Influence of tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats

Purpose:To evaluate the influence tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats.Methods:Ten rats were divided into two groups (n = 5). All animals were submitted by a laminectomy and spinal cord injury at eighth thoracic vertebra. In control group, the rats didnt receive any analgesic. In tramadol group, the rats received tramadol 4mg/Kg at 12/12h until 5 days by subcutaneous. Animals were following by fourteen days. Was evaluated the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scale (locomotor evaluation) and Rat Grimace Scale (pain evaluation) at four periods.Results:There no difference between the groups in locomotor evaluation in all periods evaluated (p>0.05) and in both groups there was a partial recover of function. The tramadol group show a lower pain levels at the first, third and seventh postoperatively days when comparing to the control group.Conclusion:The tramadol as an analgesic agent dont influence on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats.(AU)

Utilização de gabapentina para manejo clínico de dor neuropática em cães - Relato de caso / Gabapentine for clinical management of neuropathic pain in dogs ­ Case report / Utilización de gabapentina para manejo clínico de dolor neuropático en perros ­ Relato de caso

Este artigo revisa a literatura sobre o uso da gabapentina e relata seu uso para tratamento e manejo clínico de um caso, dor neuropática em uma cadela da raça Schnauzer miniatura com idade de nove anos e massa corporal de 8,0 kg. Havia histórico de dor e claudicação, inicialmente nos membros torácicos e a seguir nos membros pélvicos. Após exame físico, exame neurológico e exames de laboratório e imagem, não se observou qualquer sinal de alteração óssea ou articular, sendo descartada a possibilidade de artrite e/ou artrose. Como o problema continuava a evoluir, a suspeita foi centrada na possibilidade de dor neuropática, definida como dor crônica causada por uma consequência direta de lesão ou disfunção dos axônios ou corpos dos neurônios, capaz de causar interrupção da bainha de mielina tanto em sistema nervoso periférico quanto central. Diagnosticar a dor em animais, que não possuem intelecto e são incapazes de falar, não é uma tarefa fácil, e na dor neuropática o problema é ainda maior. É difícil identificar quando os animais sentem sensações como formigamento, queimação e agulhamento, comuns na dor neuropática. Boa anamnese pode fornecer informações importantes para diagnosticar se um paciente está ou não vivenciando dor neuropática, e assim indicar tratamento específico. A dor neuropática costuma responder de forma insuficiente aos analgésicos comuns, sendo alguns fármacos anticonvulsivantes os principais agentes terapêuticos viáveis para esse tipo de dor, seja de origem central ou periférica. A gabapentina, anticonvulsivante de segunda geração, é uma substância análoga ao ácido ɤ-aminobutírico (GABA) com uma boa penetração na barreira hematoencefálica. É um dos novos fármacos antiepiléticos utilizados em pessoas, e só recentemente passou a ser empregada em cães, sendo atualmente utilizada com sucesso como adjuvante no tratamento de processos dolorosos crônicos e neuropáticos. No caso apresentado, o uso clínico da gabapentina foi eficaz no controle da dor neuropática, com importante redução dos sinais de dor e notória melhoria na qualidade de vida da paciente. Trata-se de uma opção terapêutica de custo baixo e fácil utilização, com baixo índice de efeitos adversos.(AU)

This paper reviews the literature on gabapentin and reports its use for treatment and clinical management in a case of neuropathic pain diagnosed in a nine-year-old miniature Schnauzer weighing 8.0 kg. The chief complaint concerned the history of pain and lameness, initially in the forelimbs and thereafter in the hind limbs. After physical examination, neurological examination, laboratory tests and image screening, no signals of bone or joint changes were observed, thus discarding the possibility of arthritis and/or osteoarthritis. Since the morbid condition continued to evolve, the clinical suspicion was focused on the possibility of neuropathic pain, defined as chronic pain caused by a direct consequence of injury or dysfunction of axons or bodies of neurons, causing disruption of the myelin sheath on both the peripheral and central nervous system. The diagnostic of pain in animals that lack intellect and are unable to speak is not an easy task, and with neuropathic pain the problem is even greater. It is difficult to identify when animals feel sensations such as tingling, burning and needling, common in neuropathic pain. Good history can provide important information to diagnose whether a patient is or is not experiencing neuropathic pain, and thus indicate specific treatments. Neuropathic pain tends to respond inadequately to common analgesics, with some anticonvulsant drugs being the main viable therapeutic agents for that kind of pain, whether of central or peripheral origin. Gabapentin, a second-generation antiepileptic substance, is analogous to ɤ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), with good penetration in the blood-brain barrier. It is one of the new antiepileptic drugs used in humans, and it has only recently started to be employed in dogs, being currently successfully used as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic and neuropathic pain processes. In this particular case, the clinical use of gabapentin was effective in controlling neuropathic pain, with significant reduction of pain signals and marked improvement in the quality of life of the patient. It is a relatively low-cost treatment option and easy to be used by pet owners, with a low rate of adverse effects.(AU)

Este artículo revisa la literatura sobre el uso de gabapentina y relata su uso para tratamiento y manejo clínico de un caso de dolor neuropático en una perra de la raza Schnauzer miniatura con edad de nueve años y masa corporal de 8,0 kg. Había histórico de dolor y claudicación, inicialmente los miembros torácicos y a seguir los miembros pélvicos. Tras examen físico, examen neurológico y exámenes de laboratorio e imagen, no se observó cualquier señal de alteración ósea o articular, siendo descartada la posibilidad de artritis o artrosis. Como el problema continuaba a evolucionar, la sospecha se centró en la posibilidad de dolor neuropático, definida como dolor crónica causada por una consecuencia directa de lesión o disfunción de los axones o cuerpos de las neuronas, capaz de causar interrupción de la vaina de mielina, tanto en el sistema nervioso periférico como central. Diagnosticar el dolor en animales, que no poseen intelecto y son incapaces de hablar no es una tarea fácil, y en el dolor neuropático aún es peor. Es difícil identificar cuando los animales sienten sensaciones como hormigueo, quemazón y agujetas, comunes en el dolor neuropático. Una buena anamnesis puede proporcionar importantes informaciones para diagnosticar si un paciente está o no vivenciando dolor neuropático, y así indicar tratamiento específico. El dolor neuropático puede responder de forma insuficiente a los analgésicos comunes, siendo algunos fármacos anticonvulsivantes los principales agentes terapéuticos viables para ese tipo de dolor, sea de origen central o periférico. La gabapentina, anticonvulsivante de segunda generación, es una sustancia análoga al ácido ɤ-aminobutírico (GABA) con buena penetración en la barrera hematoencefálica. Es uno de los nuevos fármacos antiepilépticos utilizados en personas, y solo recientemente pasó a ser empleada en perros, siendo actualmente utilizada con suceso como adyuvante en el tratamiento de procesos dolorosos crónicos y neuropáticos. En el caso presentado, el uso clínico de la gabapentina fue eficaz en el control del dolor neuropático, con importante reducción de los señales de dolor y notoria mejora en la calidad de vida del paciente. Se trata de una opción terapéutica de bajo costo y de fácil utilización, con bajo índice de efectos adversos.(AU)

