Review: biological, antioxidant and phytochemical activities of Musa spp / Revisão: atividades biológicas, antioxidante e fitoquímica de Musa spp

Banana (Musa spp.) is a food with high nutritional value. Studies about its compounds have increased considerably due to the antioxidant and biological activities of the fruit. Thus, this article synthesized and organized data related to the phytochemical constituents, as well as antioxidant and biological activities of Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana and Musa paradisiaca, and evaluated the mutual influence and correlation of these activities. A bibliographic review was performed using the scientific databases Google Scholar, SciELO, Periódicos CAPES, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus, applying the following terms: Musa spp., antioxidant, biological and phytochemical activities, combined by the Boolean operator AND. A total of 28 articles were selected from 2017 to 2022. The results indicated that bananas are rich in flavonoids, showed good performance in DPPH and FRAP antioxidant assays and have antibacterial, anticancer and antifungal potential. Previous literature reported that phytochemical constituents improved antioxidant performance, thereby enhancing the biological activities described.

Banana (Musa spp.) é caracterizada como um alimento que possui alto valor nutricional e, atualmente, pesquisas sobre seus compostos têm crescido de forma considerável, tendo em vista a presença de atividades antioxidantes e biológicas que o fruto possui. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse artigo é sintetizar e organizar informações sobre os constituintes fitoquímicos, as atividades antioxidantes e as atividades biológicas encontradas em Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana e Musa paradisíaca e avaliar se tais atividades se relacionam e se há influência de uma sobre a outra. Para tanto, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica nas plataformas: Google Acadêmico, SciELO, Periódicos Capes, Scientific Eletronic Libary Online (SciELO), Science Direct, PubMed e scopus, por meio dos termos Musa spp, antioxidant, activities biologics e phytochemical intercalados pelo operador booleano AND. O recorte temporal foi de 2017 a 2022 e 28 trabalhos foram selecionados para análise. Em relação à constituição fitoquímica foi possível concluir que as variedades avaliadas são ricas em flavonoides. Para a atividade antioxidante observou-se que Musa spp. apresentam boa performance nos testes antioxidantes do DPPH e FRAP. E para as atividades biológicas as espécies analisadas se destacaram pelo seu potencial como antibacteriano, anticancerígeno e antifúngico. Vários trabalhos revisados apresentaram que os constituintes químicos presentes nas espécies favorecem o bom desempenho antioxidante, esse, por sua vez, influencia positivamente no desempenho das atividades biológicas descritas.

Comparison of the alcohol content obtained in the fermentation of dwarf cavendish bananaand its peel for the purposes of brandy production / Comparação do teor alcóolico obtido na fermentação de banana nanica e de sua casca para fins de produção de aguardente

Brandy is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages in Brazil, being produced with sweet vegetables, cereals, sugar cane and fruits that have fermentable sugars. This drink is confused with cachaça, from which it is distinguished by the alcoholic degree and typically Brazilian productivity. Banana stands out in Brazil and in the world as the second fruit in productivity, behind only orange, being an accessible raw material for the production of brandy. This processing is advantageous due to the rapid ripening of this fruit, which can often make it impossible to fresh to the consumer. This study aimed to carry out the fermentation through the inoculation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeseparately for pulp and skins of Dwarf Cavendish bananas to verify the alcohol content produced. The banana pulp brandy reached an alcohol content of 39,5° GL, within the stipulated by the current legislation, the peel, however, did not allow adequate alcohol levels (7,5° GL). It is concluded that the pulp of Dwarf Cavendish banana is viable for the production of brandy.(AU)

A aguardente é uma das bebidasalcoólicasmais consumidasno Brasil, sendo produzida comvegetais doces, cereais, cana-de-açúcar e frutas que possuemaçúcares fermentescíveis. Esta bebida é confundida com a cachaça, da qual é diferenciadapelo grau alcoólicoe produtividade tipicamente brasileira. Abanana possui destaque no Brasil e no mundo como a segunda fruta em produtividade,atrás apenas da laranja, sendo uma matéria-prima acessível para a produção de aguardenteem razão do processo de amadurecimento rápido,o que acaba muitas vezes por inviabilizar a venda in naturapara o consumidor. Este estudo objetivou realizar a fermentação através da inoculação da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiaeseparadamente para mostosdapolpa e cascas de bananas nanicapara verificar o teor alcóolico produzido. A aguardente de polpa de bananaatingiu teor alcoólicode 39,5° GL, dentro do estipulado pela legislação vigente, a casca, contudo, não permitiuníveis alcóolicos adequados(7,5°GL). Conclui-se que a polpa da banana nanica é viável para a produção de aguardente.(AU)

