Histoplasmose felina / Feline histoplasmosis

A histoplasmose é uma doença zoonótica, causada por um fungo oportunista, chamado Histoplasma capsulatum. O fungo é endêmico de regiões subtropicais e temperadas, sendo sua presença relatada principalmente nas Américas, na Índia e no Sudoeste Asiático.Acredita-se que os casos de histoplasmose em gatos ainda sejam subestimados. No Brasil, a maioria dos casos relatados foram provenientes do estado do Ceará. A histoplasmose é considerada a segunda causa mais comum de afecção micótica sistêmica em gatos. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de um caso com resolução satisfatória em Fortaleza/Ceará. O animal apresentou histórico de espirros crônicos, secreção nasal e um aumento de volume na região nasal, além de um nódulo ulcerado no flanco direito. Foram solicitadas citologia e cultura da lesão, onde foram evidenciadas leveduras sugestivas de Histoplasma capsulatum. O tratamento escolhido foi itraconazol na dose de 100mg/gato, sendo administrada por via oral uma cápsula ao dia. Após 30 dias, o animal retornou ao consultório, apresentando uma melhora considerável, sem aumento de plano nasal, processo obstrutivo nasal e lesões de pele.

Histoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by an opportunistic fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus is endemic to subtropical and temperate regions, with its presence being reported mainly in the Americas, India, and Southeast Asia. It is believed that the cases of histoplasmosis in cats are still underestimated. In Brazil, most reported cases were from the state of Ceará. Histoplasmosis is considered the second most common cause of systemic mycotic disease in cats. Thus, the present study aimed to report the occurrence of a case with satisfactory resolution in Fortaleza/Ceará. The animal showed a history of chronic sneezing, nasal secretion, and an increase in volume in the nasal region, in addition to an ulcerated nodule on the right flank. Cytology and culture of the lesion were requested, where yeasts suggestive of Histoplasma capsulatum were evidenced. The chosen treatment was itraconazole at a dose of 100mg/cat, being administered orally one capsule a day. After 30 days, the animal returned to the clinic showing considerable improvement, without an increase in the nasal plane, nasal obstructive process, and skin lesions.

Síndrome vestibular secundária à otite média em gata / Secondary vestibular syndrome to otitis media in a cat

A Síndrome Vestibular é um distúrbio frequente na neurologia felina que é caracterizado como um conjunto de sinais neurológicos, causados por uma disfunção de qualquer parte do sistema vestibular. Este é dividido nos componentes periférico e central e o exame neurológico é essencial para localizar a origem da lesão. A Síndrome Vestibular Periférica pode ser causada por anomalias congênitas, neoplasias, traumas, pólipos e doenças inflamatórias; sendo a otite média/interna uma das principais etiopatogenias em cães e gatos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso de um felino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de sete meses de idade, apresentando Síndrome Vestibular secundária à otite média. O animal deu entrada na clínica com sinais neurológicos súbitos, apresentando nistagmo e incoordenação motora, bem como secreção nasal unilateral. Foram solicitados exames hematológicos e bioquímicos, ultrassonografia abdominal e radiografia de crânio, além de recomendada a internação. Nos exames bioquímicos, os valores de bilirrubina total e frações estavam acima do valor de referência e a relação albumina/globulina estava diminuída. O exame radiográfico confirmou a suspeita de otite média. O tratamento foi realizado com marbofloxacino e gabapentina. Após o tratamento, o animal apresentou melhora significativa do quadro clínico. Baseado no exposto, conclui-se que a Síndrome Vestibular secundária à alteração otológica é um quadro presente na rotina veterinária, sendo importante a associação de exame clínico e exames complementares para que seja possível chegar ao diagnóstico.

Vestibular syndrome is a frequent disorder in feline neurology that is characterized as a set of neurological signs caused by a dysfunction of any part of the vestibular system. The vestibular system is divided into peripheral and central components, and a neurological examination is essential to locate the origin of the lesion. The peripheral vestibular syndrome can be caused by congenital anomalies, neoplasms, trauma, polyps, and inflammatory diseases, with otitis media/internal being one of the main etiologies in dogs and cats. Thus, the present work aims to present a case report of a feline, female, mixed breed, seven months old, with secondary vestibular syndrome to otitis media. The animal was admitted to the clinic with sudden neurological signs, presenting nystagmus and motor incoordination, as well as unilateral nasal secretion. Hematological and biochemical tests, abdominal ultrasound, and skull radiography were requested, and hospitalization was recommended. In the biochemical tests, the values of total bilirubin and fractions were above the reference value and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased. The radiographic examination confirmed the suspicion of otitis media. The treatment was performed with marbofloxacin and gabapentin. After treatment, the animal showed a significant improvement in clinical condition. Therefore, it is concluded that secondary vestibular syndrome to otologic alteration is a condition present in the veterinary routine, and the association of clinical examination and complementary exams is important so that it is possible to reach the diagnosis.