Utilização de gabapentina para manejo clínico de dor neuropática em cães - Relato de caso / Gabapentine for clinical management of neuropathic pain in dogs ­ Case report / Utilización de gabapentina para manejo clínico de dolor neuropático en perros ­ Relato de caso

Este artigo revisa a literatura sobre o uso da gabapentina e relata seu uso para tratamento e manejo clínico de um caso, dor neuropática em uma cadela da raça Schnauzer miniatura com idade de nove anos e massa corporal de 8,0 kg. Havia histórico de dor e claudicação, inicialmente nos membros torácicos e a seguir nos membros pélvicos. Após exame físico, exame neurológico e exames de laboratório e imagem, não se observou qualquer sinal de alteração óssea ou articular, sendo descartada a possibilidade de artrite e/ou artrose. Como o problema continuava a evoluir, a suspeita foi centrada na possibilidade de dor neuropática, definida como dor crônica causada por uma consequência direta de lesão ou disfunção dos axônios ou corpos dos neurônios, capaz de causar interrupção da bainha de mielina tanto em sistema nervoso periférico quanto central. Diagnosticar a dor em animais, que não possuem intelecto e são incapazes de falar, não é uma tarefa fácil, e na dor neuropática o problema é ainda maior. É difícil identificar quando os animais sentem sensações como formigamento, queimação e agulhamento, comuns na dor neuropática. Boa anamnese pode fornecer informações importantes para diagnosticar se um paciente está ou não vivenciando dor neuropática, e assim indicar tratamento específico. A dor neuropática costuma responder de forma insuficiente aos analgésicos comuns, sendo alguns fármacos anticonvulsivantes os principais agentes terapêuticos viáveis para esse tipo de dor, seja de origem central ou periférica. (AU)

This paper reviews the literature on gabapentin and reports its use for treatment and clinical management in a case of neuropathic pain diagnosed in a nine-year-old miniature Schnauzer weighing 8.0 kg. The chief complaint concerned the history of pain and lameness, initially in the forelimbs and thereafter in the hind limbs. After physical examination, neurological examination, laboratory tests and image screening, no signals of bone or joint changes were observed, thus discarding the possibility of arthritis and/or osteoarthritis. Since the morbid condition continued to evolve, the clinical suspicion was focused on the possibility of neuropathic pain, defined as chronic pain caused by a direct consequence of injury or dysfunction of axons or bodies of neurons, causing disruption of the myelin sheath on both the peripheral and central nervous system. The diagnostic of pain in animals that lack intellect and are unable to speak is not an easy task, and with neuropathic pain the problem is even greater. It is difficult to identify when animals feel sensations such as tingling, burning and needling, common in neuropathic pain. Good history can provide important information to diagnose whether a patient is or is not experiencing neuropathic pain, and thus indicate specific treatments. Neuropathic pain tends to respond inadequately to common analgesics, with some anticonvulsant drugs being the main viable therapeutic agents for that kind of pain, whether of central or peripheral origin. Gabapentin, a second-generation antiepileptic substance, is analogous to ɤ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), with good penetration in the blood-brain barrier. It is one of the new antiepileptic drugs used in humans, and it has only recently started to be employed in dogs, being currently successfully used as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic and neuropathic pain processes(AU)

Este artículo revisa la literatura sobre el uso de gabapentina y relata su uso para tratamiento y manejo clínico de un caso de dolor neuropático en una perra de la raza Schnauzer miniatura con edad de nueve años y masa corporal de 8,0 kg. Había histórico de dolor y claudicación, inicialmente los miembros torácicos y a seguir los miembros pélvicos. Tras examen físico, examen neurológico y exámenes de laboratorio e imagen, no se observó cualquier señal de alteración ósea o articular, siendo descartada la posibilidad de artritis o artrosis. Como el problema continuaba a evolucionar, la sospecha se centró en la posibilidad de dolor neuropático, definida como dolor crónica causada por una consecuencia directa de lesión o disfunción de los axones o cuerpos de las neuronas, capaz de causar interrupción de la vaina de mielina, tanto en el sistema nervioso periférico como central. Diagnosticar el dolor en animales, que no poseen intelecto y son incapaces de hablar no es una tarea fácil, y en el dolor neuropático aún es peor. Es difícil identificar cuando los animales sienten sensaciones como hormigueo, quemazón y agujetas, comunes en el dolor neuropático. Una buena anamnesis puede proporcionar importantes informaciones para diagnosticar si un paciente está o no vivenciando dolor neuropático, y así indicar tratamiento específico. El dolor neuropático puede responder de forma insuficiente a los analgésicos comunes, siendo algunos fármacos anticonvulsivantes los principales agentes terapéuticos viables para ese tipo de dolor, sea de origen central o periférico. La gabapentina, anticonvulsivante de segunda generación, es una sustancia análoga al ácido ɤ-aminobutírico (GABA) con buena penetración en la barrera hematoencefálica.(AU)

