The protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury

Purpose To investigate the protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum on testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D)-induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods Thirty male Wistar albino rats were randomly categorized into 3 groups: Group 1: sham, Group 2 ( T/D): 2,5 hours of ischemia and 7 days of reperfusion, Group 3 (T/D+ G. lucidum ): 2,5 hours of ischemia and 7 days of reperfusion and 7 days of 20 mg/kg via gastric gavage G. lucidum polysaccharides per day. Biochemical assays of Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH) levels , histopathology and expression levels of VEGF and Bcl-2 with immunohistochemical methods were examined in testicular tissue. Results G. lucidum treatment was found to have prevented the T/D-induced I/R injury by decreasing MDA levels of the testis. SOD, CAT and GSH activities were decreased in group 2, while they were increased in group 3 (p<0.001) and significant improvement in the tube diameter was observed in group 3. Bcl-2-positive germinal cells were lowered in group 3 compared to the group 2. VEGF expression showed an increase in group 2, whereas it decreased in group 3. Conclusion The antioxidant G. lucidum is thought to induce angiogenesis by reducing the apoptotic effect in testicular torsion-detorsion.(AU)

Torção testicular em saco escrotal de canino jovem / Testicular torsion in the scrotum of a young canine

Background: Testicular torsion is a rare condition in canines, affecting any animal, regardless of age and racial predisposition. The possible cause, when talking about young dogs, is often unreliable, and can be associated with traumatic processes or excessive physical activity. Dogs with spermatic cord twist usually show signs of acute and sudden pain in one of the testicles that can be propagated to the abdomen; besides edema, heat and scrotal flush. The absence of blood flow toward the affected testicle can be observed, however, the definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed through a surgical procedure or necropsy. This situation is considered a medical emergency that requires surgical intervention for resolution and has treatment of choice bilateral orchiectomy. The objective of this study was to report the case of a testicular torsion inside the scrotal pouch of a young dog.Case: A 6-month-old male Poodle dog, weighing 6.40 kg, was attended at the Metropolitan Veterinary Polyclinic, located in the municipality of Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil. During anamnesis it was reported by the owner of the animal an suddenly increase in volume of the scrotal pouch and right testicle. The physical examination observed normal mucous membranes, lymphadenopathy, capillary refill time of 2 s, temperature of 39.2°C, heart rate of 72 beats per minute and 68 breaths per minute. Hematologic test was requested, creatinine, dosage of ALT and ultrasound as complementary exams. The result of hemogram presented thrombocytopenia (150,000/mm3 ) and the presence of giant platelets. Besides, a biochemical series presented no alterations. On the Doppler ultrasound, the right testicle proved to show loss of normal structure, enlarged scrotum, hyperechoic epididymal region with adjacent liquid and absence of local vascularization.[...]

Torção testicular em saco escrotal de canino jovem / Testicular torsion in the scrotum of a young canine

Background: Testicular torsion is a rare condition in canines, affecting any animal, regardless of age and racial predisposition. The possible cause, when talking about young dogs, is often unreliable, and can be associated with traumatic processes or excessive physical activity. Dogs with spermatic cord twist usually show signs of acute and sudden pain in one of the testicles that can be propagated to the abdomen; besides edema, heat and scrotal flush. The absence of blood flow toward the affected testicle can be observed, however, the definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed through a surgical procedure or necropsy. This situation is considered a medical emergency that requires surgical intervention for resolution and has treatment of choice bilateral orchiectomy. The objective of this study was to report the case of a testicular torsion inside the scrotal pouch of a young dog.Case: A 6-month-old male Poodle dog, weighing 6.40 kg, was attended at the Metropolitan Veterinary Polyclinic, located in the municipality of Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil. During anamnesis it was reported by the owner of the animal an suddenly increase in volume of the scrotal pouch and right testicle. The physical examination observed normal mucous membranes, lymphadenopathy, capillary refill time of 2 s, temperature of 39.2°C, heart rate of 72 beats per minute and 68 breaths per minute. Hematologic test was requested, creatinine, dosage of ALT and ultrasound as complementary exams. The result of hemogram presented thrombocytopenia (150,000/mm3 ) and the presence of giant platelets. Besides, a biochemical series presented no alterations. On the Doppler ultrasound, the right testicle proved to show loss of normal structure, enlarged scrotum, hyperechoic epididymal region with adjacent liquid and absence of local vascularization.[...](AU)

