Acylated anthocyanins from organic purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L. ) Lam) produced in Brazil

Acylated anthocyanins from a purple-fleshed sweet potato (PFSP), obtained by organic cultivation in Brazil, were characterized after separation by a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-PDA). These anthocyanins were manually collected at the detector output, concentrated and injected into a high resolution mass spectrometer (ESI-QTOF-MS²). Twenty-two acylated anthocyanins were detected. Among them, sixteen had been reported in the literature and six, derived from peonidin were reported for the first time in sweet potato roots in this study. These compounds showed molecular ions with accurate mass/charge ratios (m/z) of 909.2081, 961.3010, 961.2571, 963.3345, 1123.2932 and 1179.3862. Although anthocyanins in PFSP have already been extensively studied, the variety studied in this work is probably genetically different from all varieties and cultivars already researched, which would explain why these anthocyanins have not been observed in the previously studied varieties.

Avaliação dos efeitos da piometra na viabilidade de oócitos caninos imaturos pela utilização do azul cresil brilhante / Evaluation of the effects of pyometra on the viability of immature canine oocytes through the use of brilliant cresyl blue

The bitch is an experimental model of wild and even endangered canids. Therefore, the study of the factors that influence your fertility benefits scientific advances in both segments. Knowing that pyometra is one of the common uterine pathologies in bitches, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of pyometra on the morphology and competence of canine oocytes through the use of Azul Cresil Brilhante (ACB). For this purpose, 1197 canine oocytes that were divided into 2 groups classified as control (healthy) and treatment (pyometra). They were morphologically classified into grade 1 (G1), grade 2 (G2) and grade 3 (G3) and according to the ACB stain as ACB (+) and ACB (­) (not stained). Bitches in the healthy group had higher amounts of total oocytes (795) and better quality (495 oocytes G1) and competence (45 ± 9.8 ACB (+)). The use of ACB was useful to distinguish the competence of the studied oocytes and can be an auxiliary tool for choosing the best oocytes.

Acylated anthocyanins from organic purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L. ) Lam) produced in Brazil

Acylated anthocyanins from a purple-fleshed sweet potato (PFSP), obtained by organic cultivation in Brazil, were characterized after separation by a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-PDA). These anthocyanins were manually collected at the detector output, concentrated and injected into a high resolution mass spectrometer (ESI-QTOF-MS²). Twenty-two acylated anthocyanins were detected. Among them, sixteen had been reported in the literature and six, derived from peonidin were reported for the first time in sweet potato roots in this study. These compounds showed molecular ions with accurate mass/charge ratios (m/z) of 909.2081, 961.3010, 961.2571, 963.3345, 1123.2932 and 1179.3862. Although anthocyanins in PFSP have already been extensively studied, the variety studied in this work is probably genetically different from all varieties and cultivars already researched, which would explain why these anthocyanins have not been observed in the previously studied varieties.(AU)

A green approach for the treatment of dye and surfactant contaminated industrial wastewater / Uma abordagem verde para o tratamento de águas residuais industriais contaminadas por tintas e surfactantes

Synthetic dyes, particularly reactive and acid dyes, are commonly used in the textile industry because of their advantages as excellent color fastness and brightness. Also, surfactants are used for an increment of coloring success in the textile industry. One of the major problems concerning textile wastewater is the treatment of the effluents containing both dyes and surfactants. Biological treatment systems are recommended as useful, economic and eco-friendly methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the binary removal of a textile dye and a surfactant by growing Aspergillus versicolor culture in molasses medium. The effect of dye and surfactant concentration on the removal of dye and surfactant was determined. This study resulted that 100% of the surfactant and dye molecules removed together with the formation of a dye-surfactant complex by fungus. It is concluded that binary removal systems are very efficient for industrial wastewater treatment.(AU)

Os corantes sintéticos, particularmente corantes reativos e ácidos, são comumente usados na indústria têxtil devido às suas vantagens como excelente solidez da cor e brilho. Além disso, os surfactantes são usados para incrementar o sucesso da coloração na indústria têxtil. Um dos principais problemas relativos às águas residuais têxteis são o tratamento dos efluentes contendo corantes e surfactantes. Os sistemas de tratamento biológico são recomendados como métodos úteis, econômicos e ecológicos para o tratamento de efluentes industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a remoção binária de um corante têxtil e um surfactante, cultivando a cultura Aspergillus versicolor em meio de melaço. O efeito das concentrações de corante e surfactante nas remoções de corante e surfactante foi determinado. Este estudo resultou na remoção de 100% das moléculas de surfactante e corante juntamente com a formação de um complexo corante-surfactante por fungos. Conclui-se que os sistemas de remoção binária são muito eficientes no tratamento de efluentes industriais.(AU)

Evaluation of equine corneal endothelium after exposure to 0. 05% brilliant blue - an in vitro study / Avaliação do endotélio corneano de equinos após contato com o corante azul brilhante 0, 05% - estudo in vitro

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effects of 0.05% brilliant blue on corneal endothelium of horses. Thirty-eight corneas of 19 horses, male or female, of different ages were studied. Corneas were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: Corneal endothelium was covered with 0.3mL of brilliant blue 0.05% for 60 seconds followed by rinsing with a balanced salt solution. Group 2: Corneal endothelium was covered with BSS for 60 seconds. The corneas were excised with an 8mm trephine and prepared to analyze posterior endothelial surface using a light microscope (24 corneas) and a scanning electron microscope (14 corneas). The equine posterior corneal endothelium surface observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed a continuous layer of polygonal cells of uniform size and shape in both the control and treatment groups. Due to non-normal residuals at ANOVA mean comparison, a generalized linear model was utilized at 5% level of significance. The chi-square test stated that treatment and control group were not different statistically. The 0.05% brilliant blue did not cause damage to equine corneal endothelium.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos imediatos de uma solução de 0,05% de azul brilhante sobre o endotélio da córnea de equinos. Trinta e oito córneas de 19 cavalos, machos ou fêmeas, de diferentes idades foram estudadas. As córneas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Grupo 1: O endotélio corneano foi perfundido com 0,3mL de azul brilhante 0,05% durante 60 segundos seguido por irrigação com uma solução salina balanceada. Grupo 2: O endotélio corneano foi perfundido com BSS durante 60 segundos. As córneas foram posteriormente excisadas com trépano de 8mm e preparadas para análise endotelial utilizando um microscópio óptico (24 córneas) e um microscópio eletrônico de varredura (14 córneas). A análise da superfície posterior do endotélio da córnea equina observada por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelou uma camada contínua de células poligonais de tamanho e forma uniformes tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo tratamento. Devido aos resíduos não normais na comparação da média de ANOVA, utilizou-se um modelo linear generalizado com nível de significância de 5%. Evidenciou-se com o teste qui-quadrado que não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento. O azul brilhante de 0,05% não causou dano ao endotélio corneano de equinos.(AU)

