Effectiveness of protected areas for jaguars: the case of the Taiamã Ecological Station in Brazil

The largest feline in the Americas and the third largest in the world, the jaguar is an apex predator in the food chain and a key species in the ecosystems where it occurs, developing important ecological functions in maintaining ecosystem balance. In Brazil, the Pantanal is considered an important refuge for the species, and protected areas such as the Taiamã Ecological Station (TES) are relevant for conservation of pristine ecosystem where the species persist. Thus, considering that this area is located in one of the regions with the highest concentration of this large cat in the Pantanal, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the protection given by the TES for the jaguar population. The station is a flooded island in the middle of the Paraguay river and surrounded by extensive wetlands. We monitored ten jaguars using GPS collar at the TES and its surroundings. The samples were separated into high-water season (January to June) and low-water season (July to December), and the estimated home ranges were grouped as: 1) residents only and 2) all monitored individuals. The stabilization of the home ranges of eight jaguars, considered residents, was determined through variograms. When all jaguars were analysed together there was 55% overlap between the clustered areas of the two analysed seasons. In the analysis excluding non-resident individuals there was 72% overlap between the clustered areas. The type of land cover inside these areas was very similar between these periods. The range of this protected area is not sufficient to effectively protect these jaguar populations, since the grouped home ranges of the resident animals studied are 3.5(wet)/2.5(dry) times larger than the area of the TES. However...

Effectiveness of protected areas for jaguars: the case of the Taiamã Ecological Station in Brazil

Abstract The largest feline in the Americas and the third largest in the world, the jaguar is an apex predator in the food chain and a key species in the ecosystems where it occurs, developing important ecological functions in maintaining ecosystem balance. In Brazil, the Pantanal is considered an important refuge for the species, and protected areas such as the Taiamã Ecological Station (TES) are relevant for conservation of pristine ecosystem where the species persist. Thus, considering that this area is located in one of the regions with the highest concentration of this large cat in the Pantanal, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the protection given by the TES for the jaguar population. The station is a flooded island in the middle of the Paraguay river and surrounded by extensive wetlands. We monitored ten jaguars using GPS collar at the TES and its surroundings. The samples were separated into high-water season (January to June) and low-water season (July to December), and the estimated home ranges were grouped as: 1) residents only and 2) all monitored individuals. The stabilization of the home ranges of eight jaguars, considered residents, was determined through variograms. When all jaguars were analysed together there was 55% overlap between the clustered areas of the two analysed seasons. In the analysis excluding non-resident individuals there was 72% overlap between the clustered areas. The type of land cover inside these areas was very similar between these periods. The range of this protected area is not sufficient to effectively protect these jaguar populations, since the grouped home ranges of the resident animals studied are 3.5(wet)/2.5(dry) times larger than the area of the TES. However, the surroundings of the TES have low human impact and no deforestation and, in this way, the landscape context of the station may have a significant effect on the persistence of a large carnivore like the jaguar. However, it is necessary to create more protected areas in order to prevent possible future environmental changes in the areas surrounding TES.

Effectiveness of protected areas for jaguars: the case of the Taiamã Ecological Station in Brazil

The largest feline in the Americas and the third largest in the world, the jaguar is an apex predator in the food chain and a key species in the ecosystems where it occurs, developing important ecological functions in maintaining ecosystem balance. In Brazil, the Pantanal is considered an important refuge for the species, and protected areas such as the Taiamã Ecological Station (TES) are relevant for conservation of pristine ecosystem where the species persist. Thus, considering that this area is located in one of the regions with the highest concentration of this large cat in the Pantanal, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the protection given by the TES for the jaguar population. The station is a flooded island in the middle of the Paraguay river and surrounded by extensive wetlands. We monitored ten jaguars using GPS collar at the TES and its surroundings. The samples were separated into high-water season (January to June) and low-water season (July to December), and the estimated home ranges were grouped as: 1) residents only and 2) all monitored individuals. The stabilization of the home ranges of eight jaguars, considered residents, was determined through variograms. When all jaguars were analysed together there was 55% overlap between the clustered areas of the two analysed seasons. In the analysis excluding non-resident individuals there was 72% overlap between the clustered areas. The type of land cover inside these areas was very similar between these periods. The range of this protected area is not sufficient to effectively protect these jaguar populations, since the grouped home ranges of the resident animals studied are 3.5(wet)/2.5(dry) times larger than the area of the TES. However...(AU)

