Electrical conductivity, pH and potential acidity in soil fertilized with poultry litter compost / Condutividade elétrica, reação do solo e acidez potencial em solo fertilizado com composto de cama de aves

Brazil produced in 2013, around 13.1 million tons of poultry meat, which generates 10.7 millions of tons of poultry litter. The practice of adding residues from poultry or manure residues to the soil demands a monitoring to realize the correct use on the treatment of the soil as a biofertilizer to prevent the impact by excess of mineral elements into waters and soil. This work aimed to study the effects of poultry litter compost used in soil over the electrical conductivity (EC), pH in CaCl2 and soil potential acidity (H + Al). Treatments studied were five doses of poultry litter compost 0; 20; 40; 60 and 120 Mg/ha. Soil was classified as a haplorthox, sampled in 20 cm deep, dried, sieved and homogenized with the following chemical initial composition: pH CaCl2= 4.9; H+ Al3+= 31.0 mmol/dm3; electric conductivity = 36.4 /cm. Organic compost was obtained by biodigestion in an aerobic fermentation during 60 days. Compost was then artificial dried at 55ºC for 48 hours. Results from organic compost analysis of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 29.4, 39.3, 25.5, 92.4 and 11.8 g/kg, respectively. Organic fertilizers were homogenized and sieved in 3 mesh sieves, corresponding to a free opening of 0.67 cm and mixed to the soil. The experiment was carried out in a green house, in a randomized blocks design with five replications. The incubation and neutralization curves were determined in dried s

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Leaf-chlorophyll level in forage assessed by Dualex, Spad-502 and Nitrogen Nutrition Index / Nível adequado de clorofila foliar em forrageiras avaliado pelo Dualex, Spad- 502 e Índice de Nutrição Nitrogenada

The use of nitrogen in forage foment the animal production system sustainability, increases the yield, the perennial state of pastures, soil structure and agribusiness profits, allowing adjustments on the  management and pastures use. The leaf nitrogen (N) concentration is directly associated to chlorophyll amount (Chl). It can be measured by different types of sensors as Dualex 4 Scientific and SPAD-502 which gives instant values corresponding to N and indirect values for nitrogen nutrition (NNI). This work aimed to estimate chlorophyll values from leaf corresponding to SPAD values associated to NNI=1.0 (which indicates the N concentration or critical N not limiting for forage development). The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial 4 x 4 setup, with four genotypes of Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) U. brizantha cv. Piata, U. brizantha cv. Marandu, and two interspecific hybrids denominated H69 and H12 and four nitrogen levels (0; 75; 15 0 and 225 mg/dm3 ), provided by urea, with five replications, in pots (3.34 dm3). The soil was a Quartzipsamments containing 9% clay, 90% sand and 1% silt. The evaluations were performed on plants of 52 days after sowing. Chlorophyll amounts were determined by sampling the third medium of the leaf blade from a third of the expanded leaf, from the apical, using the Dualex 4 Scientific and Minolta SPAD 502 and NNI was calculated as

ês.

Soil chemical atributtes on brachiaria spp in integrated crop livestock system / Características químicas do solo em pastagens de Brachiaria em sistema integrado lavoura-pecuária

Integrated crop-livestock systems have attracted more interest in the last few years due to their capacity of improving stability and sustainability of agricultural systems when compared to more specialized production ones. The crop-livestock integration is an effective technique, but complex to maintain pasture productivity and its recovery, whose efficiency depends on soil physical management and its chemical fertility. Regarding the soil fertility, the corrective practices generally begin with the liming due to the high acidity of most Brazilian soils and low levels of Ca and Mg in the exchange complex and high Al saturation. In areas of crop-livestock systems, liming corrects the surface acidity potential. However, this practice can leave the subsoil with excess aluminum and lack of calcium, which inhibit root growth and affect the absorption of water and nutrients. The application of gypsum allows the improvement of the subsoil, reducing Al saturation and increasing levels of calcium and sulfur. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the soil chemical properties of a Haplorthox soil in integrated crop-livestock system (ICL) with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Piatã, Brachiaria ruziziensis with gypsum and liming application. This study was conducted at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa/SP, a pasture established on a soil with medium texture (61.4% s

ês.