PERFIL FARMACOCINÉTICO DO METAMIZOL ISOLADO E ASSOCIADO AO TRAMADOL APÓS ADMINISTRAÇÃO INTRAVENOSA EM ASININOS

A extrapolação empírica dos protocolos terapêuticos indicados para animais, embora uma prática rotineira, não leva em consideração as particularidades de cada espécie, elevando os riscos de baixa eficácia nos tratamentos seja por subdoses seja por sobredoses. Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil farmacocinético do metamizol administrado por via intravenosa de forma isolada e em associação com tramadol em asininos. Foram utilizados 10 jumentos machos, saudáveis e inteiros. Os dez animais integraram todos os grupos do estudo, sendo realizado um período de descanso entre tratamentos de 15 dias. Os animais receberam quatro tratamentos. No tratamento M10 metamizol na dose de 10 mg/kg, M25 metamizol 25mg/kg e M10T2 - 10 mg/kg de metamizol associado a 2mg/kg de tramadol e no M25T2, 25 mg/kg de metamizol com 2mg/kg de tramadol. Todos os tratamentos foram feitos em dose única e por via intravenosa. Após tempos pré-determinados, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para posterior análise. Alíquotas de plasmas foram processadas e injetadas no sistema cromatográfico de ultra performance acoplado a espectrômetro de massa (UPLC-MS/MS). Durante as coletas, os animais eram observados para possíveis manifestações adversas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: a concentração plasmática máxima (Cmax), o tempo para atingir a Cmax (Tmax), a área sob a curva de concentração plasmática do tempo zero até ao momento da última concentração mensurável (AUC0t) e a extrapolação da AUC até ao infinito (AUC0 ), volume de distribuição aparente (Vz/F), depuração aparente (CL/F), constante de eliminação (Ke); meia-vida de eliminação (t1/2); Tempo médio residual até o momento da última mensuração (MRT0 t ), Tempo médio residual do momento zero até o infinito(MRT0 ), para os fármacos e seus principais metabólitos. Nos grupos M10 e M25, os parâmetros AUC0t, AUC0 , Cmax apresentaram um aumento significativo nos dois metabólitos do metamizol nos animais do grupo M25. Enquanto que o Tmax, Vz/F e o Cl/F não tiveram diferença estatística entre os grupos. Após administração intravenosa dos tratamentos M10T2 e M25T2, o TRA, MAA, AA foram detectados em até 24 horas de análise e o M1 até 12 horas. Analisando o metabólito do TRA, observou-se que a AUC0 e o CL/F foi maior no grupo tratado com 10mg/kg de metamizol quando comparado com o de 25 mg/kg. Enquanto o t ½; MRT0 ; MRT0 t apresentam-se significativa maiores no grupo M25T2. Em relação ao seu subproduto, o M1, o t1/2; MRT0 ; MRT0 t apresentaram-se significativamente maiores no segundo grupo. O Vz/F; MRT 0 , t 1/2 do MAA e o MRT0 t do AA variou significativamente entre os grupos sendo maiores nos animais que receberam 25mg/kg de Metamizol. Com base nos resultados é possível afirmar que obteve êxito uma vez que foi possível desenvolver método analítico capaz de detectar e quantificar ambos os fármacos e seus principais metabolitos no sangue de asinino por até 48 horas. Além disso, comprovou que existem alterações em alguns parâmetros farmacocinéticos quando há administração de diferentes doses de metamizol e que as mesmas interferem no metabolismo do próprio metamizol como também tramadol e de seu metabólito mais ativo, o O-desmetiltramadol e que esses achados podem subsidiar futuros ensaios clínicos para eficácia analgésica ou mesmo estabelecer posologia adequada para jumentos

The empirical extrapolation of the therapeutic protocols indicated for animals, although a routine practice, does not take into account the particularities of each species, increasing the risks of low efficacy in treatments, either by underdoses or by overdoses. The objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of metamizole administered intravenously in isolation and in association with tramadol in donkeys. The ten animals were included in all study groups, with a 15-day rest period between treatments. The animals received four treatments. In the treatment M10 metamizole at a dose of 10 mg/kg, M25 - metamizole 25mg/kg and M10T2 - 10 mg/kg of metamizole combined with 2mg/kg of tramadol and in M25T2, 25 mg/kg metamizole with 2mg/kg tramadol. All treatments were performed in a single dose and intravenously. After predetermined times, blood samples were collected for further analysis. Plasma aliquots were processed and injected into the ultra-performance chromatographic system coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS / MS). During the collections, the animals were observed for possible adverse manifestations. The parameters evaluated were: the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the time to reach the Cmax (Tmax), the area under the plasma concentration curve from time zero until the moment of the last measurable concentration (AUC0 t) and the extrapolation of the AUC to infinity (AUC0 ), apparent volume of distribution (Vz/F), apparent clearance (Cl/ F), elimination constant (Ke); elimination half-life (t1 / 2); Mean residual time until the last measurement (MRT0 t), Mean residual time from zero to infinity (MRT0 ), for drugs and their main metabolites. In groups M10 and M25, the parameters AUC0 t, AUC0 , Cmax showed a significant increase in the two metabolites of metamizole in animals in the group M25. While Tmax, Vz / F and Cl / F had no statistical difference between groups. After intravenous administration of treatments M10T2 and M25T2, TRA, MAA, AA were detected within 24 hours of analysis and M1 up to 12 hours. Analyzing the TRA metabolite, it was observed that AUC0 and CL / F were higher in the group treated with 10mg/kg of metamizole when compared to the 25mg/kg group. While the t ½; MRT0 ; MRT0 t are significantly higher in the M25T2 group. Regarding its by-product, M1, t 1/2; MRT0 ; MRT0 t were significantly higher in the second group. The Vz / F; MRT 0 , t1/2 of MAA and MRT0 t of AA varied significantly between groups, being higher in animals that received 25mg/kg of Metamizole. Based on the results, it is possible to state that it was successful since it was possible to develop an analytical method capable of detecting and quantifying both drugs and their main metabolites in donkey blood for up to 48 hours. In addition, it proved that there are changes in some pharmacokinetic parameters when different doses of metamizole are administered and that they interfere with the metabolism of metamizole itself as well as tramadol and its most active metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol and that these findings may support future clinical trials for analgesic efficacy or even establish an appropriate dosage for donkeys.

Effects of ropivacaine combined with morphine at 0.15 and 0.2 mg kg-1 in bitches undergoing epidural anesthesia1

PURPOSE: To investigate cardiorespiratory effects and serum concentration of ropivacaine combined with morphine at different doses. METHODS: Sixteen healthy adult female dogs weighting 9.8±4.1 kg were included in the study. Twenty minutes after being premedicated with acepromazine and midazolam, the animals were randomly assigned to receive an epidural injection according to each group: RM0.15 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.15 mg kg-1) and RM0.2 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.2 mg kg-1). Variables recorded consisted of: heart rate and cardiac rhythm, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, inspired oxygen fraction, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, serum cortisol, plasma ropivacaine and morphine. RESULTS: SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly increased at TPR in RM0.15 but returned to normal values at the end of the procedure. Arterial pH was decreased in T30 and TESu in both groups and also returned to acceptable ranges at TR. Both PaO2 and PaCO2 were increased along the duration period of the epidural blockade (T30 and TESu) and returned to acceptable values at TR. Serum cortisol was lower at TB, T30 and TR when compared to TESu. CONCLUSION: The procedures were performed safely and minimal changes in cardiovascular and respiratory variables.(AU)