Prostaglandin E2 induces ovulation in prepubertal mice / Prostaglandina E2 induz ovulação em camundongos pré-púberes

The objective of this study was to determine the ability of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to induce ovulation and expression of PGE2 receptor (EP2 and EP4) and COX genes (COX-1 and COX-2) in the ovary and pituitary of prepubertal mice. The positive control consisted of the application of 5 µg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, n = 29); the negative control applied 0.5 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, n=31); the treatment tested the application of 250 µg of PGE2 (n = 29), making a total of 89 prepubertal mice (BALB/c). Mice were euthanized 14 to 15 h after treatments to detect ovulation and tissue collection. A Chi-square test was used to compare the proportion of animals ovulating. Gene expressions and number of ovulation were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test was used to compare means among groups. A greater proportion of mice (P < 0.001) ovulated after receiving GnRH (89.7%, 26/29) compared to PGE2 group (58.6%, 17/29). However, the proportion was higher compared to those treated with PBS (0%, 0/31). Ep2gene expression in the pituitary was > two-fold higher (P < 0.05) in the PGE2 group compared to the PBS and GnRH groups. Further, PGE2 stimulated Cox1 (2.7 fold, P < 0.05) while GnRH stimulated Cox2 expression (6.5 fold, P < 0.05) in the pituitary when compared to the PBS group. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that PGE2 can induce ovulation in prepubertal mice with a concomitant increase in Ep2 and Cox1 gene expression in the pituitary gland.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a capacidade da prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) em induzir a ovulação e expressão do receptor PGE2 (EP2 e EP4) e genes COX (COX-1 e COX-2) no ovário e na hipófise de camundongos pré-púberes. O controle positivo consistiu na aplicação de 5 µg de hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH, n = 29); o controle negativo aplicação 0,5 mL de tampão fosfato-salino (PBS, n=31); o tratamento testado aplicação de 250 µg de PGE2 (n = 29), perfazendo um total de 89 camundongos (BALB/c) pré-púberes. Os camundongos foram sacrificados 14 a 15 h após os tratamentos para detectar ovulações e coleta de tecido. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar a proporção de animais ovulando. As expressões gênicas e o número de ovulação foram analisados por ANOVA e o teste de tukey foi usado para comparar as médias entre os grupos. Uma maior proporção de camundongos (P <0,001) ovulou após receber GnRH (89,7%, 26/29) em comparação com o grupo PGE2 (58,6%, 17/29). No entanto, a proporção foi maior em comparação com aqueles tratados com PBS (0%, 0/31). A expressão do gene Ep2 na hipófise foi duas vezes maior (P <0,05) no grupo PGE2 em comparação com os grupos PBS e GnRH. Além disso, a PGE2 estimulou a Cox1(2,7 vezes, P <0,05) enquanto o GnRH estimulou a expressão de Cox2 (6,5 vezes, P <0,05) na pituitária em comparação com o grupo PBS. Em conclusão, nossos resultados suportam a hipótese de que PGE2 é capaz de induzir ovulação em camundongos pré-púberes com aumento concomitante na expressão dos genes Ep2 e Cox1 na glândula pituitária.(AU)

Prostaglandin E2 induces ovulation in prepubertal mice / Prostaglandina E2 induz ovulação em camundongos pré-púberes

The objective of this study was to determine the ability of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to induce ovulation and expression of PGE2 receptor (EP2 and EP4) and COX genes (COX-1 and COX-2) in the ovary and pituitary of prepubertal mice. The positive control consisted of the application of 5 µg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, n = 29); the negative control applied 0.5 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, n=31); the treatment tested the application of 250 µg of PGE2 (n = 29), making a total of 89 prepubertal mice (BALB/c). Mice were euthanized 14 to 15 h after treatments to detect ovulation and tissue collection. A Chi-square test was used to compare the proportion of animals ovulating. Gene expressions and number of ovulation were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test was used to compare means among groups. A greater proportion of mice (P < 0.001) ovulated after receiving GnRH (89.7%, 26/29) compared to PGE2 group (58.6%, 17/29). However, the proportion was higher compared to those treated with PBS (0%, 0/31). Ep2gene expression in the pituitary was > two-fold higher (P < 0.05) in the PGE2 group compared to the PBS and GnRH groups. Further, PGE2 stimulated Cox1 (2.7 fold, P < 0.05) while GnRH stimulated Cox2 expression (6.5 fold, P < 0.05) in the pituitary when compared to the PBS group. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that PGE2 can induce ovulation in prepubertal mice with a concomitant increase in Ep2 and Cox1 gene expression in the pituitary gland.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a capacidade da prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) em induzir a ovulação e expressão do receptor PGE2 (EP2 e EP4) e genes COX (COX-1 e COX-2) no ovário e na hipófise de camundongos pré-púberes. O controle positivo consistiu na aplicação de 5 µg de hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH, n = 29); o controle negativo aplicação 0,5 mL de tampão fosfato-salino (PBS, n=31); o tratamento testado aplicação de 250 µg de PGE2 (n = 29), perfazendo um total de 89 camundongos (BALB/c) pré-púberes. Os camundongos foram sacrificados 14 a 15 h após os tratamentos para detectar ovulações e coleta de tecido. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar a proporção de animais ovulando. As expressões gênicas e o número de ovulação foram analisados por ANOVA e o teste de tukey foi usado para comparar as médias entre os grupos. Uma maior proporção de camundongos (P <0,001) ovulou após receber GnRH (89,7%, 26/29) em comparação com o grupo PGE2 (58,6%, 17/29). No entanto, a proporção foi maior em comparação com aqueles tratados com PBS (0%, 0/31). A expressão do gene Ep2 na hipófise foi duas vezes maior (P <0,05) no grupo PGE2 em comparação com os grupos PBS e GnRH. Além disso, a PGE2 estimulou a Cox1(2,7 vezes, P <0,05) enquanto o GnRH estimulou a expressão de Cox2 (6,5 vezes, P <0,05) na pituitária em comparação com o grupo PBS. Em conclusão, nossos resultados suportam a hipótese de que PGE2 é capaz de induzir ovulação em camundongos pré-púberes com aumento concomitante na expressão dos genes Ep2 e Cox1 na glândula pituitária.(AU)