Electrical conductivity, pH and potential acidity in soil fertilized with poultry litter compost / Condutividade elétrica, reação do solo e acidez potencial em solo fertilizado com composto de cama de aves

Brazil produced in 2013, around 13.1 million tons of poultry meat, which generates 10.7 millions of tons of poultry litter. The practice of adding residues from poultry or manure residues to the soil demands a monitoring to realize the correct use on the treatment of the soil as a biofertilizer to prevent the impact by excess of mineral elements into waters and soil. This work aimed to study the effects of poultry litter compost used in soil over the electrical conductivity (EC), pH in CaCl2 and soil potential acidity (H + Al). Treatments studied were five doses of poultry litter compost 0; 20; 40; 60 and 120 Mg/ha. Soil was classified as a haplorthox, sampled in 20 cm deep, dried, sieved and homogenized with the following chemical initial composition: pH CaCl2= 4.9; H+ Al3+= 31.0 mmol/dm3; electric conductivity = 36.4 /cm. Organic compost was obtained by biodigestion in an aerobic fermentation during 60 days. Compost was then artificial dried at 55ºC for 48 hours. Results from organic compost analysis of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 29.4, 39.3, 25.5, 92.4 and 11.8 g/kg, respectively. Organic fertilizers were homogenized and sieved in 3 mesh sieves, corresponding to a free opening of 0.67 cm and mixed to the soil. The experiment was carried out in a green house, in a randomized blocks design with five replications. The incubation and neutralization curves were determined in dried s

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Leaf-chlorophyll level in forage assessed by Dualex, Spad-502 and Nitrogen Nutrition Index / Nível adequado de clorofila foliar em forrageiras avaliado pelo Dualex, Spad- 502 e Índice de Nutrição Nitrogenada

The use of nitrogen in forage foment the animal production system sustainability, increases the yield, the perennial state of pastures, soil structure and agribusiness profits, allowing adjustments on the  management and pastures use. The leaf nitrogen (N) concentration is directly associated to chlorophyll amount (Chl). It can be measured by different types of sensors as Dualex 4 Scientific and SPAD-502 which gives instant values corresponding to N and indirect values for nitrogen nutrition (NNI). This work aimed to estimate chlorophyll values from leaf corresponding to SPAD values associated to NNI=1.0 (which indicates the N concentration or critical N not limiting for forage development). The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial 4 x 4 setup, with four genotypes of Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) U. brizantha cv. Piata, U. brizantha cv. Marandu, and two interspecific hybrids denominated H69 and H12 and four nitrogen levels (0; 75; 15 0 and 225 mg/dm3 ), provided by urea, with five replications, in pots (3.34 dm3). The soil was a Quartzipsamments containing 9% clay, 90% sand and 1% silt. The evaluations were performed on plants of 52 days after sowing. Chlorophyll amounts were determined by sampling the third medium of the leaf blade from a third of the expanded leaf, from the apical, using the Dualex 4 Scientific and Minolta SPAD 502 and NNI was calculated as

ês.

Forage plants competition in São Paulo State V. São José do Rio Preto / Competição de plantas forrageiras no Estado de São Paulo. V. São José do Rio Preto

In a field experiment at the Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de São José do Rio Preto, in State of São Paulo, Brazil, was studied, during two years, the adaptation of six grasses and six forage legumes, with and without fertilization. The grasses tested were: Panicum maximum, Jacq., Panicum maximum. Jacq. var. Trichoglume cv. Petrie (green panic), Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Gatton panic, Setaria anceps Stapf. ex Massey cv. Kazungula, Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Australiano and Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf. The legumes were: Macroptilium atropurpureum DC cv. Siratro, Centrose. me pubescens Benth, Sty/osanthes hamata (L.) Taub. cv. Verano, Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. Glycine wightü Verdc. and Desmodium subsericeum Malme. The results of dry matter yield and protein yield two years of evaluation showed that Pari icum meximum Jacq., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Australiano,Macroptilium atropurpureum DC cv. Siratro, Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. cv. Verano and Centrosema pubescens Benth. outstood. The significant effects of fertilization were observed in every forages studied, with especially to gatton panic and perennial soybean.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido no período de dezembro de 1978 a abril de 1981, na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de São José do Rio Preto, município de Mirassol, Estado de São Paulo, com o intuito de determinar a adaptação de seis gramíneas e seis leguminosas forrageiras, com e sem adubação. Os capins testados foram:Panicum maximum Jacq. (coloniâb), Panicum maximum Jacq. var. Trichogiume cv. Petrie (green panic), Panicum maximum iacq. cv. Gatton panic (gatton panic(, Setaria anceps Stapf. ex Massey cv. Kazungula (setária), Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Australiano(braquiária australiana) e Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf. (jaraguá). As leguminosas testadas foram: Macroptilium atropurpureum DC cv. Siratro (siratro), Centrosema pubescens Benth (centrosema), Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. cv.Verano (estilosantes), Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. (calopogônio), Glycine wíghtii Verdc. (soja-perene) e Desmodfum subsericeum Malme (desmódio). Os parâmetros avaliados foram os rendimentos de produção de matéria seca e de proteína bruta, em kg/ha/ano, efetuando-se cinco cortes anuais. Após dois anos de avaliação, os capins colonião e braquiária e as leguminosas siratro, estilosantes e centrosema destacaram-se em relação aos demais. Verificaram-se efeitos significativos da adubação em quase todas as forrageiras estudadas, com destaques para O gatton panic e soja-perene.