Evaluation of equine corneal endothelium after exposure to 0. 05% brilliant blue - an in vitro study / Avaliação do endotélio corneano de equinos após contato com o corante azul brilhante 0, 05% - estudo in vitro

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effects of 0.05% brilliant blue on corneal endothelium of horses. Thirty-eight corneas of 19 horses, male or female, of different ages were studied. Corneas were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: Corneal endothelium was covered with 0.3mL of brilliant blue 0.05% for 60 seconds followed by rinsing with a balanced salt solution. Group 2: Corneal endothelium was covered with BSS for 60 seconds. The corneas were excised with an 8mm trephine and prepared to analyze posterior endothelial surface using a light microscope (24 corneas) and a scanning electron microscope (14 corneas). The equine posterior corneal endothelium surface observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed a continuous layer of polygonal cells of uniform size and shape in both the control and treatment groups. Due to non-normal residuals at ANOVA mean comparison, a generalized linear model was utilized at 5% level of significance. The chi-square test stated that treatment and control group were not different statistically. The 0.05% brilliant blue did not cause damage to equine corneal endothelium.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos imediatos de uma solução de 0,05% de azul brilhante sobre o endotélio da córnea de equinos. Trinta e oito córneas de 19 cavalos, machos ou fêmeas, de diferentes idades foram estudadas. As córneas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Grupo 1: O endotélio corneano foi perfundido com 0,3mL de azul brilhante 0,05% durante 60 segundos seguido por irrigação com uma solução salina balanceada. Grupo 2: O endotélio corneano foi perfundido com BSS durante 60 segundos. As córneas foram posteriormente excisadas com trépano de 8mm e preparadas para análise endotelial utilizando um microscópio óptico (24 córneas) e um microscópio eletrônico de varredura (14 córneas). A análise da superfície posterior do endotélio da córnea equina observada por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelou uma camada contínua de células poligonais de tamanho e forma uniformes tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo tratamento. Devido aos resíduos não normais na comparação da média de ANOVA, utilizou-se um modelo linear generalizado com nível de significância de 5%. Evidenciou-se com o teste qui-quadrado que não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento. O azul brilhante de 0,05% não causou dano ao endotélio corneano de equinos.(AU)

A green approach for the treatment of dye and surfactant contaminated industrial wastewater

Abstract Synthetic dyes, particularly reactive and acid dyes, are commonly used in the textile industry because of their advantages as excellent color fastness and brightness. Also, surfactants are used for an increment of coloring success in the textile industry. One of the major problems concerning textile wastewater is the treatment of the effluents containing both dyes and surfactants. Biological treatment systems are recommended as useful, economic and eco-friendly methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the binary removal of a textile dye and a surfactant by growing Aspergillus versicolor culture in molasses medium. The effect of dye and surfactant concentration on the removal of dye and surfactant was determined. This study resulted that 100% of the surfactant and dye molecules removed together with the formation of a dye-surfactant complex by fungus. It is concluded that binary removal systems are very efficient for industrial wastewater treatment.

Resumo Os corantes sintéticos, particularmente corantes reativos e ácidos, são comumente usados na indústria têxtil devido às suas vantagens como excelente solidez da cor e brilho. Além disso, os surfactantes são usados para incrementar o sucesso da coloração na indústria têxtil. Um dos principais problemas relativos às águas residuais têxteis são o tratamento dos efluentes contendo corantes e surfactantes. Os sistemas de tratamento biológico são recomendados como métodos úteis, econômicos e ecológicos para o tratamento de efluentes industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a remoção binária de um corante têxtil e um surfactante, cultivando a cultura Aspergillus versicolor em meio de melaço. O efeito das concentrações de corante e surfactante nas remoções de corante e surfactante foi determinado. Este estudo resultou na remoção de 100% das moléculas de surfactante e corante juntamente com a formação de um complexo corante-surfactante por fungos. Conclui-se que os sistemas de remoção binária são muito eficientes no tratamento de efluentes industriais.

Mastite e necrose periareolar por azul de metileno 1% após linfadenectomia axilar e mastectomia regional em cadela / Mastitis and periareolar necrosis by 1% methylene blue after axilar lymphadenectomy and regional mastectomy in a bitch

Background: Mammary neoplasms are frequent in dogs, and surgical excision by radical unilateral mastectomy is thefirst-choice treatment for most cases. Typically, inguinal lymphadenectomy is performed during mammary inguinal excision, whereas axillar lymphadenectomy is performed using dyes to guide surgical dissection and avoid iatrogenic trauma.This study reports the case of a bitch that underwent axillar lymphadenectomy and regional mastectomy. In this way, thiswork has the objective of reporting the case of a bitch referred to mastectomy and lymphadenectomy, which presentedcomplications due to the use of 1% methylene blue.Case: A 15-year-old female intact poodle weighing 6.2 kg presented with mammary nodules. Cytological examinationconfirmed malignant neoplasm in the mammary gland classified as Grade II (World Health Organization). Radical unilateralmastectomy and regional lymphadenectomy were performed. The surgical procedure involved intradermic injection of 0.5mL of sterile 1% methylene blue solution around the right cranial thoracic mammary gland divided in four sites beforeskin incision. Following right axillar lymphadenectomy, instead of radical unilateral mastectomy, regional mastectomywas performed in two ulcerated nodules at the right cranial abdominal gland to shorten the surgery time after the bitchdemonstrated severe trans-operative hypotension. The bitch was monitored during anesthetic recovery and was dischargedafter stabilization. At fourteen days after surgery, the patient was re-examined. Increased volume and pain in the mammaryglands of both chains were observed. In addition, a whitish liquid secretion was noted primarily from the thoracic caudalleft and thoracic cranial right mammary glands. The last mammary gland also presented a periareolar black area where thedye was applied. Progressive remission of the clinical signs was observed after therapy with...

