gestacional (IG). No entanto, a fórmula de Nyland e Mattoon para cálculo da IG foi desenvolvida no Beagle. Cães braquicefálicos como o Buldogue Francês apresentam maior predisposição à distocia, o que torna ainda mais importante a correta estimativa da IG. Objetivou-se avaliar a fórmula de Nyland e Mattoon para datar a IG em Buldogue Francês. Cinco cadelas foram submetidas à ultrassonografia abdominal aos 55 dias pós-inseminação. Foi mensurado o diâmetro biparietal (DBP) fetal e aplicado na fórmula. Os resultados foram expressos na forma de média e erro padrão. O DBP foi de 2,14±0,02 e a IG correspondeu a 52 dias. A fórmula não tem confiabilidade para estimar a IG nesta raça.(AU)

The ultrasound gestational follow-up allows the evaluation of the development of the concept and the estimation of gestational age (GI). However, the Nyland and Mattoon formula for calculating the GI was developed in the Beagle. Brachycephalic dogs such as the French Bulldog have a greater predisposition to dystocia, which makes the correct estimation of GI even more important. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Nyland and Mattoon formula for dating GI in French Bulldog. Five bitches were submitted to abdominal ultrasound at 55 days post-insemination. The fetal biparietal diameter (DBP) was measured and applied in the formula. The results were expressed as mean and standard error. DBP was 2.14±0.02 and IG corresponded to 52 days. The formula has no reliability to estimate GI in this breed.(AU)

Testicular morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of male gray brocket deers (Mazama gouazoubira) in different reproductive status

Background: Gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) populations have been declining due to human intervention.Yet, only a few studies have assessed ultrasonographic testicular characteristics in cervids. Considering the relevance ofmonitoring testicular size, blood flow, and parenchyma, the present study aims to establish baseline information on scrotalcircumference, testicular volume, and spectral Doppler parameters, to describe differences among adult male gray brocketdeer in different reproductive status, and to correlate ultrasound parameters with testes size measurements.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult male gray brocket deers were used in the study. Scrotal circumference and testicularvolume were measured. B mode ultrasound images of testes (longitudinal and cross-sectional views) and epididymes weresubjected to computer-assisted analysis, obtaining the numerical pixel values (NPV) and pixel standard deviation (PSD).Using spectral Doppler, supratesticular artery blood flow velocities (peak systolic velocity - PSV, end diastolic velocity -EDV, time-average maximum velocity - TAMAX, resistivity - RI and pulsatility indices - PI) were obtained. Semen wasanalyzed through total motility, vigor, and concentration tests. Three animals were normospermic (F+ group) and threewere oligo/azoospermic (F- group). Groups were compared using were compared using a one-way ANOVA or KruskalWallis followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. Ultrasound parameters were correlated to testes size parametersusing Pearson’s correlation for parametric variables and Spearman’s correlation for non-parametric variables. F+ grouppresented significantly higher scrotal circumference (14.57 ± 1.19 cm), testicular volume (26.18 ± 4.94 cm3), and testescross-sectional NPV (69.88 ± 24.00) and PSD (10.78 ± 3.42) than group F- (NPV: 28.26 ± 13.75, PSD: 6.70 ± 1.84). Nosignificant differences were observed between the groups regarding...

Testicular morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of male gray brocket deers (Mazama gouazoubira) in different reproductive status

Background: Gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) populations have been declining due to human intervention.Yet, only a few studies have assessed ultrasonographic testicular characteristics in cervids. Considering the relevance ofmonitoring testicular size, blood flow, and parenchyma, the present study aims to establish baseline information on scrotalcircumference, testicular volume, and spectral Doppler parameters, to describe differences among adult male gray brocketdeer in different reproductive status, and to correlate ultrasound parameters with testes size measurements.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult male gray brocket deers were used in the study. Scrotal circumference and testicularvolume were measured. B mode ultrasound images of testes (longitudinal and cross-sectional views) and epididymes weresubjected to computer-assisted analysis, obtaining the numerical pixel values (NPV) and pixel standard deviation (PSD).Using spectral Doppler, supratesticular artery blood flow velocities (peak systolic velocity - PSV, end diastolic velocity -EDV, time-average maximum velocity - TAMAX, resistivity - RI and pulsatility indices - PI) were obtained. Semen wasanalyzed through total motility, vigor, and concentration tests. Three animals were normospermic (F+ group) and threewere oligo/azoospermic (F- group). Groups were compared using were compared using a one-way ANOVA or KruskalWallis followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. Ultrasound parameters were correlated to testes size parametersusing Pearsons correlation for parametric variables and Spearmans correlation for non-parametric variables. F+ grouppresented significantly higher scrotal circumference (14.57 ± 1.19 cm), testicular volume (26.18 ± 4.94 cm3), and testescross-sectional NPV (69.88 ± 24.00) and PSD (10.78 ± 3.42) than group F- (NPV: 28.26 ± 13.75, PSD: 6.70 ± 1.84). Nosignificant differences were observed between the groups regarding...(AU)