Investigation of the antioxidant effects of pheniramine maleate and nebivolol on testicular damage in rats with experimentally induced testis torsion

Purpose: To investigate the biochemical, histopathologic, and spermatogenetic changes in the detorsionated testicle after experimental torsion and to study the antioxidant effects of pheniramine maleate and nebivolol.Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Sham; Group 2: Torsion/Detorsion (T/D); Group 3: T/D + Pheniramine maleate (PM); Group 4: T/D + Nebivolol (NB) group. Paroxanase (PON), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stres index (OSI) were measured, and spermatogenetic and histopathologic evaluation was performed in tissue and blood samples.Results: The evaluation of tissue TAS indicated no statistically significant difference in Group 3 compared to Group 2. A statistically significant increase was detected in Group 4 compared to Group 2. Serum PON levels revealed a statistically significant increase in Groups 3 and 4 compared to Groups 1 and 2. The Johnsen testicular biopsy score decreased in Groups 3 and 4, but the decrease was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Pheniramine maleate and nebivolol have antioxidant effects against ischemia-reperfusion damage. They also support tissue recovery, which is more significantly observed by nebivolol.(AU)

Torção testicular em cães / Testicular torsion in dogs

A torção testicular é uma condição rara em cães e animais de qualquer idade, com maiorincidência relatada em criptorquidas. O diagnóstico é baseado em histórico e sinaisclínicos, a ultrassonografia pode demonstrar alterações importantes que variam deacordo com o tempo de início da torção. A confirmação da suspeita inicial é realizadamediante laparotomia exploratória. A torção testicular é uma emergência e requerintervenção cirúrgica por intermédio de orquiectomia. O objetivo desse trabalho foirealizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a torção testicular em cães, enfermidade deextrema importância e pouco diagnosticada por ser confundida com outras patologias doórgão.

Testicular torsion is a rare condition in dogs and animals of any age, with a higherincidence reported in cryptorchids. The diagnosis is based on history and clinical signs,ultrasound can demonstrate important changes that vary according to the evolution ofthe pathology. Confirmation of the initial suspicion is performed by exploratorylaparotomy. Testicular torsion is an emergency and requires surgical interventionthrough orchiectomy. The objective of this work was to perform a literature review ontesticular torsion in dogs, a disease of extreme importance and poorly diagnosed forbeing confused with other pathologies of the organ.

Hematoma in the spermatic cord in association with orchitis in a Crioulo stallion / Hematoma no plexo pampiniforme associado à orquite em garanhão Crioulo

Background: The equine industry is growing in Brazil, specially the Crioulo breed, thus resulting in more investments and more diagnoses in clinical and reproductive diseases. Orchitis is related to subfertility, as a result of infectious agents, autoimmune diseases and traumatic injuries. After a traumatic injury, metabolic and vascular changes may occur, including testicular pathologies associated with blood flow changes. Reproductive tract injuries in stallions may result in impotentia coeundi and generandi, therefore requiring periodic monitoring and evaluation. This study aimed to report a case of hematoma in pampiniform plexus and orchitis in a Crioulo stallion, with differential diagnoses.Case: An equine, male, Crioulo horse, 6 years-old, was attended during reproductive season due to an increase in scrotal volume. During clinical evaluation all parameters were within reference values. During reproductive clinical evaluation it was observed enlarged, edema, heat and pain in the scrotum and testicules bilaterally. The testicle and spermatic cord presented discrete rotation, approximately 45º. In the dorsal board of right testicle, in the spermatic cord, it was noticed a structure firm to palpation, anecoic and avascularized at ultrasound exam. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes for hematologic evaluation. Seminal samples were collected with an artificial vagina...(AU)