Mastite e necrose periareolar por azul de metileno 1% após linfadenectomia axilar e mastectomia regional em cadela / Mastitis and periareolar necrosis by 1% methylene blue after axilar lymphadenectomy and regional mastectomy in a bitch

Background: Mammary neoplasms are frequent in dogs, and surgical excision by radical unilateral mastectomy is thefirst-choice treatment for most cases. Typically, inguinal lymphadenectomy is performed during mammary inguinal excision, whereas axillar lymphadenectomy is performed using dyes to guide surgical dissection and avoid iatrogenic trauma.This study reports the case of a bitch that underwent axillar lymphadenectomy and regional mastectomy. In this way, thiswork has the objective of reporting the case of a bitch referred to mastectomy and lymphadenectomy, which presentedcomplications due to the use of 1% methylene blue.Case: A 15-year-old female intact poodle weighing 6.2 kg presented with mammary nodules. Cytological examinationconfirmed malignant neoplasm in the mammary gland classified as Grade II (World Health Organization). Radical unilateralmastectomy and regional lymphadenectomy were performed. The surgical procedure involved intradermic injection of 0.5mL of sterile 1% methylene blue solution around the right cranial thoracic mammary gland divided in four sites beforeskin incision. Following right axillar lymphadenectomy, instead of radical unilateral mastectomy, regional mastectomywas performed in two ulcerated nodules at the right cranial abdominal gland to shorten the surgery time after the bitchdemonstrated severe trans-operative hypotension. The bitch was monitored during anesthetic recovery and was dischargedafter stabilization. At fourteen days after surgery, the patient was re-examined. Increased volume and pain in the mammaryglands of both chains were observed. In addition, a whitish liquid secretion was noted primarily from the thoracic caudalleft and thoracic cranial right mammary glands. The last mammary gland also presented a periareolar black area where thedye was applied. Progressive remission of the clinical signs was observed after therapy with...(AU)

Decolorization of textile industry wastewater in solid state fermentation with Peach-Palm (Bactris gasipaes) residue

Abstract In this work we have assessed the decolorization of textile effluents throughout their treatment in a solid-state fermentation (SSF) system. SSF assays were conducted with peach-palm (Bactris gasipaes) residue using the white rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum EF 31. The influence of the dye concentration and of the amounts of peach-palm residue and liquid phase on both the discoloration efficiency and enzyme production was studied. According to our results, independently of experimental conditions employed, laccase was the main ligninolytic enzyme produced by G. lucidum. The highest laccase activity was obtained at very low effluent concentrations, suggesting the existence of an inhibitory effect of higher concentrations on fungal metabolism. The highest percentage of color removal was reached when 10 grams of peach palm residue was moistened with 60 mL of the final effluent. In control tests carried out with the synthetic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) decolorization efficiencies about 20% higher than that achieved with the industrial effluent were achieved. The adsorption of RBBR on peach-palm residue was also investigated. Equilibrium tests showed that the adsorption of this dye followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Hence, our experimental results indicate that peach-palm residue is suitable substrate for both laccase production and color removal in industrial effluents.

Resumo Neste trabalho, avaliamos a descoloração de efluentes têxteis durante seu tratamento em um sistema de fermentação em estado sólido (SSF). Os ensaios foram conduzidos com resíduo de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) utilizando o fungo de podridão branca Ganoderma lucidum EF 31. A influência da concentração de corante, as quantidades de resíduo e da fase líquida foram estudadas tanto na eficiência de descoloração como na produção de enzima. De acordo com os resultados, independentemente das condições experimentais utilizadas, a lacase foi a principal enzima ligninolítica produzida por G. lucidum. A atividade de lacase mais elevada foi obtida em baixas concentrações de efluentes, sugerindo um efeito inibitório no metabolismo fúngico. A maior remoção de cor foi obtida com 10 gramas de resíduo da pupunha e 60 mL do efluente final. Nos ensaios de controle realizados com o corante sintético RBBR, foram atingidos cerca de 20% mais descoloração do que os obtidos com o efluente industrial. A adsorção de RBBR no resíduo de pupunha também foi investigada. Os testes de equilíbrio mostraram que a adsorção deste corante seguiu as isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich. Assim, os resultados experimentais indicam que o resíduo de pupunha é um substrato adequado tanto para a produção de lacase quanto para a remoção de cor em efluentes industriais.

Decolorization of textile industry wastewater in solid state fermentation with Peach-Palm (Bactris gasipaes) residue / Decoloração de águas residuais da indústria têxtil em fermentação de estado sólido com resíduo de Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes)

In this work we have assessed the decolorization of textile effluents throughout their treatment in a solid-state fermentation (SSF) system. SSF assays were conducted with peach-palm (Bactris gasipaes) residue using the white rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum EF 31. The influence of the dye concentration and of the amounts of peach-palm residue and liquid phase on both the discoloration efficiency and enzyme production was studied. According to our results, independently of experimental conditions employed, laccase was the main ligninolytic enzyme produced by G. lucidum. The highest laccase activity was obtained at very low effluent concentrations, suggesting the existence of an inhibitory effect of higher concentrations on fungal metabolism. The highest percentage of color removal was reached when 10 grams of peach palm residue was moistened with 60 mL of the final effluent. In control tests carried out with the synthetic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) decolorization efficiencies about 20% higher than that achieved with the industrial effluent were achieved. The adsorption of RBBR on peach-palm residue was also investigated. Equilibrium tests showed that the adsorption of this dye followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Hence, our experimental results indicate that peach-palm residue is suitable substrate for both laccase production and color removal in industrial effluents.(AU)