The improvement of competitive saprophytic capabilities of Trichoderma species through the use of chemical mutagens

The antagonistic potential of Trichoderma strains was assayed by studying the effect of their culture filtrate on the radial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, the causal agent of chickpea collar rot. Trichoderma harzianum-1432 (42.2%) and Trichoderma atroviride (40.3%) were found to be strong antagonists. To enhance their antagonistic potential, mutagenesis of these two selected strains was performed. Two mutants, Th-m1 and T. atroviride m1, were found to be more effective than their parent strains. The enzymatic activities of the selected parent and mutant strains were assayed, and although both mutants were found to have enhanced enzymatic activities compared to their respective parent strains, Th-m1 possessed the maximum cellulase (5.69 U/mL) and -1,3-glucanase activity (61.9 U/mL). Th-m1 also showed high competitive saprophytic ability (CSA) among all of the selected parent and mutant strains, and during field experiments, Th-m1 was found to successfully possess enhanced disease control (82.9%). (AU)

Investigação da ocorrência de reações adversas com uso de coleira impregnada por deltametrina a 4% em cães / Investigation of occurrence of adverse reactions with the use of collar impregnated by deltamethrin 4% in dogs

A deltametrina é um inseticida do grupo dos piretróides tipo II muito utilizada como ectoparasiticida na veterinária em várias formas de aplicação tópica, como banho, spray, solução para aplicação no dorso e coleira. A coleira impregnada com deltametrina a 4% (CD4%), além de sua indicação contra carrapatos, tem sido recomendada também contra as picadas dos flebótomos transmissores da Leishmaniose. Alguns relatos têm sido descritos de ingestão e intoxicação, além de reações cutâneas com o uso da CD4%, porém, até o presente momento não há um estudo controlado sobre a possibilidade destes eventos em cães. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar em cães a ocorrência de reações adversas à CD4%. Foram utilizados 33 cães mantidos em baias coletivas do canil da UNOESTE, divididos em 3 grupos com 11 animais cada, sendo o grupo A de fêmeas adultas (utilização da coleira conforme a indicação do fabricante), grupo B de machos adultos (utilização da coleira não seguindo a indicação do fabricante) e grupo C de fêmeas jovens (utilização da coleira conforme a indicação do fabricante, porém com um período de adaptação). Os animais foram observados com relação às possíveis reações adversas ou alérgicas com preenchimento de ficha clínica e dermatológica diariamente durante 15 dias e depois três vezes por semana até completar 4 meses, tempo recomendado de permanência da coleira com eficácia pelo fabricante. Dos 33 cães, 39,4% (13) retiram a coleira, sendo 9 fêmeas (3 do grupo A e 6 do grupo C) e 4 machos (grupo B). Dos 13 animais que retiram a coleira, 18,2% ingeriram a mesma, 4 fêmeas (grupo C) e 2 machos (grupo B). Nenhum animal apresentou reação alérgica ou adversa à coleira, inclusive naqueles que ingeriram a mesma. Não houve a ocorrência de ectoparasitas durante o período de observação. [...]