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in mice

PURPOSE: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in mice.METHODS:The anti-inflammatory effect of alcoholic extracts of green tea (AE) was evaluated in a cell migration assay with four groups of six Swiss mice receiving 0.07g/Kg or 0.14g/Kg EA (treatment groups), saline (negative control) or 10mg/Kg indomethacin (positive control) by gavage. One hour later 300 µg carrageen an was administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. The analgesic effect was evaluated using four groups of six animals receiving 0.07g/Kg or 0.14g/Kg EA, saline or 10mg/Kg indomethacin subcutaneously, followed 30 minutes later by 1% acetic acid.RESULTS: When administered subcutaneously at either dose (0.07g/Kg and 0.14g/Kg), AE inhibited carrageenan-induced cell migration (p 0.05). However, when administered by gavage, only the latter (0.14 g/Kg) was efficient (p 0.05). AE at both doses (0.07g/Kg and 0.14g/Kg) inhibited abdominal contortions (p 0.05), but the effect was not dose-dependent.CONCLUSION:Green tea was shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and may constitute a natural treatment option in chronic inflammatory disorders.(AU)

Acupuncture and pharmacopuncture are as effective as morphine or carprofen for postoperative analgesia in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy

PURPOSE : To investigate the analgesic effect of acupuncture (AP) or micro-dose pharmacopuncture (PA), using carprofen or morphine, in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE). METHODS: Thirty five dogs were randomly assigned to five groups after sedation with acepromazine IM: AP, 0.5 mg.kg-1 of morphine subcutaneously (SC), 4 mg.kg-1 of carprofen SC, and PA with 0.05 mg.kg-1 of morphine or 0.4 mg.kg-1 of carprofen. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Pain was assessed after OHE by a blind observer for 24h, by dynamic visual analogue scale (DIVAS), Glasgow (CMPS-SF), Melbourne (UMPS) and Colorado University pain scale (CSU). Animals reaching 33% of the UMPS score received rescue analgesia with morphine IM. Non parametric data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis or Friedman tests where applicable, followed by Dunn´s test. Parametric data were analysed by two way ANOVA, followed by Tukey test. RESULTS: There were no differences among groups in number of rescue analgesia. Except for the DIVAS score where animals treated with morphine had the lowest score compared with AP and carprofen, at 1h after surgery, there were no other differences among groups. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture or pharmacopuncture were equally effective as morphine or carprofen to control postoperative pain in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.(AU)

Analgesic comparison of systemic lidocaine, morphine or lidocaine plus morphine infusion in dogs undergoing fracture repair

To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of lidocaine, morphine and lidocaine plus morphine administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) and analyzing their effects on opioid requirements after orthopedic surgery in dogs. Twenty-four dogs underwent fracture repairs were premedicated with IM acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) combined with morphine (0.3mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with IV propofol (4 to 5 mg/ kg) and maintained with isoflurane. The dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups and administered a CRI IV of lidocaine (T-L), morphine (T-M) or lidocaine plus morphine (T-LM) at the same doses. Postoperative analgesia was assessed for 24 hours using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCPS). Rescue analgesia was performed if the evaluation score exceeded 50% of the VAS and/or 33% of the GCPS. The pain score and postoperative opioid requirements did not differ among the treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to 1/8 dogs in the T-M and T-LM, and to 3/8 dogs in the T-L. Lidocaine, morphine or lidocaine/morphine CRI may be efficacious techniques for pain management in the first 24 hours post-surgery. However, the two drugs administered together did not reduce the postoperative opioid requirement in dogs undergoing fracture repair. Key words: Anesthesia. Analgesics. Analgesics, Opioid. Lidocaine. Morphine. Dogs.(AU)

Effects of a continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses on cardiorespiratory parameters, recovery quality, gastrointestinal motility and serum cortisol concentrations

PURPOSE:To assess the cardiorespiratory parametes, recovery, gastrointestinal motility and serum cortisol concentrations in horses anesthetized with isoflurane with or without a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol for orchiectomy.METHODS:Twelve adult, intact, male horses weighing 332 ± 55 kg were included in the study. Xilazine was administered as premedication. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with isoflurane. Butorphanol (0.025 mg kg-1 bolus) or an equivalent volume of saline (0.9%) was given intravenously followed by a CRI of butorphanol (BG) (13 µg kg-1 hour-1) or saline (CG). Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded before (T0) and every 15 minutes for 75 minutes after the start of infusion. Serum cortisol concentration was measured at T0 and 60 minutes, and 30 minutes and 19 hours after the horse stood up. Recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scoring system. Gastrointestinal motility was evaluated before anesthesia and during 24 hours after recovery.RESULTS:There were no significant differences between groups in cardiopulmonary variables, or recovery scores or serum cortisol concentrations. A reduction in gastrointestinal motility was recorded for 60 minutes in BG.CONCLUSIONS:Continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in horses anesthetized with isoflurane did not adversely affect the cardiopulmonary variables monitored, or recovery scores. A small but statistically significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility occurred in the butorphanol group.(AU)

Association of lipophilic opioids and hyperbaric bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Randomized controlled study

PURPOSE:To evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of fentanyl and sufentanil combined with hyperbaric spinal bupivacaine in elective cesarean section.METHODS:A prospective, randomized, double-blind study with 64 term parturients, distributed into 2 groups according to the opioid combined with hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (10mg): GF - fentanyl (25µg) and GS - sufentanil (5.0µg). The latency and maximum sensory block level; degree and duration of motor block; duration and quality of analgesia; maternal-fetal repercussions were evaluated. This was an intention-to-treat analysis with a 5% significance level.RESULTS:The latency period, maximum sensory block level, motor block degree and perioperative analgesia were similar in both groups. Motor block and analgesia had a longer duration in the sufentanil group. Maternal adverse effects and neonatal repercussions were similar. The incidence of hypotension was higher in the fentanyl group. In both groups, there was a predominance of patients who were awake and either calm or sleepy.CONCLUSIONS:The addition of fentanyl and sufentanil to hyperbaric subarachnoid bupivacaine was shown to be effective for the performance of cesarean section, and safe for the mother and fetus. Analgesia was more prolonged with sufentanil.(AU)

INFUSÃO CONTÍNUA DE DEXMEDETOMIDINA OU XILAZINA COMO PARTE DE PROTOCOLOS BALANCEADOS PARA CADELAS EM CAMPANHAS DE CASTRAÇÃO