Vitrificação testicular de felinos pré-púberes / Testicular vitrification of prepubertal feline

Todas as espécies felinas encontram-se ameaçadas de extinção, exceto o gato doméstico, o que tem despertado interesse na otimização dos protocolos de conservação do material genético desses animais para utilização futura na reprodução artificial. Apesar das diferentes biotécnicas reprodutivas existentes, a criopreservação do tecido gonadal representa a única opção para resgatar e preservar o material biológico de animais pré-púberes que tenham ido a óbito precoce ou que foram submetidos a tratamentos que resultem em infertilidade. Em relação aos machos felinos, a vitrificação do tecido testicular é uma biotécnica reprodutiva com aplicações recentes na conservação do material biológico de felinos pré-púberes e os resultados obtidos são promissores. Utilizando o gato doméstico como modelo experimental, já foi possível desenvolver protocolos que propiciam menores danos aos túbulos seminíferos e suas populações celulares ao utilizar diferentes técnicas de vitrificação. Apesar dos avanços, ainda são necessários novos estudos no intuito de estabelecer protocolos ideais para o aquecimento dos fragmentos testiculares, assim como métodos para o desenvolvimento em cultivo da espermatogênese, o que irá possibilitar a utilização das células espermatogênicas obtidas na reprodução assistida de espécies felinas ameaçadas.(AU)

All the feline species are threatened, except the domestic, which has aroused interesting in the optimize the protocols of the genetic material conservation of these animals for future utilization in the artificial reproduction. Despite the different reproductive biotechniques, the gonadal tissue cryopreservation represents the only alternative to rescue and preserve the biological material from prematurely dead prepubertal animals or those undergoing treatments that cause infertility. In terms of male felines, vitrification of the testicular tissue is a reproductive biotechnology with recent applications in the conservation of the biological material of prepubertal animals and the results obtained are promising. Using the domestic cat as an experimental model, it has been possible to develop protocols that provide less injury to the seminiferous tubules and their cell populations using different vitrification techniques. Despite advances, new studies are still needed to establish optimal protocols for the warming testicular fragments, as well as methods for the development spermatogenesis in culture, which will allow the use of spermatogenic cells obtained in the assisted reproduction of the threatened feline species.(AU)

Aspectos da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela / Aspects of the reproductive physiology of the bitch

A convivência entre o cão e o homem é antiga, mas o mesmo não ocorre com o conhecimento acerca da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela cujos trabalhos pioneiros datam da década de 1970. A partir desses primeiros estudos, muitos avanços foram obtidos, facilitando um melhor acompanhamento do ciclo estral das cadelas. Para tanto, faz-se inicialmente uma avaliação física da cadela, incluindo o escore de condição corporal, a cadeia mamária, a vulva e a vagina. Em seguida, o ciclo estral que tem fases bem características e já bem documentadas é acompanhado. Dentre as ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas nas avaliações, há a colpocitologia, a dosagem sérica de progesterona, a vaginoscopia, a ultrassonografia, dentre outras. Com o emprego dessas ferramentas, foi possível esclarecer alguns aspectos da fisiologia reprodutiva canina. Dessa forma, o propósito dessa narrativa é trazer alguns desses aspectos interessantes da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela.(AU)