Deltamethrin is an insecticide of the group of type II pyrethroids widely used as the ectoparasiticide in various veterinary topical application forms, such as bath, spray solution for application on the back and collar. The impregnated with deltamethrin to 4% (CD4%) collar, and his statement against ticks, has also been recommended against the bites of sandflies transmission of leishmaniasis. Some reports have been described for ingestion and poisoning, and skin reactions with the use of CD4%, but so far there is not a controlled study on the possibility of these events study in dogs. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of adverse reactions to CD4%. Thirty-three dogs kept in collective cages in the kennel UNOESTE, divided into 3 groups of 11 animals each, with group A of adult females (use the collar as indicated by the manufacturer), group B adult male (do not use the collar following the indication of manufacturer) and group C of young females (use the collar as indicated by the manufacturer, but with an adjustment period). The animals were observed with respect to possible adverse or allergic reactions to completion of clinical dermatology and record daily for 15 days and then three times a week until at least 4 months time recommended staying with the leash effectiveness by the manufacturer. Of the 33 dogs, 39.4% (13) remove the collar, 9 females (3 group A and group C 6) and 4 males (group B). Of the 13 animals that pull the collar, 18.2% ingested the same, 4 females (group C) and 2 males (group B). No animal showed adverse or allergic reaction to the collar, even in those who ate the same. There was no occurrence of ectoparasites during the period of observation. [...]

Investigação da ocorrência de reações adversas com uso de coleira impregnada por deltametrina a 4% em cães / Investigation of occurrence of adverse reactions with the use of collar impregnated by deltamethrin 4% in dogs

A deltametrina é um inseticida do grupo dos piretróides tipo II muito utilizada como ectoparasiticida na veterinária em várias formas de aplicação tópica, como banho, spray, solução para aplicação no dorso e coleira. A coleira impregnada com deltametrina a 4% (CD4%), além de sua indicação contra carrapatos, tem sido recomendada também contra as picadas dos flebótomos transmissores da Leishmaniose. Alguns relatos têm sido descritos de ingestão e intoxicação, além de reações cutâneas com o uso da CD4%, porém, até o presente momento não há um estudo controlado sobre a possibilidade destes eventos em cães. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar em cães a ocorrência de reações adversas à CD4%. Foram utilizados 33 cães mantidos em baias coletivas do canil da UNOESTE, divididos em 3 grupos com 11 animais cada, sendo o grupo A de fêmeas adultas (utilização da coleira conforme a indicação do fabricante), grupo B de machos adultos (utilização da coleira não seguindo a indicação do fabricante) e grupo C de fêmeas jovens (utilização da coleira conforme a indicação do fabricante, porém com um período de adaptação). Os animais foram observados com relação às possíveis reações adversas ou alérgicas com preenchimento de ficha clínica e dermatológica diariamente durante 15 dias e depois três vezes por semana até completar 4 meses, tempo recomendado de permanência da coleira com eficácia pelo fabricante. Dos 33 cães, 39,4% (13) retiram a coleira, sendo 9 fêmeas (3 do grupo A e 6 do grupo C) e 4 machos (grupo B). Dos 13 animais que retiram a coleira, 18,2% ingeriram a mesma, 4 fêmeas (grupo C) e 2 machos (grupo B). Nenhum animal apresentou reação alérgica ou adversa à coleira, inclusive naqueles que ingeriram a mesma. Não houve a ocorrência de ectoparasitas durante o período de observação. [...](AU)

Deltamethrin is an insecticide of the group of type II pyrethroids widely used as the ectoparasiticide in various veterinary topical application forms, such as bath, spray solution for application on the back and collar. The impregnated with deltamethrin to 4% (CD4%) collar, and his statement against ticks, has also been recommended against the bites of sandflies transmission of leishmaniasis. Some reports have been described for ingestion and poisoning, and skin reactions with the use of CD4%, but so far there is not a controlled study on the possibility of these events study in dogs. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of adverse reactions to CD4%. Thirty-three dogs kept in collective cages in the kennel UNOESTE, divided into 3 groups of 11 animals each, with group A of adult females (use the collar as indicated by the manufacturer), group B adult male (do not use the collar following the indication of manufacturer) and group C of young females (use the collar as indicated by the manufacturer, but with an adjustment period). The animals were observed with respect to possible adverse or allergic reactions to completion of clinical dermatology and record daily for 15 days and then three times a week until at least 4 months time recommended staying with the leash effectiveness by the manufacturer. Of the 33 dogs, 39.4% (13) remove the collar, 9 females (3 group A and group C 6) and 4 males (group B). Of the 13 animals that pull the collar, 18.2% ingested the same, 4 females (group C) and 2 males (group B). No animal showed adverse or allergic reaction to the collar, even in those who ate the same. There was no occurrence of ectoparasites during the period of observation. [...](AU)