Cellulolytic activity of anaerobic facultative fungi from the digestive tract of sheep fed with banana leaf hay / Atividade celulolítica de fungos aeróbios facultativos do trato digestório de ovinos alimentados com feno da folha de bananeira

The addition of cellulolytic fungi, or their enzymes, in diets containing high levels of fiber are promising strategy for improving the performance. In this study, the aims were to select cellulolytic fungi from the digestive tract of sheep fed different concentrations of banana leaf hay. Thirty lambs raised in a feedlot were evaluated, distributed in a completely randomized design, with diets containing 0, 125, 250, 375, or 500 g/Kg of dry matter and six replications. Approximately 15 mL of ruminal fluid and swabs from the rectal ampulla were collected. The cultures were carried out in a medium containing microcrystalline cellulose (C medium). The mycelial fungi isolates were identified through the microculture technique. Among the fungi from the ruminal fluid, 23 isolates corresponded to the genus Aspergillus and three to Paecilomyces spp. Among the isolates from the rectal ampulla, seven were A. spp., and three were P. spp. The A. genus predominated among the isolates from both evaluated sites (p <0.05). Fragments of these fungi were inoculated in triplicate in medium C at 37 °C and the cellulolytic activity index (CAI) was determined after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. There was no difference in the CAI of Aspergillus spp. from animals fed different diets or of different evaluated sites (P > 0.05). However, 22 isolates of Aspergillus spp. and three of Paecilomyces spp. showed a CAI > 1, indicating biotechnological potential for cellulase production. These selected isolates could be selected for the elaboration of microbial additives in ruminant diets.(AU)

A adição de fungos celulolíticos, ou suas enzimas, em dietas contendo elevados teores de fibras são estratégias pro-missoras para melhorar o desempenho. Neste estudo os objetivos foram selecionar fungos celulolíticos do trato digestório de ovinos alimentados com diferentes concentrações do feno da folha da bananeira (FBH). Foram avaliados 30 borregos criados em sistema intensivo, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco dietas contendo 0, 125, 250, 375 ou 500 g/KG de matéria seca em seis repetições. Foram coletados aproximadamente 15 mL de fluido ruminal e swabs da ampola retal. Os cultivos foram realizados em meio de cultura contendo celulose microcristalina (meio C). Os fungos micelianos foram identificados após a técnica de microcultivo. Entre os fungos provenientes do fluido ruminal, 23 isolados corresponderam ao gênero Aspergillus e três a Paecilomyces spp.. Foram identificados nas fezes dos animais sete Aspergillus spp. e três Paecilomyces spp.. O gênero Aspergillus predominou entre os isolados de ambos os sítios avaliados (p =0,013). Fragmentos desses fungos foram inoculados em triplicada em meio C a 37 °C e determinou-se o índice de atividade celulolítica(IAC) após 24, 48 e 72 horas de incubação. Não houve diferença entre CAI de isolados de Aspergillus spp. provenientes dos animais em diferentes dietas ou sítios avaliados (P > 0.05). Entretanto, 22 isolados de Aspergillus spp. e três de Paecilomyces spp. apresentaram IAC >1, indicando potencial biotecnológico para produção de celulases.(AU)

Microbiological properties of soils are sensitive to changes provided by organic cultivation of banana 'BRS Princesa' in the semi-arid region

Soil microbiota has a key role in the dynamics of natural and agro-ecosystems and is sensitive to changes in these environments. This study evaluated changes in the microbiological properties of soils under an organic production system of banana 'BRS Princesa' (Musa spp.). The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with four replications. Treatments consisted of 1) soil cover with green manure and agricultural gypsum at a dose of 2,820 kg ha−1, 2) soil cover with green manure without gypsum application, 3) soil cover with weeds and agricultural gypsum at a dose of 2,820 kg ha−1, 4) soil cover with spontaneous plants without gypsum application, and two controls: 5) soil under native Caatinga and 6) soil under regenerating forest (capoeira). The evaluated properties were ß-glucosidase, arylsulfatase, acid phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activities (FDA), carbon and phosphorus contents in microbial biomass, basal soil respiration, microbial and metabolic quotients, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore density. Soil samples were collected from the 0­0.20m depth layer in two seasons. No parameter could distinguish the treatments. Spontaneous plants provided conditions equivalent to those under green manure. Agricultural gypsum application also did not influence the microbial biomass and microbiota activity, in the analyzed soil depth. However, ß-glucosidase and arylsulfatase activities, the carbon content in microbial biomass, and metabolic and microbial quotients were sensitive to land-use changes and could distinguish areas under organic cultivation from those under native vegetation. Therefore, these properties can be considered good indicators for monitoring the quality of these soils. Furthermore, microbial communities of soils under organic cultivation responded with arylsulfatase activity corresponding to that found in soils under regenerating forest, which may indicate that organic management tends to provide the microbiota with a condition similar to that found under situations that are little disturbing to edaphic living.(AU)