The coexistence between the dog and the man is old, but the same does not occur with the knowledge about the reproductive physiology of the bitch whose pioneering works date back to the 1970s. From these initial studies, many advances were obtained, facilitating a better follow-up of the estral cycle of bitches. Therefore, a physical evaluation of the bitch is initially performed, including the body condition score, the mammary chain, the vulva and the vagina. Then, the estrous cycle that has well characterized and well documented phases is followed up. Among the tools that can be used in the evaluations are colpocitology, serum progesterone assay, vaginoscopy, ultrasonography, among others. Using these tools, it was possible to clarify some aspects of canine reproductive physiology. In this way, the purpose of this brief narrative is to bring some of these interesting aspects of the bitch's reproductive physiology.(AU)

Vitrificação testicular de felinos pré-púberes / Testicular vitrification of prepubertal feline

Todas as espécies felinas encontram-se ameaçadas de extinção, exceto o gato doméstico, o que tem despertado interesse na otimização dos protocolos de conservação do material genético desses animais para utilização futura na reprodução artificial. Apesar das diferentes biotécnicas reprodutivas existentes, a criopreservação do tecido gonadal representa a única opção para resgatar e preservar o material biológico de animais pré-púberes que tenham ido a óbito precoce ou que foram submetidos a tratamentos que resultem em infertilidade. Em relação aos machos felinos, a vitrificação do tecido testicular é uma biotécnica reprodutiva com aplicações recentes na conservação do material biológico de felinos pré-púberes e os resultados obtidos são promissores. Utilizando o gato doméstico como modelo experimental, já foi possível desenvolver protocolos que propiciam menores danos aos túbulos seminíferos e suas populações celulares ao utilizar diferentes técnicas de vitrificação. Apesar dos avanços, ainda são necessários novos estudos no intuito de estabelecer protocolos ideais para o aquecimento dos fragmentos testiculares, assim como métodos para o desenvolvimento em cultivo da espermatogênese, o que irá possibilitar a utilização das células espermatogênicas obtidas na reprodução assistida de espécies felinas ameaçadas.

All the feline species are threatened, except the domestic, which has aroused interesting in the optimize the protocols of the genetic material conservation of these animals for future utilization in the artificial reproduction. Despite the different reproductive biotechniques, the gonadal tissue cryopreservation represents the only alternative to rescue and preserve the biological material from prematurely dead prepubertal animals or those undergoing treatments that cause infertility. In terms of male felines, vitrification of the testicular tissue is a reproductive biotechnology with recent applications in the conservation of the biological material of prepubertal animals and the results obtained are promising. Using the domestic cat as an experimental model, it has been possible to develop protocols that provide less injury to the seminiferous tubules and their cell populations using different vitrification techniques. Despite advances, new studies are still needed to establish optimal protocols for the warming testicular fragments, as well as methods for the development spermatogenesis in culture, which will allow the use of spermatogenic cells obtained in the assisted reproduction of the threatened feline species.

Aspectos da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela / Aspects of the reproductive physiology of the bitch

A convivência entre o cão e o homem é antiga, mas o mesmo não ocorre com o conhecimento acerca da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela cujos trabalhos pioneiros datam da década de 1970. A partir desses primeiros estudos, muitos avanços foram obtidos, facilitando um melhor acompanhamento do ciclo estral das cadelas. Para tanto, faz-se inicialmente uma avaliação física da cadela, incluindo o escore de condição corporal, a cadeia mamária, a vulva e a vagina. Em seguida, o ciclo estral que tem fases bem características e já bem documentadas é acompanhado. Dentre as ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas nas avaliações, há a colpocitologia, a dosagem sérica de progesterona, a vaginoscopia, a ultrassonografia, dentre outras. Com o emprego dessas ferramentas, foi possível esclarecer alguns aspectos da fisiologia reprodutiva canina. Dessa forma, o propósito dessa narrativa é trazer alguns desses aspectos interessantes da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela.

The coexistence between the dog and the man is old, but the same does not occur with the knowledge about the reproductive physiology of the bitch whose pioneering works date back to the 1970s. From these initial studies, many advances were obtained, facilitating a better follow-up of the estral cycle of bitches. Therefore, a physical evaluation of the bitch is initially performed, including the body condition score, the mammary chain, the vulva and the vagina. Then, the estrous cycle that has well characterized and well documented phases is followed up. Among the tools that can be used in the evaluations are colpocitology, serum progesterone assay, vaginoscopy, ultrasonography, among others. Using these tools, it was possible to clarify some aspects of canine reproductive physiology. In this way, the purpose of this brief narrative is to bring some of these interesting aspects of the bitch's reproductive physiology.