Comparison of remote and local postconditioning against hepatic ischemic-reperfusion injury in rats

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the hepatic protective effect of both remote and local postconditioning (POS). Methods: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: sham group(SHAM), ischemia-reperfusion group (IR), local ischemic POS group (lPOS) and remote ischemic POS group (rPOS). Animals were subjected to liver ischemia for 30 min. Local ischemic POS group consisted of four cycles of 5 min liver ischemia, followed by 5 min reperfusion (40 min). Remote ischemic POS group consisted of four cycles of 5 min hind limb ischemia, followed by 5 min hind limb perfusion after the main liver ischemia period. After 190 minutes median and left liver lobes were harvested for biochemical and histopathology analysis. Results: All the conditioning techniques were able to increase the level of bothglutathione reductase and peroxidase, showing higher values in the rPOS group when compared to the lPOS. Also, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were higher in all intervention groups when compared to SHAM, but rPOS had the lower rates of increase, showing the best result. The histopathology analysis showed that all groups had worst injury levels than SHAM, but rPOS had lower degrees of damage when compared to the lPOS, although it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Remote postconditioning is a promising technique to reduce liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, once it increased antioxidants substances and reduced the damage.(AU)

Remote ischemic conditioning improves rat brain antioxidant defense in a time-dependent mechanism

ABSTRACT Purpose To clarify the best protocol for performing remote ischemic conditioning and to minimize the consequences of ischemia and reperfusion syndrome in brain, the present study aimed to evaluate different time protocols and the relation of the organs and the antioxidant effects of this technique. Methods The rat's left femoral artery was clamped with a microvascular clamp in times that ranged from 1 to 5 minutes, according to the corresponding group. After the cycles of remote ischemic conditioning and a reperfusion of 20 minutes, the brain and the left gastrocnemius were collected. The samples were used to measure glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase levels. Results In the gastrocnemius, the 4-minute protocol increased the catalase concentration compared to the 1-minute protocol, but the latter increased both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase compared to the former. On the other hand, the brain demonstrated higher catalase and glutathione peroxidase in 5-minute group, and the 3-minute group reached higher values of glutathione reductase. Conclusions Remote ischemic conditioning increases brain antioxidant capacity in a time-dependent way, while muscle presents higher protection on 1-minute cycles and tends to decrease its defence with longer cycles of intermittent occlusions of the femoral artery.

Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs from rural area of Nossa Senhora da Glória, Sergipe, Brazil / Soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em cães de área rural de Nossa Senhora da Glória, Sergipe, Brasil

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution. Dogs are considered sentinel animals, useful for the detection of environmental infections and outbreaks of disease through serological surveys. Considering this, we aimed to assess the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in dogs from rural areas of the hinterland of the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 77 blood samples were collected from dogs and analyzed by the Indirect Hemagglutination test for the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies Samples were considered positive when titers greater than or equal to 1:16 were observed. In addition, an epidemiological questionnaire designed to identify characteristics of the animal was performed to owners regarding sex, breed, age, sterilization, access to areas outside the house, environmental hygiene, contact with other animals and dog food. A total of 49.3% of dogs (n = 38) were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies, most with high titers (44.7%). A higher relative frequency of seropositivity was observed in male dogs, not sterilized, mixed breed, which were fed exclusively on homemade food and had access to the street and contact with other animals. Taken together, our data reinforce the importance of developing health education actions within the scope of public health aimed at preventing this zoonosis.

Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário com distribuição mundial. Os cães são considerados animais sentinela, úteis para a detecção de infecções ambientais e surtos da doença por meio de levantamentos sorológicos. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalência da toxoplasmose em cães da zona rural da região rural do Alto Sertão Sergipano, Brasil. Um total de 77 amostras de sangue de cães foram coletadas no município de Nossa Senhora da Glória, Sergipe e submetidas ao teste de Hemaglutinação Indireta para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, considerando títulos maiores ou iguais a 1:16 como positivos. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico aos proprietários solicitando informações sobre sexo, raça, idade, esterilização, acesso às ruas, limpeza do ambiente, contato com outros animais e ração, além de dados do proprietário, como renda familiar e nível de educação. 49,3% dos cães (38/77) apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii, a maioria com títulos elevados (44,7%). Foi observado maior frequência relativa de soropositividade em cães macho, não esterilizados, sem raça definida, que se alimentam exclusivamente de comida caseira e tem acesso a rua e contato com outros animais. Os dados obtidos reforçam a importância do desenvolvimento de ações de educação em saúde no âmbito da saúde pública voltadas à prevenção dessa zoonose.

Occurrence, pathogenicity, and control of acanthocephalosis caused by Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae: A review / Ocorrência, patogenicidade, e controle de acantocefalose causada por Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae: uma revisão

Infections negatively influence the production of tambaqui, and in north Brazil, the wide distribution of this parasitic disease has generated concern among fish farmers. The objective of this study was to review published literature on this pathogen. Six main online research databases were searched using the keywords Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae, acantocefalose, and acanthocephalan fish. Based on a set of predetermined criteria, 39 publications were selected for this review. The mechanism of pathogenic action of N. buttnerae is related to the degree of penetration of the proboscis. Infection results in histopathological and morphological changes in the host. The recurrence of the parasite in the northern region was greater twelve years after their first occurrence. The lack of specific legislation on veterinary products for aquatic animals, combined with the neglect of good management practices, and the absence of a contingency plan for the control of acanthocephalan infections have contributed to the current health situation of Colossoma macropomum northern Brazil. Additional information about the occurrence of the disease, pathogenicity, and control of acanthocephalan infections are imperative for developing a disease contingency plan in the region and research to address these should be encouraged by the sector.(AU)

As infecções influenciam negativamente a produção de tambaqui e, no norte do Brasil, a ampla distribuição dessa doença parasitária tem gerado preocupação entre os piscicultores. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura publicada sobre esse patógeno. Seis principais bancos de dados de pesquisa on-line foram investigados usando-se as palavras-chave Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae, acantocefalose e acantocéfalos de peixe. Com base em um conjunto de critérios predeterminados, 39 publicações foram selecionadas para esta revisão. O mecanismo de ação patogênica de N. buttnerae está relacionado ao grau de penetração da probóscide. A infecção resulta em alterações histopatológicas e morfológicas no hospedeiro. A recorrência do parasito na região Norte foi maior, doze anos após sua primeira ocorrência. A falta de legislação específica sobre produtos veterinários para animais aquáticos, combinada com a negligência de boas práticas de manejo e com a ausência de um plano de contingência para o controle de infecções por acantocéfalos, contribuíram para a atual situação sanitária em Colossoma macropomum na região Norte do Brasil. Informações adicionais sobre a ocorrência da doença, patogenicidade e controle de infecções por acantocéfalos são imprescindíveis para o desenvolvimento de um plano de contingência de doenças na região e pesquisas para resolvê-las devem ser incentivadas pelo setor.(AU)

Nitro-Heterocyclic compounds induce apoptosis-like effects in Leishmania (L) amazonensis promastigotes

Background:Three drugs - pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B and pentamidine - are currently used for leishmaniasis treatment. They are administered for long periods, only parenterally, and have high cardiac, renal and hepatic toxicities. Therefore, the investigation of new compounds is required. Nitro-heterocyclic derivatives have been used as possible drug candidates to treat diseases caused by trypanosomatids.Methods:Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes (MHO/BR/73/M2269), maintained in the Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia - Instituto de Medicina Tropical- USP, were exposed to five nitroheterocyclic derivatives, with differences at phenyl-ring position 4: BSF-C4H9, BSF-H, BSF-NO2, BSF-CH3 and BSF-Cl, for 48 hours. After analyzing viability (MTT assay), we evaluated cellular-morphology activity of compounds by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and measurement of apoptosis (phosphatidylserine expression) by flow cytometry.Results:EC50 of amphotericin B and BSF-CH3 were 0.50 (M and 0.39 (M respective. Other nitro-heterocyclic compounds presented EC50 higher than amphotericin B. All compounds showed greater AV- and PI-positive expression than amphotericin B at 100 (M, except BSF-NO2. TEM showed complete nuclear disfigurement with 100 (M of BSF-NO2, 25 and 6.25 (M of BSF-H, and 6.25 (M BSF-Cl; presence of vesicles within the flagellar pocket with 25 (M BSF-H; alteration of the kinetoplast with 25 (M BSF-C4H9, 25 (M of BSF-H, 6.25 (M BSF-CH3 and 6.25 (M of BSF-Cl.Conclusions:Nitro-heterocyclic compounds have shown activity against promastigotes of L. amazonensis, at lower concentrations. However, improvement of compound scaffolds are needed to assist the elucidation of the mechanism of action and to achieve greater activity.(AU)