Estudo de campo para avaliação da efetividade de vacinação e de uso de coleiras impregnadas com inseticidas para o controle da leishmaniose visceral canina

As leishmanioses e particularmente a leishmaniose visceral (LV) são doenças transmitidas por vetores artrópodes candidatas a experimentar uma grande expansão territorial em virtude de problemas relacionados ao aquecimento global. Este evento climático deverá causar grande impacto sobre a distribuição geográfica do artrópode transmissor no Brasil e no mundo. Com efeito, nos últimos 20 anos a situação epidemiológica da LV no Brasil vem se modificando de um padrão esporádico prevalente eminentemente em áreas rurais para uma condição de epidemias peri-urbanas que pode afetar todos os estratos sociais da população, tornando-se uma séria ameaça à saúde pública. As leishmanioses são consideradas até o momento doenças não preveníveis e seu padrão epidemiológico vêm se alterando de forma flagrante, o que demanda urgência para o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas de controle e tratamento. Dentre as diversas questões levantadas sobre as demandas em pesquisa relacionadas ao controle desta enfermidade, destaca-se a importância de avanços em estudos de epidemiologia quantitativa e modelagem matemática que permitam prever efeitos de vacinações de populações empregando-se imunógenos com eficácia e/ou cobertura vacinal menor que 100%, o que parece ser uma realidade com as vacinas contra leishmanioses desenvolvidas até então pelos laboratórios no mundo todo. O sucesso de estratégias eficazes para o controle da LV depende do conhecimento de diversos parâmetros da dinâmica de infecção nas diferentes populações e espécies que atuam na cadeia epidemiológica da doença. Esse estudo teve objetivo de avaliar a efetividade de vacinas contra leishmaniose em cães bem como da utilização de coleira impregnada com inseticida através de um estudo de coorte realizado em uma região de alta transmissão de leishmaniose visceral canina. Foram construídas seis coortes compostas por animais não reagentes ao teste rápido TR-DPP® e ao teste EIEELISA ®. Todos os animais apresentaram estado clínico normal, conforme avaliação semiológica. As coortes compreendem grupos de animais sem qualquer medida de controle (grupo N), grupos de animais com aplicação de coleira (grupo C), grupos de animais vacinados com vacina de subunidade (grupo V1) e grupos de animais vacinados com vacina recombinante (grupo V2) e grupos de animais vacinados e com coleira (grupos V1C e V2C). Foram colhidas amostras de todas as coortes em três tempos com intervalo de seis meses cada, para sorodiagnóstico. A efetividade encontrada ao final de 12 meses de observação para os grupos C, V1, V2, V1C e V2C foram 38,2%, 58,1%, 68,6%, 35% e -36,5% respectivamente com base nos cálculos estatísticos feitos por regressão de Cox para riscos proporcionais. Todas as coortes, mesmo tendo desempenhando alguma efetividade exceto V2C, os resultados dos intervalos de confiança do risco relativo não foram significativos quando comparados ao grupo controle (N).