Neste trabalho, avaliamos a descoloração de efluentes têxteis durante seu tratamento em um sistema de fermentação em estado sólido (SSF). Os ensaios foram conduzidos com resíduo de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) utilizando o fungo de podridão branca Ganoderma lucidum EF 31. A influência da concentração de corante, as quantidades de resíduo e da fase líquida foram estudadas tanto na eficiência de descoloração como na produção de enzima. De acordo com os resultados, independentemente das condições experimentais utilizadas, a lacase foi a principal enzima ligninolítica produzida por G. lucidum. A atividade de lacase mais elevada foi obtida em baixas concentrações de efluentes, sugerindo um efeito inibitório no metabolismo fúngico. A maior remoção de cor foi obtida com 10 gramas de resíduo da pupunha e 60 mL do efluente final. Nos ensaios de controle realizados com o corante sintético RBBR, foram atingidos cerca de 20% mais descoloração do que os obtidos com o efluente industrial. A adsorção de RBBR no resíduo de pupunha também foi investigada. Os testes de equilíbrio mostraram que a adsorção deste corante seguiu as isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich. Assim, os resultados experimentais indicam que o resíduo de pupunha é um substrato adequado tanto para a produção de lacase quanto para a remoção de cor em efluentes industriais.(AU)

A green approach for the treatment of dye and surfactant contaminated industrial wastewater

Abstract Synthetic dyes, particularly reactive and acid dyes, are commonly used in the textile industry because of their advantages as excellent color fastness and brightness. Also, surfactants are used for an increment of coloring success in the textile industry. One of the major problems concerning textile wastewater is the treatment of the effluents containing both dyes and surfactants. Biological treatment systems are recommended as useful, economic and eco-friendly methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the binary removal of a textile dye and a surfactant by growing Aspergillus versicolor culture in molasses medium. The effect of dye and surfactant concentration on the removal of dye and surfactant was determined. This study resulted that 100% of the surfactant and dye molecules removed together with the formation of a dye-surfactant complex by fungus. It is concluded that binary removal systems are very efficient for industrial wastewater treatment.

Resumo Os corantes sintéticos, particularmente corantes reativos e ácidos, são comumente usados na indústria têxtil devido às suas vantagens como excelente solidez da cor e brilho. Além disso, os surfactantes são usados para incrementar o sucesso da coloração na indústria têxtil. Um dos principais problemas relativos às águas residuais têxteis são o tratamento dos efluentes contendo corantes e surfactantes. Os sistemas de tratamento biológico são recomendados como métodos úteis, econômicos e ecológicos para o tratamento de efluentes industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a remoção binária de um corante têxtil e um surfactante, cultivando a cultura Aspergillus versicolor em meio de melaço. O efeito das concentrações de corante e surfactante nas remoções de corante e surfactante foi determinado. Este estudo resultou na remoção de 100% das moléculas de surfactante e corante juntamente com a formação de um complexo corante-surfactante por fungos. Conclui-se que os sistemas de remoção binária são muito eficientes no tratamento de efluentes industriais.

Decolorization of textile industry wastewater in solid state fermentation with Peach-Palm (Bactris gasipaes) residue

Abstract In this work we have assessed the decolorization of textile effluents throughout their treatment in a solid-state fermentation (SSF) system. SSF assays were conducted with peach-palm (Bactris gasipaes) residue using the white rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum EF 31. The influence of the dye concentration and of the amounts of peach-palm residue and liquid phase on both the discoloration efficiency and enzyme production was studied. According to our results, independently of experimental conditions employed, laccase was the main ligninolytic enzyme produced by G. lucidum. The highest laccase activity was obtained at very low effluent concentrations, suggesting the existence of an inhibitory effect of higher concentrations on fungal metabolism. The highest percentage of color removal was reached when 10 grams of peach palm residue was moistened with 60 mL of the final effluent. In control tests carried out with the synthetic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) decolorization efficiencies about 20% higher than that achieved with the industrial effluent were achieved. The adsorption of RBBR on peach-palm residue was also investigated. Equilibrium tests showed that the adsorption of this dye followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Hence, our experimental results indicate that peach-palm residue is suitable substrate for both laccase production and color removal in industrial effluents.

Resumo Neste trabalho, avaliamos a descoloração de efluentes têxteis durante seu tratamento em um sistema de fermentação em estado sólido (SSF). Os ensaios foram conduzidos com resíduo de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) utilizando o fungo de podridão branca Ganoderma lucidum EF 31. A influência da concentração de corante, as quantidades de resíduo e da fase líquida foram estudadas tanto na eficiência de descoloração como na produção de enzima. De acordo com os resultados, independentemente das condições experimentais utilizadas, a lacase foi a principal enzima ligninolítica produzida por G. lucidum. A atividade de lacase mais elevada foi obtida em baixas concentrações de efluentes, sugerindo um efeito inibitório no metabolismo fúngico. A maior remoção de cor foi obtida com 10 gramas de resíduo da pupunha e 60 mL do efluente final. Nos ensaios de controle realizados com o corante sintético RBBR, foram atingidos cerca de 20% mais descoloração do que os obtidos com o efluente industrial. A adsorção de RBBR no resíduo de pupunha também foi investigada. Os testes de equilíbrio mostraram que a adsorção deste corante seguiu as isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich. Assim, os resultados experimentais indicam que o resíduo de pupunha é um substrato adequado tanto para a produção de lacase quanto para a remoção de cor em efluentes industriais.