Splenic ischemic preconditioning attenuates oxidative stress induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of splenic ischemic preconditioning (sIPC) on oxidative stress induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were equally divided into 3 groups: SHAM, IRI and sIPC. Animals from IRI group were subjected to 45 minutes of partial liver ischemia (70%). In the sIPC group, splenic artery was clamped in 2 cycles of 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion (20 min total) prior to hepatic ischemia. SHAM group underwent the same surgical procedures as in the remaining groups, but no liver ischemia or sIPC were induced. After 1h, hepatic and splenic tissue samples were harvested for TBARS, CAT, GPx and GSH-Rd measurement. Results: sIPC treatment significantly decreased both hepatic and splenic levels of TBARS when compared to IRI group (p<0.01). Furthermore, the hepatic and splenic activities of CAT, GPx and GSH-Rd were significantly higher in sIPC group than in IRI group. Conclusion: sIPC was able to attenuate hepatic and splenic IRI-induced oxidative stress.(AU)

Influence of tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats

Purpose:To evaluate the influence tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats.Methods:Ten rats were divided into two groups (n = 5). All animals were submitted by a laminectomy and spinal cord injury at eighth thoracic vertebra. In control group, the rats didnt receive any analgesic. In tramadol group, the rats received tramadol 4mg/Kg at 12/12h until 5 days by subcutaneous. Animals were following by fourteen days. Was evaluated the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scale (locomotor evaluation) and Rat Grimace Scale (pain evaluation) at four periods.Results:There no difference between the groups in locomotor evaluation in all periods evaluated (p>0.05) and in both groups there was a partial recover of function. The tramadol group show a lower pain levels at the first, third and seventh postoperatively days when comparing to the control group.Conclusion:The tramadol as an analgesic agent dont influence on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats.(AU)

Carcinicultura brasileira: impactos e ações mitigadoras / Brazilian shrimp farming: impacts and mitigatory actions

A aquicultura (ou aquacultura) é a produção de alguns organismos que habitam o ambiente aquático, em cativeiro. Com o passar dos anos, o desenvolvimento da carcinicultura cresceu significativamente, trazendo rendimento financeiro, mas seu crescimento desordenado gerou diversos impactos ao meio ambiente, a economia e também a sociedade. O Brasil é considerado um dos países que mais produz camarão e isso se deve ao clima propício para seu cultivo. Os impactos negativos podem ser de curto ou longo prazo, envolvendo o desequilíbrio ecológico, a contaminação ambiental, surtos de doenças, entre outros. Para ser adotado um novo estilo de desenvolvimento voltado para a sustentabilidade, é essencial que sejam confeccionados mecanismos, estratégias e atividades que enquadrem as atividades de carcinicultura de maneira harmônica em suas relações entre as comunidades, o meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento.

Aquaculture (or aquaculture) is the production of some organisms that inhabit the aquatic environment in captivity. Over the years, the development of shrimp farming has grown significantly, bringing financial returns, but their uncontrolled growth generated several impacts on the environment, the economy and also society. Brazil is considered one of the countries that produce shrimp and this is due to the favorable climate for its cultivation. Negative impacts may be short or long term, involving ecological imbalance, environmental pollution, disease outbreaks, among others. To be adopted a new style of development geared to sustainability, it is essential that arrangements be made, strategies and activities that fall within the shrimp aquaculture activities in a harmonious way in its relations between communities, the environment and development.

Carcinicultura brasileira: impactos e ações mitigadoras / Brazilian shrimp farming: impacts and mitigatory actions

A aquicultura (ou aquacultura) é a produção de alguns organismos que habitam o ambiente aquático, em cativeiro. Com o passar dos anos, o desenvolvimento da carcinicultura cresceu significativamente, trazendo rendimento financeiro, mas seu crescimento desordenado gerou diversos impactos ao meio ambiente, a economia e também a sociedade. O Brasil é considerado um dos países que mais produz camarão e isso se deve ao clima propício para seu cultivo. Os impactos negativos podem ser de curto ou longo prazo, envolvendo o desequilíbrio ecológico, a contaminação ambiental, surtos de doenças, entre outros. Para ser adotado um novo estilo de desenvolvimento voltado para a sustentabilidade, é essencial que sejam confeccionados mecanismos, estratégias e atividades que enquadrem as atividades de carcinicultura de maneira harmônica em suas relações entre as comunidades, o meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento.(AU)