A crescente valorização econômica da raça Crioula resulta em aumento de investimentos na raça e profissionalização da criação de equinos [4], com consequente maior detecção de alterações clínico-reprodutivas.A orquite, uma reação inflamatória testicular, apresenta na fase aguda aumento de tamanho, calor, dor, flacidez, hemorragia e necrose em parênquima testicular. A inflamação do parênquima está relacionada à subfertilidade temporária a permanente, sendo resultado de agentes infecciosos, enfermidades autoimunes e lesões traumáticas [10].Após um episódio de trauma testicular, as prostaglandinas aumentam o fluxo sanguíneo e permeabilidade vascular e associada às citocinas alteram o centro hipotalâmico termorregulador, resultando em aumento da temperatura corporal [2]. O extravasamento de fluidos e proteínas do espaço vascular para o interstício resulta em edema local [2]. Um único episódio de trauma resulta em alteração de fluxo sanguíneo e permeabilidade vascular por 24-48 h [2]. Dentre as patologias testiculares, a varicocele, necrose testicular e torção de cordão espermático estão associadas a alterações no fluxo sanguíneo [12].A ocorrência de alterações no trato reprodutivo de garanhões é uma situação alarmante durante a estação reprodutiva, podendo resultar em alteração na potência coeundi e generandi, necessitando monitora- ção e avaliação periódica do garanhão...(AU)

The antioxidant effect of dexmedetomidine on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury

PURPOSE:To investigate the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on testicular damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.METHODS:Sham group underwent left scrotal exploration only (group 1). The ischemia-reperfusion only group underwent left testicular torsion and detorsion (group 2). The ischemia-reperfusion plus Dex group underwent left testicular torsion, received 50 µg/kg Dex (group 3) and 100 µg/kg Dex (group 4) intraperitoneally at minute 180 of ischemia and then underwent detorsion. We determined histopathological findings and performed specific biochemical analyses.RESULTS:Increasing doses of Dex significantly increased TAS, and significantly decreased OSI. Analyzing the antioxidant effects of increasing doses of Dex in torsion and contrlateral testicles: Dex 100 µg/kg statistically significant increased the tissue total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) when compared with Dex 50 µg/kg but not found significantly change on the tissue total oxidant status (TOS). However, Dex did not significantly improve these histological alterations.CONCLUSION:The antioxidant effects of dexmedetomidine on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in ipsilateral and contrlateral testis, but in the histopathological level, there was no difference statistically according to Johnsen's scoring system between groups at both sides.(AU)

Hematoma in the spermatic cord in association with orchitis in a Crioulo stallion / Hematoma no plexo pampiniforme associado à orquite em garanhão Crioulo

Background: The equine industry is growing in Brazil, specially the Crioulo breed, thus resulting in more investments and more diagnoses in clinical and reproductive diseases. Orchitis is related to subfertility, as a result of infectious agents, autoimmune diseases and traumatic injuries. After a traumatic injury, metabolic and vascular changes may occur, including testicular pathologies associated with blood flow changes. Reproductive tract injuries in stallions may result in impotentia coeundi and generandi, therefore requiring periodic monitoring and evaluation. This study aimed to report a case of hematoma in pampiniform plexus and orchitis in a Crioulo stallion, with differential diagnoses.Case: An equine, male, Crioulo horse, 6 years-old, was attended during reproductive season due to an increase in scrotal volume. During clinical evaluation all parameters were within reference values. During reproductive clinical evaluation it was observed enlarged, edema, heat and pain in the scrotum and testicules bilaterally. The testicle and spermatic cord presented discrete rotation, approximately 45º. In the dorsal board of right testicle, in the spermatic cord, it was noticed a structure firm to palpation, anecoic and avascularized at ultrasound exam. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes for hematologic evaluation. Seminal samples were collected with an artificial vagina...