An allometric model to estimate total leaf area of banana plants of the cultivar Vitória (AAAB) / Um modelo alométrico para estimativa da área foliar total de bananeiras da cultivar Vitória (AAAB)

The plants physiological processes such as transpiration and photosynthetic efficiency are directly related to leaf area, which is difficult to quantify in a nondestructive manner. To generate a model to estimate the total leaf area of plants of banana cv. Vitória, simple and multiple linear regressions utilizing the length and width of the third leaf, the product of length and width of the third leaf, and the total number of leaves of 'Vitória' plants, were tested. The data to develop the model were obtained from 'Vitória' banana plants from different edafoclimatic conditions and management. The best performance of the model was obtained using stepwise multiple regression with r2=0.93 and r2= 0.94. Validation of the model resulted in an r2 of 0.74.

Processos fisiológicos das plantas como transpiração e eficiência fotossintética estão diretamente relacionados à área foliar, a qual é difícil quantificar de forma não destrutiva. Para gerar um modelo para estimar a área foliar total de plantas da cv. Vitória, foram testadas regressões lineares simples e múltiplas utilizando comprimento e largura da terceira folha, o produto comprimento e largura da terceira folha e número total de folhas. Os dados para desenvolver o modelo foram obtidos de cultivos com diferentes condições edafoclimáticas e de manejo. O melhor modelo foi obtido por meio de regressão múltipla stepwise com r2 = 0,93 e r2 = 0,94. A validação do modelo resultou em r2 de 0,74.

Performance of bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) fed balanced diets using alternative energy ingredients containing vegetable mesocarp / Desempenho de girinos de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) alimentados com dietas balanceadas com ingredientes de energia alternativa utilizando mesocarpo vegetal

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and metamorphosis of bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) fed balanced diets, wherein corn flour was replaced with banana, avocado, and pumpkin meal (all made without the epicarp). Using a completely randomized design, the animals were stored in tanks with a capacity of 30 L in a water recirculation system at a density of 1 tadpole/L. Through biweekly biometric measurements, the weight, standard, and total length were evaluated to determine metamorphic development, weight gain, consumption, feed conversion, specific growth rate, survival, physical-chemical parameters of water, and the percentage carcass composition (only at the end). Tadpoles fed rations balanced with pumpkin and banana flour performed the best, followed by those fed avocado meal and those fed the control ration (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that growth performance is improved in animals fed diets containing 10% pumpkin and banana meal instead of corn, and tadpoles that received the avocado meal had the same performance as the conventional diets. Research should be carried out to assess other avenues for the replacement of ingredients in rations for bullfrog tadpoles.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e a metamorfose de girinos de rãtouro (Lithobates catesbeianus) alimentados com dietas balanceadas com farinha de banana, abacate e abóbora, todas feitas sem epicarpo, em substituição à farinha de milho. Utilizando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, os animais foram colocados em tanques com capacidade de 30 litros em sistema de recirculação de água com densidade de 1 girino / L. Por meio de biometria quinzenal foram avaliados peso, comprimento padrão e total, quanto ao desenvolvimento metamórfico, ganho em peso, consumo, conversão alimentar, taxa de crescimento específico, sobrevivência, parâmetros físico-químicos da água e composição centesimal da carcaça (somente no final). Os resultados mostraram melhor desempenho para girinos alimentados com ração balanceada com farinha de abóbora e banana, seguidos daqueles alimentados com farelo de abacate e alimentados com ração controle (p <0,05). Os animais alimentados com as duas últimas rações não diferiram (p> 0,05). Pode-se concluir que houve melhor desempenho nos animais alimentados com dietas contendo 10% de abóbora e farelo de banana ao invés de milho, e aqueles que receberam farelo de abacate com o mesmo desempenho das dietas tradicionais. Pesquisas devem ser realizadas para avaliar outros níveis de reposição desses nutrientes por girinos de rã-touro.