Decolorization of azo dyes (Direct Blue 151 and Direct Red 31) by moderately alkaliphilic bacterial consortium

Removal of synthetic dyes is one of the main challenges before releasing the wastes discharged by textile industries. Biodegradation of azo dyes by alkaliphilic bacterial consortium is one of the environmental-friendly methods used for the removal of dyes from textile effluents. Hence, this study presents isolation of a bacterial consortium from soil samples of saline environment and its use for the decolorization of azo dyes, Direct Blue 151 (DB 151) and Direct Red 31 (DR 31). The decolorization of azo dyes was studied at various concentrations (100300 mg/L). The bacterial consortium, when subjected to an application of 200 mg/L of the dyes, decolorized DB 151 and DR 31 by 97.57% and 95.25% respectively, within 5 days. The growth of the bacterial consortium was optimized with pH, temperature, and carbon and nitrogen sources; and decolorization of azo dyes was analyzed. In this study, the decolorization efficiency of mixed dyes was improved with yeast extract and sucrose, which were used as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. Such an alkaliphilic bacterial consortium can be used in the removal of azo dyes from contaminated saline environment. (AU)

Evaluation of physiological parameters of dogs submitted to uterine lymphatic mapping using patent blue V dye for anaphylaxis detection / Avaliação de parâmetros fisiológicos de cães submetidos ao mapeamento linfático uterino usando o corante azul patente V para a detecção de anafilaxia

Lymphatic mapping has been performed in humans and dogs. Although several cases of anaphylaxis have been reported in humans, there are no such reports in dogs. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of adverse reactions to patent blue V dye in bitches undergoing uterine lymphatic mapping procedures using cardiovascular and hematological evaluations. The experiment was performed in 14 mongrel bitches without any reproductive disease, randomly assigned into two equal groups (PBV- uterine lynphatic mapping and OHE; Control - OHE only). The animals were submitted to pre- and postoperative hematological and serum biochemistry exams (7 days). The anesthetic protocol was: sedation (morphine and acepromazine), induction (propofol), maintenance (isoflurane), transoperative analgesia (fentanyl). Systolic blood pressure was monitored throughout the procedure and arterial blood gas analysis was performed immediate pre and postoperatively. For lymphatic mapping was injected patent blue V in the uterine wall, 10 minutes before OEH. Comparisons between the pre- and postoperative parameters within the same animal were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. To compare the values between control and PBV group was obtaining the difference between the pre and post of each group, subjected to the Mann-Whitney test (significance of 5%). Differences were observed (P<0.05) between the pre- and postoperative evaluations in the PBV (total protein and the albumin serum), in both groups (arterial partial pressure of oxygen) and in the Control (arterial oxygen saturation). There were no signs of adverse reactions to the patent blue V dye in the healthy bitches submitted to lymphatic uterine mapping.(AU)

O mapeamento linfático tem sido realizado em humanos e cães. Embora inúmeros casos de anafilaxia já tenham sido relatados em humanos, não existem tais relatos em cães. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a ocorrência de reações adversas ao corante azul patente V em cadelas submetidas ao mapeamento linfático uterino, usando avaliações cardiovasculares e hematológicas. O experimento foi realizado em 14 cadelas mestiças, divididas igualmente em dois grupos (PBV- mapeamento linfático uterino e OEH; Controle - apenas OEH). Os animais foram submetidos a exames hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos no pré e pós-operatório (7 dias). O protocolo anestésico foi: sedação (morfina e acepromazina), indução (propofol), manutenção (isoflurano), analgesia trans-operatória (fentanil). A pressão arterial sistólica foi monitorada durante todo o procedimento e hemogasometria arterial no pré e pós-operatório imediato. Para o mapeamento linfático foi injetado azul patente V na parede uterina, 10 minutos antes de realizar a OEH. Comparações entre os valores do pré e pós-operatório do mesmo animal foram realizados pelo teste Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Para a comparação dos valores entre Controle e PBV foi realizado a obtenção da diferença entre os valores pré e pós de cada grupo, submetidas ao teste de Mann-Whitney (significância de 5%). Diferenças foram observadas (p<0,05) entre as avaliações pré e pós-operatórias no PBV (proteína total e albumina), ambos os grupos (pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial) e no Controle (saturação de oxigênio arterial). Não houve sinais de reação adversa ao corante azul patente V em cadelas saudáveis submetidas ao mapeamento linfático uterino.(AU)

Evaluation of physiological parameters of dogs submitted to uterine lymphatic mapping using patent blue V dye for anaphylaxis detection / Avaliação de parâmetros fisiológicos de cães submetidos ao mapeamento linfático uterino usando o corante azul patente V para a detecção de anafilaxia

Lymphatic mapping has been performed in humans and dogs. Although several cases of anaphylaxis have been reported in humans, there are no such reports in dogs. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of adverse reactions to patent blue V dye in bitches undergoing uterine lymphatic mapping procedures using cardiovascular and hematological evaluations. The experiment was performed in 14 mongrel bitches without any reproductive disease, randomly assigned into two equal groups (PBV- uterine lynphatic mapping and OHE; Control - OHE only). The animals were submitted to pre- and postoperative hematological and serum biochemistry exams (7 days). The anesthetic protocol was: sedation (morphine and acepromazine), induction (propofol), maintenance (isoflurane), transoperative analgesia (fentanyl). Systolic blood pressure was monitored throughout the procedure and arterial blood gas analysis was performed immediate pre and postoperatively. For lymphatic mapping was injected patent blue V in the uterine wall, 10 minutes before OEH. Comparisons between the pre- and postoperative parameters within the same animal were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. To compare the values between control and PBV group was obtaining the difference between the pre and post of each group, subjected to the Mann-Whitney test (significance of 5%). Differences were observed (P 0.05) between the pre- and postoperative evaluations in the PBV (total protein and the albumin serum), in both groups (arterial partial pressure of oxygen) and in the Control (arterial oxygen saturation). There were no signs of adverse reactions to the patent blue V dye in the healthy bitches submitted to lymphatic uterine mapping.(AU)