A crescente valorização econômica da raça Crioula resulta em aumento de investimentos na raça e profissionalização da criação de equinos [4], com consequente maior detecção de alterações clínico-reprodutivas.A orquite, uma reação inflamatória testicular, apresenta na fase aguda aumento de tamanho, calor, dor, flacidez, hemorragia e necrose em parênquima testicular. A inflamação do parênquima está relacionada à subfertilidade temporária a permanente, sendo resultado de agentes infecciosos, enfermidades autoimunes e lesões traumáticas [10].Após um episódio de trauma testicular, as prostaglandinas aumentam o fluxo sanguíneo e permeabilidade vascular e associada às citocinas alteram o centro hipotalâmico termorregulador, resultando em aumento da temperatura corporal [2]. O extravasamento de fluidos e proteínas do espaço vascular para o interstício resulta em edema local [2]. Um único episódio de trauma resulta em alteração de fluxo sanguíneo e permeabilidade vascular por 24-48 h [2]. Dentre as patologias testiculares, a varicocele, necrose testicular e torção de cordão espermático estão associadas a alterações no fluxo sanguíneo [12].A ocorrência de alterações no trato reprodutivo de garanhões é uma situação alarmante durante a estação reprodutiva, podendo resultar em alteração na potência coeundi e generandi, necessitando monitora- ção e avaliação periódica do garanhão...

Protective effects of abdominal electroacupuncture on oxidative stress and inflammation due to testis torsion/detorsion in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of acupuncture (Ac) and electroacupuncture (EAc) on oxidative stress and inflammation in testis torsion/detorsion (T/D) model in rats. METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups. G1 Group (Sham) served as control. The remaining groups were submitted to spermatic cord torsion (720°) for 3 hours, followed by detorsion and reperfusion for 4 hours. Before detorsion G3, G4 and G5 rats were treated with Ac, EAc 2Hz and EAc 10 Hz, respectively, applied to acupoint Gulai (S-29) bilaterally under anesthesia for 5 minutes. Next, the testes were detorsioned and reperfused for 4 hours. Afterwards, blood samples and the right testis were collected for biochemical assays: reduced Glutathione (GSH), Malonaldehyde (MDA), Myeloperoxidase (MPO). RESULTS: EAc stimulation (2 and 10 Hz) promoted significant increase in concentrations of GSH in plasma and testis of G4-G5 rats, compared with G1. There was significant increase of tissue MDA in groups G4-G5 and plasma MDA in all groups, compared with G1. There was a significant reduction in MPO activity in groups G4-G5 compared with G1. CONCLUSION: Electroacupuncture stimulation (2 and 10 Hz) attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in rats subjected to testicular torsion/detorsion. (AU)

Expression of FAS ligand in the ipsilateral and contralateral testicles of rats subjected to the torsion of the unilateral testicular cord

PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of FAS ligand (FASL) in ipsilateral and contralateral testicles of rats submitted to ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: Wistar rats (n=21) distributed into groups control (GC), n=5, testicular exposure; ischemia (GI), (n=8), Torsion in the left testicular Cord (TCT) for three hours followed by orchiectomy without distortion and orchietomy of the contralateral testicle after 24 hours; and reperfusion (GR), (n=8), left TCT for 3 hours and distortion and repositioning on the scrotum and bilateral orchiectomy after 24 hours. Quantification of the FASL expression by immune-histochemistry. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed similarity between GC and GI (p>0.05), differences detected are concentrated on the GR (p<0.05), increase in immunoexpression of FASL in the subgroups Right GR (406.8+-61.5) and Left GR (135.3 +-28.9) with significant predominance in the GR subgroup. CONCLUSION: Ischemia/reperfusion increased the FASL expression significantly in contralateral testicles in GR, in rats.(AU)

Decompressive fasciotomy in testicular torsion of the spermatic cord in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of decompression fasciotomy on testes undergoing torsion of the spermatic cord. METHODS: Spermatic cord torsion was induced in 40 Wistar testes for six and 12 hours. At the time of distortion, decompression fasciotomy was performed on half of the animals. After 42 days, the testicles were examined both macroscopically and microscopically. A non-parametric Mann- Whitney U- test was used for statistical analysis. The results were considered significant at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Testicular weight; volume and degree of histological alterations were evaluated. When the groups without and with fasciotomy were compared, a 12-hour torsion subgroup in the fasciotomy group was noted to present larger volume, heavier weight and superior histological classification when compared with the 12-hour subgroup in the without fasciotomy group. No differences between the two groups after six hours of torsion were found. No significant changes were noticed in the contralateral testis. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular fasciotomy (decompression) benefited the macroscopic and histological aspects of the testicles undergoing cord torsion for a 12-hour period. These results demonstrate the role played by compartment syndrome in the pathophysiology of spermatic cord torsion and the need for decompression.(AU)