Forage plants competition in São Paulo State V. São José do Rio Preto / Competição de plantas forrageiras no Estado de São Paulo. V. São José do Rio Preto

In a field experiment at the Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de São José do Rio Preto, in State of São Paulo, Brazil, was studied, during two years, the adaptation of six grasses and six forage legumes, with and without fertilization. The grasses tested were: Panicum maximum, Jacq., Panicum maximum. Jacq. var. Trichoglume cv. Petrie (green panic), Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Gatton panic, Setaria anceps Stapf. ex Massey cv. Kazungula, Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Australiano and Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf. The legumes were: Macroptilium atropurpureum DC cv. Siratro, Centrose. me pubescens Benth, Sty/osanthes hamata (L.) Taub. cv. Verano, Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. Glycine wightü Verdc. and Desmodium subsericeum Malme. The results of dry matter yield and protein yield two years of evaluation showed that Pari icum meximum Jacq., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Australiano,Macroptilium atropurpureum DC cv. Siratro, Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. cv. Verano and Centrosema pubescens Benth. outstood. The significant effects of fertilization were observed in every forages studied, with especially to gatton panic and perennial soybean.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido no período de dezembro de 1978 a abril de 1981, na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de São José do Rio Preto, município de Mirassol, Estado de São Paulo, com o intuito de determinar a adaptação de seis gramíneas e seis leguminosas forrageiras, com e sem adubação. Os capins testados foram:Panicum maximum Jacq. (coloniâb), Panicum maximum Jacq. var. Trichogiume cv. Petrie (green panic), Panicum maximum iacq. cv. Gatton panic (gatton panic(, Setaria anceps Stapf. ex Massey cv. Kazungula (setária), Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Australiano(braquiária australiana) e Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf. (jaraguá). As leguminosas testadas foram: Macroptilium atropurpureum DC cv. Siratro (siratro), Centrosema pubescens Benth (centrosema), Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. cv.Verano (estilosantes), Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. (calopogônio), Glycine wíghtii Verdc. (soja-perene) e Desmodfum subsericeum Malme (desmódio). Os parâmetros avaliados foram os rendimentos de produção de matéria seca e de proteína bruta, em kg/ha/ano, efetuando-se cinco cortes anuais. Após dois anos de avaliação, os capins colonião e braquiária e as leguminosas siratro, estilosantes e centrosema destacaram-se em relação aos demais. Verificaram-se efeitos significativos da adubação em quase todas as forrageiras estudadas, com destaques para O gatton panic e soja-perene.

Soil chemical atributtes on brachiaria spp in integrated crop livestock system / Características químicas do solo em pastagens de Brachiaria em sistema integrado lavoura-pecuária

Integrated crop-livestock systems have attracted more interest in the last few years due to their capacity of improving stability and sustainability of agricultural systems when compared to more specialized production ones. The crop-livestock integration is an effective technique, but complex to maintain pasture productivity and its recovery, whose efficiency depends on soil physical management and its chemical fertility. Regarding the soil fertility, the corrective practices generally begin with the liming due to the high acidity of most Brazilian soils and low levels of Ca and Mg in the exchange complex and high Al saturation. In areas of crop-livestock systems, liming corrects the surface acidity potential. However, this practice can leave the subsoil with excess aluminum and lack of calcium, which inhibit root growth and affect the absorption of water and nutrients. The application of gypsum allows the improvement of the subsoil, reducing Al saturation and increasing levels of calcium and sulfur. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the soil chemical properties of a Haplorthox soil in integrated crop-livestock system (ICL) with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Piatã, Brachiaria ruziziensis with gypsum and liming application. This study was conducted at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa/SP, a pasture established on a soil with medium texture (61.4% s

ês.