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos sedativos, analgésicos e cardiorrespiratórios, bem como segurança e grau de relaxamento muscular transoperatório da infusão contínua (IC) de dexmedetomidina (DEX) ou xilazina (XILA), como parte de um protocolo balanceado contendo morfina, lidocaína, cetamina e propofol em cadelas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia (OH). Foram utilizadas 39 cadelas hígidas, as quais foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n = 10 [Dex]; n = 9 [DexIC]; n = 9 [Xila]; n = 11 [XilaIC]). Os grupos Dex e DexIC receberam medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) composta de DEX (10 g/kg) e morfina (0,5 mg/kg), ambas IM, enquanto os grupos Xila e XilaIC receberam XILA (0,3 mg/kg) e morfina (0,5 mg/kg). Todos os cães foram induzidos à anestesia com uma combinação de lidocaína (1 mg/kg/IV), cetamina (1 mg/kg/IV) e propofol (suficiente para permitir intubação endotraqueal). Após a intubação, as infusões foram iniciadas. Todos os animais receberam infusão contínua de propofol para manutenção do plano anestésico (iniciando em 0,3 mg/kg/min), lidocaína (1 mg/kg/h) e cetamina (0,6 mg/kg/h) para analgesia complementar. Os cães no grupo XilaIC também receberam infusão contínua de XILA (0,3 mg/kg/h), assim como no grupo DexIC infusão contínua de DEX (1 g/kg/h). Os escores de sedação foram avaliados 5, 10 e 15 minutos após MPA, e o relaxamento muscular foi avaliado durante o procedimento. Os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios (PAM, FC, FR, Temp, SpO2 e EtCO2) foram avaliados antes (BL) e durante o procedimento (em 5 momentos). A necessidade de resgate analgésico foi avaliada durante e após o procedimento, e o tempo para extubação foi registrado. Seis animais (Dex: 1; DexIC: 2; Xila: 2; XilaIC: 1) necessitaram de resgate analgésico transoperatório (fentanil 1,5 µg/kg/IV), mas nenhum no pós-operatório imediato. O grupo XilaIC (10, 4-18 min) apresentou tempo para extubação maior quando comparado aos grupos Xila (5, 1-8 min) e DexIC (6, 2-22 min). Os valores de FC foram maiores no grupo Xila quando comparados aos demais grupos. Em contraste com o grupo Dex, os valores de PAM foram maiores no grupo Xila e menores no grupo XilaIC. Houve redução nos valores de FC, FR e Temp dentro de todos os grupos, quando comparados aos valores basais. Não houve diferença significativa nos demais parâmetros avaliados. Todos os protocolos demonstraram boa sedação, analgesia, relaxamento muscular transoperatório e segurança. Portanto, todos foram considerados adequados para OH em cães. No entanto, resgate analgésico transoperatório pode ser necessário em alguns animais, mas não no período pós-operatório imediato. Os protocolos Dex e Xila podem ser mais indicados para este procedimento devido a menor depressão cardiorrespiratória como um todo, visto que a OH é considerada um estímulo nocivo de intensidade moderada.

This study aimed to evaluate the sedative, analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects, as well as safety and transoperative muscular relaxation degree caused by dexmedetomidine (DEX) or xylazine (XYLA) in constant rate infusion (CRI), both as part of a balanced protocol containing morphine, lidocaine, ketamine and propofol in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OH). Thirty-nine healthy female dogs were included and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 [Dex]; n = 9 [DexCRI]; n = 9 [Xyla]; n = 11 [XylaCRI]). Dogs in Dex and DexCRI groups received a combination of morphine (0.5 mg/kg) and DEX (10 µg/kg) intramuscularly as premedication, while dogs in Xyla and XylaCRI groups received morphine (0.5 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.3 mg/kg). All dogs were induced to anesthesia with a combination of lidocaine (1 mg/kg), ketamine (1 mg/kg) and propofol (enough to allow endotracheal intubation). After intubation, the infusions started. All groups received propofol infusion for anesthesia maintenance (starting at 0.3 mg/kg/min), lidocaine (1 mg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) for analgesia. Dogs in DexCRI group also received DEX CRI (1 µg/kg/h), while dogs in XylaCRI group received XYLA CRI (0.3 mg/kg/h). Sedation scores were evaluated 5, 10 and 15 minutes after premedication, and transoperative muscular relaxation was assessed during the procedure. Cardiorespiratory variables (MAP, HR, RR, Temp, SpO2 and EtCO2) were assessed before (BL) and during the procedure (in 5 moments). The need for analgesic rescue was assessed during and after the surgery, and time to extubation was recorded. Six animals (Dex: 1; DexCRI: 2; Xyla: 2; XylaCRI: 1) needed transoperative analgesic rescue (fentanyl 1.5 µg/kg/IV), but none in the immediate postoperative period. XylaCRI group (10, 4-18 min) showed longer time for extubation when compared to Xyla (5, 1-8 min) and DexCRI (6, 2-22 min) groups. HR values were higher in Xyla group when compared to all other groups. In contrast to Dex group, MAP values were higher in Xyla group and lower in XylaCRI group. There was reduction in HR, RR and Temp values within all groups, when compared to baseline values. There was no significant difference in other parameters assessed. All protocols showed good sedation, analgesia, intraoperative muscular relaxation and safety. Thus, all were considered adequate for OH in dogs. Yet, analgesic rescue might be necessary in some animals during the procedure, but not in the immediate postoperative period. Dex and Xyla protocols might be preferred due to less cardiorespiratory depression overall, since OH is considered a moderate intensity nociceptive stimulus.

Extradural anesthesia with lidocaine combined with fentanyl or methadone to ovariohisterectomy in dogs

PURPOSE: To compare the cardiopulmonary effects and the quality of anesthesia of the extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Sixteen female dogs, were sedated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.05mg kg-1), followed by anesthetic induction with intravenous propofol (4mg kg-1), to perform the lumbosacral puncture. The animals were randomly assigned to two treatments: T-F (n=8) extradural administration of fentanyl (5µg kg-1), T-M (n=8) extradural administration of methadone (0.3mg kg-1). In both treatment groups, opioids were combined with lidocaine, in order to make up a final volume of 0.4mL kg-1. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP), intra-operative anesthetic supplementation, blood gases and adverse effects were investigated. RESULTS: HR, arterial pH and blood gases did not differ between treatments at any time point. RR and SABP decreased after epidural anesthesia, but the values were in terms of the physiological range of dogs. Intra-operative anesthetic supplementation was required in 50% and 62.5% of the fentanyl and methadone treated dogs, respectively. CONCLUSION: The extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine allowed cardiopulmonary stability, however sufficient sensitive blockade was not provided in 100% of the dogs.(AU)

Spinal anesthesia for elective ceasarean section: use of different doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine associated with morphine and clonidine