Long-term effects of the testicular torsion on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis and the preventive value of the twisted testis orchiepididymectomy / Efeitos tardios da torção testicular sobre a espermatogênese do testículo contralateral e o valor preventivo da orquiepididimectomia do testículo torcido

PURPOSE: To determine whether the testicular torsion causes long-term effects on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis, and whether the orchiepididymectomy of the twisted testis could prevent them, using specific spermatogenesis parameters to elucidate the conflicting results in the literature. METHODS: Seventy-four pubertal male Wistar rats were randomly selected. The experimental group consisted of 40 rats, divided into four subgroups, submitted to 1.080 degrees counterclockwise left testicular torsion and its scrotal fixation at the beginning of the experiment, and left orchiepididymectomy at one, five, ten and 90 days, respectively. The control group consisted of 24 rats, divided into four sham operation control subgroups. An additional control subgroup consisted of the ten remaining rats, submitted only to the left orchiepididymectomy at the beginning. At 90 days, the contralateral testes of the experimental and control subgroups were collected for the evaluation of their spermatogenesis parameters: testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, Johnsen score and differential counting of the germ cells. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed among the experimental and control subgroups for all of the spermatogenesis parameters of the contralateral testes. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular torsion does not cause long-term effects on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis in pubertal rats, and the orchiepididymectomy of the twisted testis is not necessary for preventive purposes for the contralateral spermatogenesis.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Determinar se a torção testicular causa efeitos tardios sobre a espermatogênese do testículo contralateral e se a orquiepididimectomia do testículo torcido poderia preveni-los, usando parâmetros específicos da espermatogênese para elucidar os resultados conflitantes na literatura. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 74 ratos machos púberes da linhagem Wistar. O grupo experimental foi composto por 40 ratos divididos em quatro subgrupos, submetidos à torção anti-horária de 1,080 graus do testículo esquerdo e sua fixação escrotal no início do experimento e à orquiepidimectomia esquerda com um, cinco, dez e 90 dias, respectivamente. O grupo controle foi composto por 24 ratos divididos em quatro subgrupos de cirurgias simuladas. Um subgrupo controle adicional foi constituído pelos dez ratos restantes submetidos unicamente à orquiepididimectomia esquerda no início do experimento. Aos 90 dias, os testículos contralaterais dos subgrupos experimentais e controles foram coletados para avaliação dos parâmetros de suas espermatogêneses: peso testicular, diâmetro do túbulo seminífero, graduação de Johnsen e contagem diferencial das células germinativas. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre todos os subgrupos experimentais e controles para todos os parâmetros analisados da espermatogênese dos testículos contralaterais. CONCLUSÕES: A torção testicular não causa efeitos tardios sobre a espermatogênese do testículo contralateral em ratos púberes e a orquiepididimectomia do testículo torcido não é necessária para fins preventivos da espermatogênese contralateral.(AU)

Propofol effects on the morphology of rat testes subjected to testicular ischemia­reperfusion / Efeitos do propofol sobre a morfologia do testículo do rato submetido à isquemia-reperfusão testicular