O mapeamento linfático tem sido realizado em humanos e cães. Embora inúmeros casos de anafilaxia já tenham sido relatados em humanos, não existem tais relatos em cães. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a ocorrência de reações adversas ao corante azul patente V em cadelas submetidas ao mapeamento linfático uterino, usando avaliações cardiovasculares e hematológicas. O experimento foi realizado em 14 cadelas mestiças, divididas igualmente em dois grupos (PBV- mapeamento linfático uterino e OEH; Controle - apenas OEH). Os animais foram submetidos a exames hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos no pré e pós-operatório (7 dias). O protocolo anestésico foi: sedação (morfina e acepromazina), indução (propofol), manutenção (isoflurano), analgesia trans-operatória (fentanil). A pressão arterial sistólica foi monitorada durante todo o procedimento e hemogasometria arterial no pré e pós-operatório imediato. Para o mapeamento linfático foi injetado azul patente V na parede uterina, 10 minutos antes de realizar a OEH. Comparações entre os valores do pré e pós-operatório do mesmo animal foram realizados pelo teste Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Para a comparação dos valores entre Controle e PBV foi realizado a obtenção da diferença entre os valores pré e pós de cada grupo, submetidas ao teste de Mann-Whitney (significância de 5%). Diferenças foram observadas (p 0,05) entre as avaliações pré e pós-operatórias no PBV (proteína total e albumina), ambos os grupos (pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial) e no Controle (saturação de oxigênio arterial). Não houve sinais de reação adversa ao corante azul patente V em cadelas saudáveis submetidas ao mapeamento linfático uterino.(AU)

Produção de lacase de Pycnoporus sanguineus em meio de cultivo à base de melaço soja / Laccase production by Pycnoporus sanguineus in culture media with soybean molasses / Producción de lacasa de Pycnoporus sanguineus en medio de cultivo con melaza de soja

Lacases são polifenol oxidases que utilizam a capacidade redox de íons cobre para reduzir oxigênio a água e oxidar um substrato fenólico. A síntese e secreção de lacases de basidiomicetos dependem de vários fatores como os nutrientes presentes no meio de cultura. Visando à produção de lacase, Pycnoporus sanguineus foi cultivado em meio contendo melaço de soja como única fonte de carbono, ureia como fonte de nitrogênio suplementar em diferentes concentrações (0,6; 1,2; 2,4; 4,8 e 9,6 g/L de nitrogênio) e diferentes concentrações de CuSO4 (0, 150, 200, 250 e 300 µM). O extrato enzimático produzido nas melhores condições de cultivo foi utilizado para a descoloração dos corantes remazol azul brilhante R (antraquinona), amarelo 145, preto 5, vermelho 195 (azo) e verde malaquita (trifenilmetano). As concentrações de nitrogênio não afetaram a produção de lacase, exceto a maior concentração (9,6 g/L) que reduziu a atividade enzimática. A adição de cobre ao meio de cultivo (150 µM) aumentou a atividade de lacase em 112%. A maior atividade de lacase (~34300 U/L) promoveu a descoloração dos corantes remazol azul brilhante R (67,5%) e verde malaquita (28,3%) em 24h, sendo os corantes azo descoloridos apenas parcialmente. Concluiu-se que o melaço de soja é um resíduo agroindustrial adequado para produção de lacase de P. sanguineus com potencial para degradação de corantes.(AU)

Laccases are multicopper oxidases using the redox ability from copper ions to reduce oxygen to water, while oxidizing a phenolic substrate. Laccase synthesis and secretion in basidiomycetes depend on the conditions provided and on the nutrients present in the culture medium. Pycnoporus sanguineus was cultivated in medium containing soybean molasses as the sole carbon source, with urea as the source of supplemental nitrogen at different concentrations (0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 g/L nitrogen), and different CuSO4 concentrations (0, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µM). The enzymatic extract produced under the best cultivation conditions was used for the depigmentation of remazole brilliant blue R (anthraquinone), yellow 145, black 5, red 195 (azo) and malachite green (triphenylmethane). Nitrogen concentrations did not affect laccase production, except for the higher concentration (9.6 g/L) reducing enzymatic activity. The addition of copper to the culture medium (150 µM) increased laccase activity by 112%. The highest laccase activity (~34300 U/L) promoted the depigmentation of remazol brilliant blue R (67.5%) and malachite green (28.3%) dyes in 24 hours. Azo dyes were only partially discolored. Therefore, it can be considered that soybean molasses is an agro-industrial byproduct suitable for the production of P. sanguineus laccase with potential for dye degradation.(AU)

Lacasas son polifenoles oxidasas que utilizan la capacidad redox de iones de cobre para reducir el oxígeno del agua y oxidar un sustrato fenólico. La síntesis y secreción de lacasas de basidiomicetos dependen de las condiciones como los nutrientes presentes en el medio de cultura. Buscando la producción de lacasa, se cultivó Pycnoporus sanguineus en medio que contenía melaza de soja como única fuente de carbono, urea como fuente de nitrógeno suplementar a diferentes concentraciones (0,6, 1,2, 2,4, 4,8 y 9,6 g/L de nitrógeno) y diferentes concentraciones de CuSO4 (0, 150, 200, 250 y 300 µM). El extrato enzimático producido en mejores condiciones de cultivo ha sido utilizado para la decoloración de los colorantes remazol azul brillante R (antraquinona), amarillo 145, negro 5, rojo 195 (azoico) y verde malaquita (trifenilmetano). Las concentraciones de nitrógeno no afectaron la producción de lacasa, excepto la mayor concentración (9,6 g/L) que redujo la actividad enzimática. La adición de cobre al medio de cultivo (150 µM) aumentó la actividad de la lacasa en un 112%. La mayor actividad de lacasa (~34300 U/L) promovió la decoloración de los colorantes remazol azul brillante R (67,5%) y verde malaquita (28,3%) en 24h, siendo que los colorantes azoicos fueran parcialmente decolorados. Se concluye que la melaza de soja es un desecho agroindustrial adecuado para la producción de lacasa de P. sanguineus con potencial para degradación de colorantes.(AU)