PURPOSE: To comparatively study the efficacy and maternal and fetal side-effects of two doses of bupivacaine associated with morphine and clonidine, administered by the subarachnoid route for cesarean section. METHODS: The study included 66 pregnant women at term, distributed into two groups. GI: bupivacaine 8.0 mg (1.6mL) + clonidine 75µg (0.5mL) + morphine 100µg (1.0mL) and GII: bupivacaine 10mg (2.0mL) + clonidine 75µg (0.5mL) + morphine 100µg (1.0mL). The following parameters were assessed: onset and maximum level of sensory block; quality of intraoperative and postoperative analgesia; degree and duration of motor block; maternal repercussions and Apgar score. RESULTS: The onset of sensory block, quality of intraoperative analgesia and total duration of analgesia were similar in both groups; maximum extent of sensory block predominated in T4; maximum degree of motor block (Bromage 3); time motor block regression was significantly longer in GII; Hemodynamic, respiratory repercussions, adverse maternal effects and Apgar scores were similar between groups. In both groups, there was a predominance of drowsy or sleeping patients. CONCLUSION: The addition of morphine and clonidine to low doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine produced adequate anesthesia for cesarean section and good postoperative analgesia, without any maternal and fetal repercussions.(AU)

A comparison of extradural tramadol and extradural morphine for postoperative analgesia in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy / Tramadol peridural comparativamente à morfina para analgesia pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia

PURPOSE: To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of the extradural tramadol or morphine in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Sixteen female dogs were randomly assigned to two groups of eight animals each and received morphine (0.1mg kg-1 M group) or tramadol (2mg kg-1 T group). The pre-anesthetic medication was intravenously (iv) acepromazine (0.05mg kg-1). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4mg kg-1iv) and maintained with isoflurane. The degree of analgesia was evaluated using a numerical rating scale that included physiologic and behavior variables. Dogs were scored at one, three, six and 12 hours after surgery by one blinded observer. Dogs were treated with morphine (0.5mg kg-1) if their scores were >6. Serum cortisol was measured before the pre-anesthetic medication was administered (basal), at the time of the ovarian pedicle clamping (T0), and at 1 (T1), 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) hours postoperative. RESULTS: The pain score did not differ between morphine and tramadol treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to one dog in the T treatment group. Serum cortisol did not differ between treatments. CONCLUSION: The extradural administration of morphine or tramadol is a safe and effective method of inducing analgesia in female dogs undergoing ovariohyterectomy.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito analgésico pós-operatório do tramadol em relação à morfina quando utilizados por via peridural em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH). MÉTODOS: Dezesseis cadelas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois tratamentos, com oito animais em cada, tratadas com morfina (0,1mg kg-1, M) e tramadol (2mg kg-1, T). A medicação pré-anestésica foi feita por via intravenosa (iv) com acepromazina (0,05mg kg-1), seguindo-se indução e manutenção anestésicas com propofol (4mg kg-1 iv) e isofluorano, respectivamente. O grau de analgesia foi avaliado uma, três, seis e 12 horas após o término da cirurgia, com escala descritiva numérica, que incluiu a observação de alterações fisiológicas e comportamentais. Animais com escore > 06 foram tratados com morfina (0,5mg kg-1). A concentração sérica de cortisol foi mensurada antes da sedação (basal), ao término da cirurgia (T0), 1 (T1), 6 (T6) e 12 (T12) horas após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Os escores de dor e a concentração sérica de cortisol não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Analgesia de resgate foi necessária em um cão do tratamento T. CONCLUSÃO: A administração peridural de morfina e de tramadol resulta em analgesia adequada e de longa duração em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia.(AU)

Electroacupuncture versus morphine for the postoperative control pain in dogs / Eletroacupuntura versus morfina para o controle da dor pós-operatória em cães

PROPOSE: To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of electroacupuncture, morphine or sham acupuncture in dogs undergoing mastectomy. METHODS: Thirty client-owed dogs undergoing to mastectomy were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 animals each and received either morphine (T-M), the electroacupuncture (T-EA) or sham procedure (T-Sham). Pre-anesthetic medication was acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1, IM). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 to 5 mg kg-1, IV) and maintained with isoflurane. Postoperatively pain degree was assessed using a numerical rating scale. Dogs were scored at 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours post-extubation. If the pain score was ≥6, supplemental morphine was administered. Serum cortisol concentration was measured before pre-anesthetic medication, at 45 minutes after the anesthetic induction, and at 1, 3 and 6 hours post-extubation. RESULTS: The pain score did not differ among the treatments, but rescue analgesia was lower in the T-EA group (2 of 10 dogs), when compared with T-Sham (6 of 10 dogs) and T-M (6 of 10 dogs) groups. Serum cortisol concentration did not differ among the treatments. CONCLUSION: Electroacupuncture reduces the postoperative analgesic requirement and promotes satisfactory analgesia in dogs undergoing mastectomy.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito analgésico pós-operatório mediado pela aplicação de morfina, eletroacupuntura ou pontos falsos de acupuntura em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia. MÉTODOS: Trinta cadelas encaminhadas para mastectomia foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em três grupos de dez animais cada, sendo tratadas com morfina (T-M), eletroacupuntura (T-EA) ou pontos falsos de acupuntura (T-sham). A medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) foi realizada com acepromazina (0,05 mg kg-1, IM), seguindo-se a indução e manutenção anestésica com propofol (4 a 5 mg kg-1, IV) e isofluorano, respectivamente. O grau de analgesia foi avaliado 1, 3, 6 e 12 horas após a extubação traqueal, empregandose a escala descritiva numérica. Animais, cujos escores foram ≥6 receberam analgesia de resgate com morfina (0,5 mg kg-1, IM). A concentração sérica de cortisol foi avaliada antes da MPA, aos 45 minutos após a indução anestésica e 1, 3 e 6 horas após a extubação traqueal. RESULTADOS: O escore de dor não variou entre os tratamentos, porém a analgesia resgate foi menos frequente no T-EA (2 de 10 animais), em relação ao T-sham (6 de 10 animais) e ao T-M (6 de 10 animais). CONCLUSÃO: A eletroacupuntura reduz o requerimento analgésico pós-operatório e confere analgesia satisfatória em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia.(AU)

Expressão astrocitária da proteína fibrilar glial ácida (GFAP) e concentrações plasmáticas de TNF- e IL-1 em ratos tratados com amitriptilina, gabapentina, metadona e morfina