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of propofol as an inhibitor of tissue injury in testicular ischemia-reperfusion in rats. METHODS: 30 Wistar rats were assigned to one of three groups of 10 animals: G1, testicular exposure alone; G2 and G3: testicular ischemia caused by left spermatic cord torsion of 720º. In G3, propofol was administered intraperitoneally at 20 mg/kg/h 45 minutes after spermatic cord torsion. In G2 and G3, spermatic cords were detorsioned after 60 min. In all three groups, testes were subsequently repositioned in the scrotum. After 90 days, bilateral orchiectomy was performed for histological examination. RESULTS: No abnormalities in seminiferous tubules were found in G1. In G2, 86.6 percent of left testes exhibited abnormalities, in contrast with 67.8 percent for right testes. In G3, these proportions were 57.3 percent and 45.6 percent, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between G2 and G3. CONCLUSION: Propofol reduced the tissue damage in rat testes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion caused by spermatic cord torsion.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do propofol como inibidor da lesão tecidual na isquemia-reperfusão testicular em ratos. MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em três grupos de 10 animais. G1: apenas exposição testicular. G2 e G3: isquemia testicular por torção do cordão espermático esquerdo a 720º. G3, 45 minutos após a torção do cordão espermático foi administrado propofol 20mg/Kg/hora via intraperitoneal. Após 60 minutos, nos grupos 2 e 3 foram desfeitas as torções dos cordões espermáticos e em seguida os testículos dos animais dos três grupos foram reposicionados no escroto. Após 90 dias foi realizada a orquiectomia bilateral para análise histológica. RESULTADOS: Nos túbulos seminíferos do grupo 1 não se encontrou anormalidades. Nos túbulos seminíferos do Grupo 2, as anormalidades foram 86,6 por cento nos testículos esquerdos e 67,8 por cento nos testículos direitos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quando se compararam os testículos dos grupos 2 e 3. CONCLUSÃO: O propofol minimiza a lesão tecidual em testículos de ratos submetidos à isquemia-reperfusão na torção do cordão espermático.(AU)

Oxidative stress induced by torsion of the spermatic cord in young rats / Estresse oxidativo induzido por torção do cordão espermático em ratos jovens

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of the oxidative stress in an experimental model of torsion/detorsion of the spermatic cord and the legitimacy of this model for oxidative stress studies. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomized in two groups (n=24): G-1 (Sham) and G-2 (Ischemia/Reperfusion). All rats received intraperitoneal saline injections (2.0 ml), at 21, 9, and 1 h before right spermatic cord torsion or first sham operation. Detorsion or second sham operation was carried out 3 h later followed by testis and blood samples collection (T-0). Additional samples were collected at 1-3-6 h time-points for assessment of testis malonaldehyde, glutathione, and plasma total antioxidant power (TAP). RESULTS: Spermatic cord torsion/detorsion induced a significant increase in testicular malonaldehyde contents and a significant decrease in glutathione concentrations in ischemic rats compared with sham animals. Additional increase in malonaldehyde levels occurred during reperfusion in G-2 rats. TAP was similar in both groups denoting absence of systemic effects in this study. CONCLUSION: Torsion/detorsion of the spermatic cord for 3 h induces significant lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione content of the testis and is, therefore, a valid model for studying the oxidative stress effects of the ischemia/reperfusion injury in young rat testis.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos do estresse oxidativo utilizando um modelo experimental de torção/destorção do cordão espermático e a aplicabilidade do modelo para estudo do estresse oxidativo. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 48 ratos distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=24): G-1 (Simulado) e G-2 (Isquemia/Reperfusão). Todos os animais receberam injeções intraperitoniais de solução salina (2,0 ml) 21-9-1 horas antes da torção ou primeira operação simulada. A destorção/segunda operação simulada (T-0) foi realizada após 3 horas, com coleta das amostras (testículo e sangue arterial) nesta ocasião e após 1-3-6 horas para determinação das concentrações de malonaldeído, glutationa e capacidade antioxidante total do plasma (CAT). RESULTADOS: a torção do cordão espermático induziu aumento significante das concentrações de malonaldeído e redução simultânea das concentrações de glutationa nos ratos do grupo G-2, comparados ao grupo simulado. Ocorreu aumento adicional das concentrações de malonaldeído durante a reperfusão (G-2). A capacidade antioxidante total do plasma foi semelhante nos dois grupos estudados, denotando ausência de efeitos sistêmicos. CONCLUSÃO: A torção durante 3 horas seguida de destorção do cordão espermático induz um nível significante de peroxidação lipídica e redução da concentração de glutationa constituindo-se um modelo válido para o estudo dos efeitos do estresse oxidativo decorrente da lesão de isquemia/reperfusão no testículo de ratos jovens.(AU)

Contribuição da ultrassonografia no criptorquidismo canino / Contribuition of ultrasound in canine cryptorchidism