Produção de lacase de Pycnoporus sanguineus em meio de cultivo à base de melaço soja / Laccase production by Pycnoporus sanguineus in culture media with soybean molasses / Producción de lacasa de Pycnoporus sanguineus en medio de cultivo con melaza de soja

Lacases são polifenol oxidases que utilizam a capacidade redox de íons cobre para reduzir oxigênio a água e oxidar um substrato fenólico. A síntese e secreção de lacases de basidiomicetos dependem de vários fatores como os nutrientes presentes no meio de cultura. Visando à produção de lacase, Pycnoporus sanguineus foi cultivado em meio contendo melaço de soja como única fonte de carbono, ureia como fonte de nitrogênio suplementar em diferentes concentrações (0,6; 1,2; 2,4; 4,8 e 9,6 g/L de nitrogênio) e diferentes concentrações de CuSO4 (0, 150, 200, 250 e 300 µM). O extrato enzimático produzido nas melhores condições de cultivo foi utilizado para a descoloração dos corantes remazol azul brilhante R (antraquinona), amarelo 145, preto 5, vermelho 195 (azo) e verde malaquita (trifenilmetano). As concentrações de nitrogênio não afetaram a produção de lacase, exceto a maior concentração (9,6 g/L) que reduziu a atividade enzimática. A adição de cobre ao meio de cultivo (150 µM) aumentou a atividade de lacase em 112%. A maior atividade de lacase (~34300 U/L) promoveu a descoloração dos corantes remazol azul brilhante R (67,5%) e verde malaquita (28,3%) em 24h, sendo os corantes azo descoloridos apenas parcialmente. Concluiu-se que o melaço de soja é um resíduo agroindustrial adequado para produção de lacase de P. sanguineus com potencial para degradação de corantes.

Laccases are multicopper oxidases using the redox ability from copper ions to reduce oxygen to water, while oxidizing a phenolic substrate. Laccase synthesis and secretion in basidiomycetes depend on the conditions provided and on the nutrients present in the culture medium. Pycnoporus sanguineus was cultivated in medium containing soybean molasses as the sole carbon source, with urea as the source of supplemental nitrogen at different concentrations (0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 g/L nitrogen), and different CuSO4 concentrations (0, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µM). The enzymatic extract produced under the best cultivation conditions was used for the depigmentation of remazole brilliant blue R (anthraquinone), yellow 145, black 5, red 195 (azo) and malachite green (triphenylmethane). Nitrogen concentrations did not affect laccase production, except for the higher concentration (9.6 g/L) reducing enzymatic activity. The addition of copper to the culture medium (150 µM) increased laccase activity by 112%. The highest laccase activity (~34300 U/L) promoted the depigmentation of remazol brilliant blue R (67.5%) and malachite green (28.3%) dyes in 24 hours. Azo dyes were only partially discolored. Therefore, it can be considered that soybean molasses is an agro-industrial byproduct suitable for the production of P. sanguineus laccase with potential for dye degradation.

Lacasas son polifenoles oxidasas que utilizan la capacidad redox de iones de cobre para reducir el oxígeno del agua y oxidar un sustrato fenólico. La síntesis y secreción de lacasas de basidiomicetos dependen de las condiciones como los nutrientes presentes en el medio de cultura. Buscando la producción de lacasa, se cultivó Pycnoporus sanguineus en medio que contenía melaza de soja como única fuente de carbono, urea como fuente de nitrógeno suplementar a diferentes concentraciones (0,6, 1,2, 2,4, 4,8 y 9,6 g/L de nitrógeno) y diferentes concentraciones de CuSO4 (0, 150, 200, 250 y 300 µM). El extrato enzimático producido en mejores condiciones de cultivo ha sido utilizado para la decoloración de los colorantes remazol azul brillante R (antraquinona), amarillo 145, negro 5, rojo 195 (azoico) y verde malaquita (trifenilmetano). Las concentraciones de nitrógeno no afectaron la producción de lacasa, excepto la mayor concentración (9,6 g/L) que redujo la actividad enzimática. La adición de cobre al medio de cultivo (150 µM) aumentó la actividad de la lacasa en un 112%. La mayor actividad de lacasa (~34300 U/L) promovió la decoloración de los colorantes remazol azul brillante R (67,5%) y verde malaquita (28,3%) en 24h, siendo que los colorantes azoicos fueran parcialmente decolorados. Se concluye que la melaza de soja es un desecho agroindustrial adecuado para la producción de lacasa de P. sanguineus con potencial para degradación de colorantes.