Citocinas pró-inflamatórias e células gliais, principalmente micróglia, têm sido implicadas na sensibilização da dor persistente. Menos conhecido é o papel dos astrócitos nessa regulação. O objetivo do estudo foi o de medir os níveis plasmáticos de IL-1 e TNF- e a expressão do marcador astrocitário GFAP, após administração, em ratos saudáveis, de doses terapêuticas de curta duração de algumas drogas comumente utilizadas no tratamento da dor neuropática. Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em cinco (5) grupos, recebendo por nove (9) dias- (1) amitriptilina (Amt- 10 mg/kg/dia, por gavagem solução); (2) gabapentina (Gb- 60 mg/kg/dia, por gavagem); (3) metadona (Me- 4,5 mg/kg/dia, via intraperitoneal - IP); (4) morfina (Mo- 10 mg/kg/dia, IP); ou (5) salina a 0.9%, IP). Amostras do encéfalo foram coletadas para estudo imuno-histoquímico da expressão astrocitária de GFAP no tronco encefálico e núcleo accumbens (NAc). A área das células GFAP-positivas foi calculada com uso do programa Metamorph e os níveis plasmáticos de citocinas foram determinados por ELISA. Enquanto os níveis de TNF- diminuíram nos grupos tratados com Mo, Me e Gb, a IL-1 diminuiu apenas com a Me. A expressão astrocitária de GFAP diminuiu no tronco encefálico com todas as drogas, enquanto aumentou no NAc com Amt, Me e Mo.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and glial cells, especially microglial cells, have been implicated in persistent pain sensitization. Less is known about the role of astrocytes in its regulation. The aim of this study was to measure, after the administration of short-term therapeutic doses of some commonly used neuropathic pain relievers in healthy rats, the plasma levels of IL-1 and TNF- and the expression of the astrocytic biomarker GFAP. Male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups, receiving for 9 days- (1) amitriptyline (Amt- 10 mg/kg/day, by gavage); (2) gabapentin (Gb - 60 mg/kg/day, by gavage; (3) methadone (Me- 4,5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal route- IP); (4) morphine (Mo- 10 mg/kg/day, IP); or (5) 0.9% saline solution, IP. Brain samples were collected for immunohistochemical study for GFAP expression in the brainstem and nucleus accumbens (NAc). The area of GFAP-positive cells was calculated using Metamorph software and plasma levels of IL-1 and TNF- were measured by ELISA. Plasma TNF- levels were decreased in the groups treated with Mo, Me and Gb, but not in the Amt-treated group. IL-1 decreased only in rats treated with Me. The astrocytic expression of GFAP was decreased in the brainstem with all drugs, while it was increased in the NAc with Amt, Me and Mo.

AVALIAÇÃO DA DOR PÓS-OPERATÓRIA EMPREGANDO FENTANIL ASSOCIADO OU NÃO ASSOCIADO À CETAMINA NO TRANS-OPERATÓRIO DE CADELAS SUBMETIDAS À OVARIOSSALPINGOHISTERECTOMIA E MASTECTOMIA UNILATERAL

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a analgesia pós-operátoria imediata oferecida por dois protocolos de infusão continua no período trans-oparatório (fentanil e fentanil associado à cetamina) em cadelas submetidas a mastectomia unilateral e ovariossalpingohisterectomia no mesmo tempo cirúrgico. Foram utilizadas 20 cadelas de diversas raças, idade de 8,4±3,5 anos e peso de 9,2±7,2 Kg. As cadelas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente, por sorteio, em dois grupos, FE (fentanil) e FC (fentanil associado a cetamina), com 10 animais cada. O grupo FE (n=10) apresentou analgesia trans-operatória mantida com infusão intravenosa contínua de fentanil na dose de 0,3 µg/Kg/min. No grupo FC (n=10), a analgesia foi mantida por infusões intravenosas contínuas de fentanil na dose de 0,3 µg/Kg/min e cetamina na dose de 10 µg/Kg/min, sendo esta diluída em 5 mL de solução fisiológica 0,9%. A medicação pré-anestésica consistiu de petidina (5mg/Kg, IM) e induzidos a anestesia com propofol (4,0 mg/Kg) e midazolan (0,3mg/Kg). Os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios foram mensurados durante o período transoperatório a cada 5 minutos e a analgesia pós-operatória foi avaliada de acordo com a forma abreviada da escala de dor multidimensional de Glasgow. A definição de qual grupo experimental pertencia cada animal, não era de conhecimento da equipe anestésica, nem do avaliador da escala de intensidade de dor, caracterizando um estudo cego. As avaliações foram realizadas nos tempos 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 horas após a extubação. Quando o valor de intensidade de dor ultrapassasse 6 pontos era realizado resgate com tramadol (4mg/Kg,IV) e dipirona (25 mg/Kg, IV). Para responder aos objetivos do estudo foram utilizados a análise de variância do modelo ANOVA, seguido das comparações múltiplas de Tukey, todos os testes de hipóteses deste estudo consideraram significância de 5%, a hipótese nula foi rejeitada quando p<0,05. O grupo FC (0,82) apresentou menor média de escore total de dor que o grupo FE (2,14) (p<0,0001). Conclui-se que a associação de cetamina ao fentanil, em regime de infusão contínua, melhora de forma significativa o controle da dor pós-operatória, em cadelas submetidas a mastectomia unilateral e OSH no mesmo momento cirúrgico.

This study aimed to evaluate postoperative analgesia immediate offered in two infusion protocols continues without intraoperative period (fentanyl and fentanyl associated to ketamine) in bitches undergoing mastectomy unilateral and ovariohysterectomy. Twenty bitches of various breeds, age 8.4 ± 3.5 years and weight of 9.2 ± 7.2 kg, were distributed randomly, by draw in two groups, FE (fentanyl) and FC (associated fentanyl ketamine) with 10 animals each. The FE group (n = 10) showed trans-operative analgesia maintained with continuous intravenous infusion of fentanyl in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/min. No FC Group (n = 10), analgesia was maintained intravenous infusion of fentanyl by continuous at a dose of 0.3 µg/kg/min and des ketamine at a dose of 10 µg/kg/min, which is diluted in 5 ml Solution Physiological 0.9%. The pre-anesthesia medication consisted of pethidine (5,0 mg/kg, IM) and induced one propofol anesthesia (4,0 mg/kg) and midazolam (0,3 mg/kg). Cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated during the intraoperative period. respiratory rate were evaluated during the intraoperative period, and one researcher evaluated the postoperative analgesia by Short Form of Glasgow Composite Pain, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after extubation. Rescue analgesia was administered when pain intensity value exceeded 6 points with tramadol (4 mg/Kg, IV) e dipirone (25 mg/Kg, IV). To meet the objectives of the study, we used the analysis of variance ANOVA model, followed by multiple comparisons Tukey, all hypothesis testing this study considered a 5% significance (p<0,05). The FC group (0,82) had total intensity of minor pain that FE group (2,14), with p<0,0001. We concluded that, the association of ketamine and fentanyl improves the control of postoperative pain in bitches undergoing mastectomy with ovariohysterectomy in the same surgical time.