Aquaculture (or aquaculture) is the production of some organisms that inhabit the aquatic environment in captivity. Over the years, the development of shrimp farming has grown significantly, bringing financial returns, but their uncontrolled growth generated several impacts on the environment, the economy and also society. Brazil is considered one of the countries that produce shrimp and this is due to the favorable climate for its cultivation. Negative impacts may be short or long term, involving ecological imbalance, environmental pollution, disease outbreaks, among others. To be adopted a new style of development geared to sustainability, it is essential that arrangements be made, strategies and activities that fall within the shrimp aquaculture activities in a harmonious way in its relations between communities, the environment and development.(AU)

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária da tilápia (Oreochromis spp. ) fresca e congelada em mercados públicos / Sanitary-hygienic quality of fresh and frozen tilapia (Oreochromis spp. ) in public markets

This study aimed to verify the sanitary quality of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) sold in public markets in the city of Mossoro-RN. For such we made use of a checklist and an observational study to evaluate good handling practices in 10 establishments that commercialize fish. We obtained 30 samples of tilapia and evaluated them as to their sensory and microbiological aspects (Salmonella spp., coliforms at 45 ºC, Staphylococcus ssp. count, psychrotrophic bacteria and enterobacteria), as well as to their pH and internal and external temperature. We observed that none of the studied establishments were in accordance with the standards recommended by the legislation. Regarding the sensory evaluation, 83.3% of the samples showed compliance with the requirements of the legislation. As for the coliforms at 45 C essay, the results ranged from 0.477 to 1.509 log10 CFU/g; in the Staphylococcus spp. essay we found results from 4.854 to 5.397 log10 CFU/g; and further, we found values from 3.884 to 4.937 and from 4.707 to 5.463 log10 CFU/g for enterobacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria, respectively. All the samples were within the requirements for contamination by Salmonella spp. (absence). The pH ranged from 5.99 to 6.18 and temperatures indicated non-compliance with the recommendations. Thus, we can infer that the sanitaryquality of tilapia sold in public markets in Mossoro-RN was impaired, presenting a risk to consumer health due to unsatisfactory handling conditions.

Objetivou-se verificar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária da tilápia (Oreochromis spp.), comercializada em mercados públicos do município de Mossoró-RN. Para isso, foi realizado, através de checklist,  um estudo observacional, para avaliação das boas práticas de manipulação em 10 estabelecimentos de comercialização do peixe. Foram obtidas 30 amostras de tilápia avaliadas quanto aos aspectos sensoriais, microbiológicos (Salmonella spp., coliformes a 45 ºC, contagem de Staphylococcus ssp., bactérias psicrotróficas e enterobactérias) e quanto ao pH e temperatura interna e externa. Observou-se que nenhum dos estabelecimentos apresentou conformidade com os padrões recomendados pela legislação. Já em relação à avaliação sensorial, 83,3% das amostras analisadas apresentavam conformidade com  as exigências da legislação. Quanto à pesquisa de coliformes a 45 ºC, os resultados variaram de 0,477 a 1,509 log10 UFC/g, na pesquisa de Staphylococcus spp., de 4,854 a 5,397 log10 UFC/g e ainda 3,884 a 4,937 e 4,707 a 5,463 log10UFC/g para enterobactérias e psicrotróficas, respectivamente. As amostras apresentaram-se dentro do exigido para a contaminação por Salmonella spp.(ausência). O   pH variou de 5,99 a 6,18 e as temperaturas indicaram desconformidade com o recomendado. Assim, a qualidade higiênico-sanitária da tilápia comercializada em mercados públicos de Mossoró-RN estava comprometida, apresentando risco à saúde do consumidor pelas condições insatisfatórias.

Aortic thromboembolism in a cat

Background: The aortic thromboembolism in cats is usually associated with cardiomyopathy, when a thrombus or a clot is formed in the heart, transported through the bloodstream and fixed at somewhere. According to Virchows triad, changes in the endocardial surface or in the blood flow/composition can result in thrombus formation. The most common clinical signs are: hind limb paralysis, lack of femoral pulse, cold and cyanotic extremities. The treatment should be performed as soon as possible and it is based on antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, thrombolytics agents or surgical procedures. It is reported the case of a cat presenting aortic thromboembolism. Case: Macroscopically it was observed that the hind limb extremities were with a dark red color and with a bad odor on cut. There were in the subcutaneous tissue of the hind limbs a severe and diffuse accumulation of a reddish material, translucent, shiny, gelatinous (intense diffuse edema) and the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs had extensive pale and friable areas. Inside the medial saphenous vein lumen there was a greyish-white and soft material which adhered to the vessel wall. The lungs were not fully collapsed, it had a smooth and shiny surface and an extensive dark red area in the right middle lobe (moderate extensive bleeding). The spleen was with slightly bulging edges and on cut flowed moderate amount of blood [...]