AVALIAÇÃO DE CONSUMO E PERCEPÇÃO DE CONSUMIDORES SOBRE KEFIR COLORIDO COM CORANTES DE DIFERENTES ORIGENS

Os consumidores, nos últimos anos, vêm procurando incorporar em sua alimentação diária produtos in natura, minimamente processados, além de isentos de aditivos artificiais, os produtos ditos Clean label, na busca por uma vida mais saudável, natural e sustentável. Contudo, na indústria de alimentos ainda existe uma ampla variedade de aditivos artificiais utilizados, como os corantes usados para conferir ou intensificar a cor dos alimentos, embora sejam visualizados com rejeição por parte dos consumidores, bem como com dubiedade de opiniões pela comunidade científica sobre seus concretos malefícios à saúde. Somado isso tem-se a crescente dos novos corantes por fontes alternativas pelo reaproveitamento de frutas. Todavia, até o presente momento, existe escassez de estudos sobre a real percepção dos consumidores sobre as distintas classes de corantes existentes no mercado e sobre a inserção desses corantes em alimentos com consagrado apelo saudável, como os produtos lácteos fermentados como o iogurte e kefir, por exemplo. Compreender a percepção desses consumidores, por meio da análise sensorial e estudos com o consumidor, é uma forma de entender quais são os parâmetros intrínsecos e extrínsecos atribuídos aos produtos coloridos, sendo uma ferramenta valiosa para as indústrias laticinistas no direcionamento ou mesmo adequação dos produtos ao cenário atual. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa objetivou a compreensão holística da percepção e do perfil de consumidores sobre embalagens de kefir coloridos com corantes de diferentes origens, por meio de distintas metodologias sensoriais: Questionário de escolhas alimentares (Food Choice Questionnare), Perfil de personalidade do produto (Product Personality Profiling), Check -all- that- apply com descritores emojis e estudos de Atitude e Conhecimento. Para isso, foram elaborados dois estudos online onde, primeiramente, buscou-se correlacionar as escolhas alimentares dos participantes com a descrição personificada das quatro embalagens amostras fornecidas, e em seguida, através da atitude esperada e do uso de emojis, procurou-se entender as atitudes e emoções dos consumidores sobre as quatro embalagens averiguando se os resultados estavam condizentes com suas atitudes e conhecimentos sobre os corantes. Como resultado foram identificados três nichos distintos de participantes, nomeados de Consciente, Ponderado e Flexível. Sendo unânime entre eles a associação negativa ao uso de corantes artificiais, uma percepção positiva ao uso de corantes naturais e o sem corante, além da possível recepção ao corante natural obtido de resíduos de acerola. No segundo artigo, adicionalmente as respostas emocionais, que foram fundamentais na diferenciação das embalagens, observou-se emoji com valências negativas para o uso de corantes artificiais, e valência positiva para o novo corante obtido a partir de resíduos de acerola. Além disso, foi notado que os participantes possuíam congruência entre o conhecimento que detinham sobre os corantes e a atitude que possuem sobre esses. Neste contexto, conclui-se que o uso combinado das metodologias sensoriais empregadas auxiliaram no entendimento sobre a percepção do consumidor a respeito de corantes, e podem nortear estratégias de desenvolvimento e reformulação de produtos lácteos fermentados, como o kefir, especialmente através do emprego de corantes naturais oriundos de resíduos de frutas, atendendo às demandas sustentáveis atuais do consumidor modernos, ratificada pela correlação positiva percebida pelos consumidores neste estudo.

Consumers, in recent years, have been trying to incorporate in their daily food products in natura, minimally processed, in addition to being free from artificial additives, the products called Clean label, in the search for a healthier, more natural and sustainable life. However, in the food industry there is still a wide variety of artificial additives used, such as the dyes used to check or intensify the color of foods, although they are viewed with rejection by consumers, as well as with doubts by the scientific community about their products. concrete harm to health. Added to this, there is the growing of new dyes by alternative sources for the reuse of fruits. However, to date, there is a scarcity of studies on the real perception of consumers on the different classes of dyes available on the market and on the inclusion of these dyes in foods with established healthy appeal, such as fermented dairy products such as yogurt and kefir, for example. Understanding the perception of these consumers, through sensory analysis and studies with the consumer, is a way of understanding what are the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters attributed to colored products, being a valuable tool for the dairy industry in directing or even adapting products to current scenario. Thus, the present research aimed at a holistic understanding of the perception and the profile of consumers about colorful kefir packaging with dyes from different origins, through different sensory methodologies: Food Choice Questionnaire, Product Personality Profile, Check -all- that- apply with emoji descriptors and Attitude and Knowledge studies. To this end, two online studies were carried out where, first, it was sought to correlate the participants' food choices with the personified description of the four sample packs provided, and then, through the expected attitude and the use of emojis, we tried to understand the consumer attitudes and emotions about the four packages, checking if the results were consistent with their attitudes and knowledge about the dyes. As a result, three distinct niches of participants were identified, named Conscious, Weighted and Flexible. Being unanimous among them the negative association with the use of artificial colors, a positive perception of the use of natural dyes and without dyes, in addition to possible reception of the natural dye obtained from acerola residues. In the second article, In addition, emotional responses were fundamental in the differentiation of packaging, with emoji with negative valences for the use of artificial colors, and positive valence for the new dye obtained from acerola residues. In addition, it was observed that the participants had congruence between the knowledge they had about dyes and the attitude they have about them. In this context, it is concluded that the combined use of the sensory methodologies employed helps to understand the consumer's perception of dyes, and can guide strategies for the development and reformulation of fermented dairy products, such as kefir, especially through the use of dyes. natural from fruit residues, meeting the current sustainable demands of modern consumers, ratified by the positive correlation perceived by consumers in this study.

Efficacy of fungal decolorization of a mixture of dyes belonging to different classes

Dyes are the most difficult constituents to remove by conventional biological wastewater treatment. Colored wastewater is mainly eliminated by physical and chemical procedures, which are very expensive and have drawbacks. Therefore, the advantage of using biological processes, such as the biotransformation of dyes, is that they may lead to complete mineralization or formation of less toxic products. To prove the possibility of using fungal processes for decolorization and other applications, the analysis of the toxicity of the processes' products is required. The decolorization of the mixture of two dyes from different classes - triphenylmethane brilliant green and azo Evans blue (GB - total concentration 0.08 g/L, proportion 1:1 w/w) - by Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH and MB), Gloeophyllum odoratum (DCa), RWP17 (Polyporus picipes) and Fusarium oxysporum (G1) was studied. Zootoxicity (Daphnia magna) and phytotoxicity (Lemna minor) changes were estimated at the end of the experiment. The mixture of dyes was significantly removed by all the strains that were tested with 96 h of experimental time. However, differences among strains from the same species (P. ostreatus) were noted. Shaking improved the efficacy and rate of the dye removal. In static samples, the removal of the mixture reached more than 51.9% and in shaken samples, more than 79.2%. Tests using the dead biomass of the fungi only adsorbed up to 37% of the dye mixture (strain BWPH), which suggests that the process with the living biomass involves the biotransformation of the dyes. The best results were reached for the MB strain, which removed 90% of the tested mixture under shaking conditions. Regardless of the efficacy of the dye removal, toxicity decreased from class V to class III in tests with D. magna. Tests with L. minor control samples were classified as class IV, and samples with certain strains were non-toxic. The highest phytotoxicity decrease was noted in shaken samples where the elimination of dye mixture was the best.(AU)