Utilização da gabapentina em cães / The use of gabapentin in dogs / El uso de gabapentin en perros

A dor é considerada, atualmente, como o "quinto sinal vital", o que denota a importância do diagnóstico e tratamento adequado, uma vez que traz consequências graves aos pacientes. Os analgésicos adjuvantes têm sido utilizados não só para tratamento da dor crônica, como também em estados de dor aguda pós-operatória. Uma classe de anticonvulsivantes, que atua inibindo a subunidade a,o dos canais de cálcio voltagem-dependente,como a gabapentina, tem se mostrado eficaz no tratamento da dor em cães, principalmente na dor crônica,aliviando os sintomas de hiperalgesia e alodinia.(AU)

Pain is currently considered as the "fifth vital sign", which denotes the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment, once it brings serious consequences to patients. The adjuvant analgesics have been used not on to treat chronic pain, as well as in states of a cute postoperative pain. A class of anticonvulsants, which acts byinhibiting the a subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, such as gabapentin, has been proven effective in treating pain in dogs, especially in chronic pain, relieving the symptoms of hyperalgesia and allodynia.(AU)

El dolor es en la actualidad la considerado como el "quinto signo vital", que denota la importanciadei diagnóstico y el tratamiento adecuado, una vez que se trae consequências graves a los pacientes. Los analgésicos adyuvantes se han utilizado no sólo para tratar el dolor crónico, así como en estados de dolor postoperatorio agudo. La clase de fármacos anticonvulsivos, que actúa mediante la inhibición de la subunidadallde los canales de calcio dependientes de voltaje, tales como gabapentina, se ha demostrado su eficacia en el tratamiento del dolor en perros, especialmente en el dolor crónico, el alivio de los síntomas de hiperalgesia yalodinia.(AU)

Nalbufina e morfina intracameral em cães

A injeção intracameral é utilizada para tratamentos e anestesias oftálmicas e os opioides podem promover analgesia por esta via. Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade e a eficiência do uso de nalbufina e morfina pela via intracameral em cães. Sete cães da raça beagle foram alocados aleatoriamente nos grupos nalbufina intracameral (GNIC), morfina intracameral (GMIC), nalbufina intravenoso (GNIV) e morfina intravenoso (GMIV). Os parâmetros avaliados foram frequência cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, escala subjetiva de avaliação da dor, teste da lágrima de Schirmer, diâmetro pupilar, pressão intraocular, teste de tingimento pela fluoresceína, limiar de toque corneal, número e tipo de complicação local e/ou sistêmica e a duração do efeito dos opioides na córnea. Os momentos de estudo foram basal (M0) e a cada 30 minutos após a administração dos grupos até completar 240 minutos. As variáveis numéricas foram submetidas à análise de variância com medidas repetidas e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Dunnett´s. As categóricas não paramétricas ordinais foram comparadas pelo teste de Friedman com pós-teste de Dunn. As análises foram efetuadas empregando-se o programa SAS e foram consideradas significativas quando P < 0,05. A duração da analgesia foi significativamente maior no GNIC, enquanto GMIC, GNIV e GMIV não diferiram entre si. Houve redução significativa da PIO em M30 em todos os grupos quando comparado ao M0. Quanto ao número de complicações não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Portanto, tanto a nalbufina quanto a morfina são viáveis pela via intracameral sendo a nalbufina mais indicada pela maior duração de seu efeito analgésico.

Intracameral injection is used for treatment and anesthesia of the eye bulb and opioids are known to provide analgesia through this route. The aim of the study was to evaluate the viability and efficacy of intracameral nalbuphine and morphine in dogs. Seven beagle dogs were randomly included in the groups of intracameral nalbuphine (GNIC), intracameral morphine (GMIC), intravenous nalbuphine (GNIV) and intravenous morphine (GMIV) injection of either opioid. Variables were heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic arterial pressure, subjective pain scale, Schirmers test, pupillary diameter, intraocular pressure, fluorescein test, corneal touch threshold, number and type of local or systemic complications and duration of effect on the cornea. Time point comprised baseline (T0) and measurements every 30 minutes after drugs administration up to 240 minutes. Parametric variables were analyzed through ANOVA for repeated measures and Dunnetts test. Ordinal data were compared through Friedmans test, followed by Dunns test. Analyses were performed by SAS and were considered significant when P<0.05. Analgesia lasted significantly longer in GNIC, whereas GMIC, GNIV and GMIV did not differ between one another. There was a significant decrease in the IOP at T30 in all groups when compared to baseline measures. As for complications, no difference was found between groups. Therefore, both nalbuphine and morphine can be used for intracameral analgesia, and nalbuphine is the preferred option due to the prolonged analgesia

Utilização da gabapentina em cães / The use of gabapentin in dogs / El uso de gabapentin en perros

A dor é considerada, atualmente, como o "quinto sinal vital", o que denota a importância do diagnóstico e tratamento adequado, uma vez que traz consequências graves aos pacientes. Os analgésicos adjuvantes têm sido utilizados não só para tratamento da dor crônica, como também em estados de dor aguda pós-operatória. Uma classe de anticonvulsivantes, que atua inibindo a subunidade a,o dos canais de cálcio voltagem-dependente,como a gabapentina, tem se mostrado eficaz no tratamento da dor em cães, principalmente na dor crônica,aliviando os sintomas de hiperalgesia e alodinia.

Pain is currently considered as the "fifth vital sign", which denotes the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment, once it brings serious consequences to patients. The adjuvant analgesics have been used not on to treat chronic pain, as well as in states of a cute postoperative pain. A class of anticonvulsants, which acts byinhibiting the a subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, such as gabapentin, has been proven effective in treating pain in dogs, especially in chronic pain, relieving the symptoms of hyperalgesia and allodynia.

El dolor es en la actualidad la considerado como el "quinto signo vital", que denota la importanciadei diagnóstico y el tratamiento adecuado, una vez que se trae consequências graves a los pacientes. Los analgésicos adyuvantes se han utilizado no sólo para tratar el dolor crónico, así como en estados de dolor postoperatorio agudo. La clase de fármacos anticonvulsivos, que actúa mediante la inhibición de la subunidadallde los canales de calcio dependientes de voltaje, tales como gabapentina, se ha demostrado su eficacia en el tratamiento del dolor en perros, especialmente en el dolor crónico, el alivio de los síntomas de hiperalgesia yalodinia.