Caracterizado pela ausência do deslocamento de um ou ambos os testículos da cavidade abdominal para o escroto ou pela impossibilidade de manter a posição fisiológica dos testículos no escroto, o testículo retido tem predisposição para lesões degenerativas que podem levar à torção testicular, atrofia ou neoplasia. A ultrassonografia abdominal auxilia no diagnóstico da localização do testículo retido, na avaliação da anatomia e do parênquima do órgão além de permitir a visualização de diversos órgãos abdominais, diferenciando esta de outras causas de abdome agudo. Na torção testicular há aumento de tamanho testicular e ecogenicidade parenquimal diminuída com alongamento do epidídimo. O método Doppler é um indicador sensível do fluxo sanguíneo testicular comprometido. As neoplasias apresentam padrão parenquimal misto e complexo. Podem causar aumento testicular generalizado e obliteração do mediastino ao ultrassom.(AU)

Characterized by the absence of displacement of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity to the scrotum or the inability to maintain the physiological position of the testes in the scrotum, the retained testicle has a predisposition to degenerative lesions wich may lead to testicular torsion, atrophy, or neoplasia. The abdominal ultrasonography assists in diagnose of the location of the retained testicle on the assesment of the evaluation of the anatomy and parenchyma and allows the visualization of multiple abdominal organs, differentiating it from other causes of acute abdome. In testicular torsion, there is an increase in testicular size and diminished parenchyma echogenicity with longer epididymis. The Doppler method is a sensitive indicator of testicular compromised blood flow. The neoplasms presents a complex and mixture parenchymal pattern. They may cause generalized testicular growth and cancellation of the mediastinum in the ultrasound.(AU)

Contribuição da ultrassonografia no criptorquidismo canino / Contribuition of ultrasound in canine cryptorchidism

Caracterizado pela ausência do deslocamento de um ou ambos os testículos da cavidade abdominal para o escroto ou pela impossibilidade de manter a posição fisiológica dos testículos no escroto, o testículo retido tem predisposição para lesões degenerativas que podem levar à torção testicular, atrofia ou neoplasia. A ultrassonografia abdominal auxilia no diagnóstico da localização do testículo retido, na avaliação da anatomia e do parênquima do órgão além de permitir a visualização de diversos órgãos abdominais, diferenciando esta de outras causas de abdome agudo. Na torção testicular há aumento de tamanho testicular e ecogenicidade parenquimal diminuída com alongamento do epidídimo. O método Doppler é um indicador sensível do fluxo sanguíneo testicular comprometido. As neoplasias apresentam padrão parenquimal misto e complexo. Podem causar aumento testicular generalizado e obliteração do mediastino ao ultrassom.

Characterized by the absence of displacement of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity to the scrotum or the inability to maintain the physiological position of the testes in the scrotum, the retained testicle has a predisposition to degenerative lesions wich may lead to testicular torsion, atrophy, or neoplasia. The abdominal ultrasonography assists in diagnose of the location of the retained testicle on the assesment of the evaluation of the anatomy and parenchyma and allows the visualization of multiple abdominal organs, differentiating it from other causes of acute abdome. In testicular torsion, there is an increase in testicular size and diminished parenchyma echogenicity with longer epididymis. The Doppler method is a sensitive indicator of testicular compromised blood flow. The neoplasms presents a complex and mixture parenchymal pattern. They may cause generalized testicular growth and cancellation of the mediastinum in the ultrasound.

Efeito do alopurinol sobre a morfologia do testículo do rato submetido a isquemia, pela torção do cordão espermático seguida de reperfusão / Effect of allopurinol on rat testicles morfology, submited to ischaemia for spermatic cord torsion followed by reperfusion

OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito do alopurinol no fenômeno de isquemia-reperfusão em testículos de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 80 ratos Wistar, adultos, distribuídos em 4 grupos: controle sem alopurinol, controle com alopurinol, torção do cordão espermático sem alopurinol e torção do cordão espermático com alopurinol. Os testículos foram retirados após 60 dias do ato operatório e processados para exame histológico à microscopia óptica, onde os túbulos seminíferos e as células espermatogênicas foram objeto de estudo. RESULTADOS: A comparação entre os grupos demonstrou que houve atrofia dos testículos que foram submetidos à torção, inclusive o grupo que recebeu o alopurinol. CONCLUSÃO: O alopurinol não protegeu as gônadas dos efeitos da isquemia reperfusão. (AU)