Aortic thromboembolism in a cat

Background: The aortic thromboembolism in cats is usually associated with cardiomyopathy, when a thrombus or a clot is formed in the heart, transported through the bloodstream and fixed at somewhere. According to Virchows triad, changes in the endocardial surface or in the blood flow/composition can result in thrombus formation. The most common clinical signs are: hind limb paralysis, lack of femoral pulse, cold and cyanotic extremities. The treatment should be performed as soon as possible and it is based on antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, thrombolytics agents or surgical procedures. It is reported the case of a cat presenting aortic thromboembolism. Case: Macroscopically it was observed that the hind limb extremities were with a dark red color and with a bad odor on cut. There were in the subcutaneous tissue of the hind limbs a severe and diffuse accumulation of a reddish material, translucent, shiny, gelatinous (intense diffuse edema) and the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs had extensive pale and friable areas. Inside the medial saphenous vein lumen there was a greyish-white and soft material which adhered to the vessel wall. The lungs were not fully collapsed, it had a smooth and shiny surface and an extensive dark red area in the right middle lobe (moderate extensive bleeding). The spleen was with slightly bulging edges and on cut flowed moderate amount of blood [...](AU)

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária da tilápia (Oreochromis spp. ) fresca e congelada em mercados públicos / Sanitary-hygienic quality of fresh and frozen tilapia (Oreochromis spp. ) in public markets

This study aimed to verify the sanitary quality of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) sold in public markets in the city of Mossoro-RN. For such we made use of a checklist and an observational study to evaluate good handling practices in 10 establishments that commercialize fish. We obtained 30 samples of tilapia and evaluated them as to their sensory and microbiological aspects (Salmonella spp., coliforms at 45 ºC, Staphylococcus ssp. count, psychrotrophic bacteria and enterobacteria), as well as to their pH and internal and external temperature. We observed that none of the studied establishments were in accordance with the standards recommended by the legislation. Regarding the sensory evaluation, 83.3% of the samples showed compliance with the requirements of the legislation. As for the coliforms at 45 C essay, the results ranged from 0.477 to 1.509 log10 CFU/g; in the Staphylococcus spp. essay we found results from 4.854 to 5.397 log10 CFU/g; and further, we found values from 3.884 to 4.937 and from 4.707 to 5.463 log10 CFU/g for enterobacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria, respectively. All the samples were within the requirements for contamination by Salmonella spp. (absence). The pH ranged from 5.99 to 6.18 and temperatures indicated non-compliance with the recommendations. Thus, we can infer that the sanitaryquality of tilapia sold in public markets in Mossoro-RN was impaired, presenting a risk to consumer health due to unsatisfactory handling conditions.(AU)

Objetivou-se verificar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária da tilápia (Oreochromis spp.), comercializada em mercados públicos do município de Mossoró-RN. Para isso, foi realizado, através de checklist,  um estudo observacional, para avaliação das boas práticas de manipulação em 10 estabelecimentos de comercialização do peixe. Foram obtidas 30 amostras de tilápia avaliadas quanto aos aspectos sensoriais, microbiológicos (Salmonella spp., coliformes a 45 ºC, contagem de Staphylococcus ssp., bactérias psicrotróficas e enterobactérias) e quanto ao pH e temperatura interna e externa. Observou-se que nenhum dos estabelecimentos apresentou conformidade com os padrões recomendados pela legislação. Já em relação à avaliação sensorial, 83,3% das amostras analisadas apresentavam conformidade com  as exigências da legislação. Quanto à pesquisa de coliformes a 45 ºC, os resultados variaram de 0,477 a 1,509 log10 UFC/g, na pesquisa de Staphylococcus spp., de 4,854 a 5,397 log10 UFC/g e ainda 3,884 a 4,937 e 4,707 a 5,463 log10UFC/g para enterobactérias e psicrotróficas, respectivamente. As amostras apresentaram-se dentro do exigido para a contaminação por Salmonella spp.(ausência). O   pH variou de 5,99 a 6,18 e as temperaturas indicaram desconformidade com o recomendado. Assim, a qualidade higiênico-sanitária da tilápia comercializada em mercados públicos de Mossoró-RN estava comprometida, apresentando risco à saúde do consumidor pelas condições insatisfatórias.(AU)