Leishmaniasis and particularly the LV are diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors candidates to experience a wide territorial expansion because of problems related to global warming. This weather event should cause great impact on the geographical distribution of the arthropod transmitter in Brazil and worldwide. Indeed, the past 20 years the epidemiological situation of LV in Brazil has been changing a prevalent sporadic pattern predominantly in rural areas to a condition of peri-urban epidemics that can affect all social strata of the population, making it a serious threat public health. Leishmaniasis are considered so far not preventable disease and its epidemiological pattern have been changing blatantly, which requires urgency to the development of new tools for control and treatment. Among the many questions raised about the demands on research related to the control of this disease, it highlights the importance of advances in quantitative epidemiological studies and mathematical modeling to anticipate vaccinations effects of employing people If immunogens effectively and / or lower vaccination coverage to 100%, which appears to be a reality with vaccines against leishmaniasis developed so far by laboratories worldwide. The success of effective strategies to control the LV depends on the knowledge of many aspects of the dynamics of infection in different populations and species that act in the epidemiological chain of the disease. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines against leishmaniasis in dogs as well as the use of insecticide impregnated collar with through a cohort study in a high transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis region. It was built six cohorts composed of non-reactive animals to the rapid test DPP® and EIE-ELISA® test. All the animals had normal clinical status, as symptomatic evaluation. The cohorts include groups of animals without any measure of control (group N), group of animals with collar application (group C), groups of vaccinated animals with subunit vaccine (group V1), group of animals vaccinated with recombinant vaccine (group V2) and groups of animals vaccinated and collar application (V1C and V2C). Samples were collected from all cohorts in three times at intervals of six months each for serodiagnosis. The effectiveness found after 12 months of observation for groups C, V1, V2, V1C and V2C were 38.2%, 58.1%, 68.6%, 35% and - 36.5% respectively based on the statistical calculations done by Cox proportional hazards regression to. All cohorts, even though playing some effectiveness except V2C, the results of risk relative confidence intervals were not significant when compared to the control group (N).

Atividade colinesterásica cerebral e comportamento de ratos após exposição perinatal ao diclorvós

The organophosphate dichlorvos impregnated into plastic collars (8.37%) is used in veterinary practice as an alternative for the control of ectoparasites in dogs and cats. The aim of this work was to determine the possible toxic effects of these collars in female Wistar rats during pregnancy and lactation, as a possible cause of alterations in brain cholinesterase activity and behavior of offspring. At weaning, there was no difference in brain cholinesterase activity between control and treated dams, nor between their respective offspring as well. The treatment did not affect the general behavior of the offspring, when evaluated in the open field, nor anxiety in the elevated plus-maze, both evaluated on the 35th postnatal day.

O organofosforado diclorvós impregnado em coleiras plásticas é um recurso utilizado em medicina veterinária que visa ao controle de ectoparasitas de cães e gatos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do uso de coleiras plásticas impregnadas com diclorvós (8,37%) em ratas Wistar durante o período de gestação e lactação, como possível fonte de alterações comportamentais e da atividade colinesterásica cerebral dos filhotes. Na desmama, não houve diferença na atividade colinesterásica cerebral entre as mães tratadas com diclorvós e o grupo controle, bem como entre os respectivos filhotes. O tratamento com diclorvós também não influenciou no comportamento geral dos animais, avaliado no campo aberto, nem no nível de ansiedade testado no labirinto em cruz elevado, ambos aos 35 dias pós-natal.

Atividade colinesterásica cerebral e comportamento de ratos após exposição perinatal ao diclorvós

The organophosphate dichlorvos impregnated into plastic collars (8.37%) is used in veterinary practice as an alternative for the control of ectoparasites in dogs and cats. The aim of this work was to determine the possible toxic effects of these collars in female Wistar rats during pregnancy and lactation, as a possible cause of alterations in brain cholinesterase activity and behavior of offspring. At weaning, there was no difference in brain cholinesterase activity between control and treated dams, nor between their respective offspring as well. The treatment did not affect the general behavior of the offspring, when evaluated in the open field, nor anxiety in the elevated plus-maze, both evaluated on the 35th postnatal day.

O organofosforado diclorvós impregnado em coleiras plásticas é um recurso utilizado em medicina veterinária que visa ao controle de ectoparasitas de cães e gatos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do uso de coleiras plásticas impregnadas com diclorvós (8,37%) em ratas Wistar durante o período de gestação e lactação, como possível fonte de alterações comportamentais e da atividade colinesterásica cerebral dos filhotes. Na desmama, não houve diferença na atividade colinesterásica cerebral entre as mães tratadas com diclorvós e o grupo controle, bem como entre os respectivos filhotes. O tratamento com diclorvós também não influenciou no comportamento geral dos animais, avaliado no campo aberto, nem no nível de ansiedade testado no labirinto em cruz elevado, ambos aos 35 dias pós-natal.