QUALIDADE HIGIÊNICO-SANITÁRIA DA TILÁPIA (Oreochromis spp.) FRESCA E CONGELADA EM MERCADOS PÚBLICOS

Abstract This study aimed to verify the sanitary quality of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) sold in public markets in the city of Mossoro-RN. For such we made use of a checklist and an observational study to evaluate good handling practices in 10 establishments that commercialize fish. We obtained 30 samples of tilapia and evaluated them as to their sensory and microbiological aspects (Salmonella spp., coliforms at 45 ºC, Staphylococcus ssp. count, psychrotrophic bacteria and enterobacteria), as well as to their pH and internal and external temperature. We observed that none of the studied establishments were in accordance with the standards recommended by the legislation. Regarding the sensory evaluation, 83.3% of the samples showed compliance with the requirements of the legislation. As for the coliforms at 45 °C essay, the results ranged from 0.477 to 1.509 log10 CFU/g; in the Staphylococcus spp. essay we found results from 4.854 to 5.397 log10 CFU/g; and further, we found values from 3.884 to 4.937 and from 4.707 to 5.463 log10 CFU/g for enterobacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria, respectively. All the samples were within the requirements for contamination by Salmonella spp. (absence). The pH ranged from 5.99 to 6.18 and temperatures indicated non-compliance with the recommendations. Thus, we can infer that the sanitary quality of tilapia sold in public markets in Mossoro-RN was impaired, presenting a risk to consumer health due to unsatisfactory handling conditions.

Resumo Objetivou-se verificar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária da tilápia (Oreochromis spp.), comercializada em mercados públicos do município de Mossoró-RN. Para isso, foi realizado, através de checklist, um estudo observacional, para avaliação das boas práticas de manipulação em 10 estabelecimentos de comercialização do peixe. Foram obtidas 30 amostras de tilápia avaliadas quanto aos aspectos sensoriais, microbiológicos (Salmonella spp., coliformes a 45 ºC, contagem de Staphylococcus ssp., bactérias psicrotróficas e enterobactérias) e quanto ao pH e temperatura interna e externa. Observou-se que nenhum dos estabelecimentos apresentou conformidade com os padrões recomendados pela legislação. Já em relação à avaliação sensorial, 83,3% das amostras analisadas apresentavam conformidade com as exigências da legislação. Quanto à pesquisa de coliformes a 45 ºC, os resultados variaram de 0,477 a 1,509 log10 UFC/g, na pesquisa de Staphylococcus spp., de 4,854 a 5,397 log10 UFC/g e ainda 3,884 a 4,937 e 4,707 a 5,463 log10UFC/g para enterobactérias e psicrotróficas, respectivamente. As amostras apresentaram-se dentro do exigido para a contaminação por Salmonella spp.(ausência). O pH variou de 5,99 a 6,18 e as temperaturas indicaram desconformidade com o recomendado. Assim, a qualidade higiênico-sanitária da tilápia comercializada em mercados públicos de Mossoró-RN estava comprometida, apresentando risco à saúde do consumidor pelas condições insatisfatórias.

Cultivo de tamarindo sob malhas coloridas: plasticidade anatômica foliar / Tamarind cultivation under colored shading nets: leaf anatomical plasticity

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da alteração da qualidade espectral da luz, utilizando malhas de transmissão de luz diferenciada, sobre características da anatomia foliar em plantas de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.), visando à obtenção de plantas mais propícias ao plantio. Mudas de tamarindo foram cultivadas sob malhas de 50% de sombreamento nas cores branca, azul, vermelha e preta em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Após 90 dias de cultivo sob as malhas, as folhas foram avaliadas quanto à anatomia e micromorfologia. Plantas submetidas ao cultivo sob malha branca apresentaram maior altura das células da epiderme na face abaxial e maior espessura do parênquima paliçádico e da nervura central. Melhores resultados para epiderme na face adaxial e limbo foliar foram observados sob malhas branca e azul. Maiores densidades estomáticas foram obtidas sob malhas azul e vermelha. As folhas de Tamarindus indica apresentam plasticidade anatômica em resposta às modificações no espectro da radiação. Em face desses resultados, as malhas branca e azul podem ser recomendadas para obtenção de plantas mais propícias ao plantio.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of changing light spectral quality, using colored shading nets, on the characteristics of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) leaf anatomy to obtain more conducive plants. Tamarind seedlings were grown under blue, white, black and red shade nets, in a completely randomized design. After 90 days, the leaves were evaluated anatomically and micromorphologically. Plants grown under white net had greater palisade parenchyma, abaxial epidermis cells and midrib thicknesses. Better results for adaxial epidermis and leaf blade were observed under white and blue nets. Higher stomatal density was obtained under blue and red nets. Tamarindus indica leaves present anatomical plasticity in response to changes in the radiation spectrum. In view of these results, the white and blue nets can be recommended to obtain plants more efficient to planting.(AU)

Pressão intraocular, pressão arterial média e diâmetro pupilar em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com diferentes protocolos anestésicos / Intraocular pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and pupillary diameter in rabbits ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) subjected to retrobulbar block with different anesthetic protocols

The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmicprocedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressurestable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform localanesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocainewithout epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animalreceived an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposedanesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure,invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting thetime of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacainepromoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentosoftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressãointraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através dobloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associadaao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL.Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbodo olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolosanestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressãoarterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Osanestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico queocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.(AU)