Physiological parameters of F1 Holstein × Zebu cows fed with banana peel / Parâmetros fisiológicos de vacas F1 Holandês × Zebu alimentadas com inclusão de casca de banana

The objective was to evaluate the effects of different levels of banana peel inclusion on the physiological variables of lactating F1 Holstein × Zebu cows. Ten cows distributed in two 5 × 5 Latin squares were used. Five experimental diets were tested: sorghum silage (control group); and the addition of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% of banana peel to replace sorghum silage. The experiment lasted 80 days. The environmental and physiological variables of the animals were measured. The Black Globe-Humidity Index presented an alert situation in the morning shift and a dangerous situation in the afternoon shift. The respiratory rate was not influenced by the levels of banana peel inclusion (P > 0.05) in the morning shift. However, it was influenced (P < 0.05) in the afternoon shift. The levels of banana peel inclusion in the diet did not affect the rectal temperature. Under the study environmental conditions, the level of up to 60% of banana peel replacing sorghum silage did not alter the physiological variables of thermoregulation in F1 Holstein × Zebu cows.

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de inclusão da casca de banana sobre as variáveis fisiológicas de vacas F1 Holandesas × Zebu em lactação. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 5×5. Sendo cinco dietas experimentais: silagem de sorgo (grupo controle); e a inserção de 15, 30, 45 e 60% da casca de banana em substituição a silagem de sorgo. O experimento teve duração de 80 dias. Mensuraram-se as variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas dos animais. O índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade encontrada no turno matutino apresentou uma situação de alerta e no turno vespertino uma situação perigosa. A frequência respiratória foi influenciada pelos níveis de inclusão de casca de banana no turno vespertino. A temperatura retal não foi influenciada pelos níveis de inclusão de casca de banana na dieta. Sob as condições ambientais estudadas, o nível de até 60% de casca de banana, em substituição a silagem de sorgo, não alterou as variáveis fisiológicas de termorregulação em vacas F1 Holandesas × Zebu.

Potential nutrient-response curves and sufficiency ranges for ‘Prata-An㒠banana cultivated under two environmental conditions

Proper plant nutrition is critical to increasing the yield of bananas. The objective was to establish the potential nutrient-response curves and sufficiency ranges using the boundary line approach (BLA) and the method proposed by Kenworthy (MK) to assess the nutritional status of ‘Prata-An㒠bananas cultivated under two environmental conditions. The study was carried out using a database comprising leaf nutrient concentrations and banana yields grown at Missão Velha, Ceará, and Ponto Novo, Bahia, Brazil. The reference population consisted of high-yielding plants with yields greater than the mean yield plus 0.5 standard deviation. The database was divided into two datasets. One contained 253 leaf analysis results and a reference population with a mean yield greater than 39.81 t ha−1 yr−1 at Missão Velha. The other contained 147 samples and a reference population with a mean yield greater than 41.69 t ha−1 yr−1 at Ponto Novo. The sufficiency ranges obtained by the BLA for ‘Prata-An㒠banana in Bahia and Ceará, respectively, are: a) for macronutrients (g kg−1): N (19.3-22.0) and (19.9-22.1); P (1.4-2.0) and (1.4-1.6); K (22.6-32.2) and (24.0-31.3); Ca (4.6-6.5) and (5.3-5.8); Mg (1.8-2.6) and (2.1-2.7); S (1.3-2.0) and (1.3-1.5); b) for micronutrients (mg kg−1): B (8.4-13.0) and (13.7-16.4); Cu (5.6-8.4) and (4.4-5.2); Fe (54.2-77.6) and (39.0-55.0); Mn (140.1-222.8) and (64.0-91.0); Zn (13.5-18.3) and (12.4-14.5). The sufficiency ranges obtained by the BLA are more assertive when assessing the nutritional status for ‘Prata-An㒠banana.

Potential nutrient-response curves and sufficiency ranges for ‘Prata-Anã banana cultivated under two environmental conditions

Proper plant nutrition is critical to increasing the yield of bananas. The objective was to establish the potential nutrient-response curves and sufficiency ranges using the boundary line approach (BLA) and the method proposed by Kenworthy (MK) to assess the nutritional status of ‘Prata-Anã bananas cultivated under two environmental conditions. The study was carried out using a database comprising leaf nutrient concentrations and banana yields grown at Missão Velha, Ceará, and Ponto Novo, Bahia, Brazil. The reference population consisted of high-yielding plants with yields greater than the mean yield plus 0.5 standard deviation. The database was divided into two datasets. One contained 253 leaf analysis results and a reference population with a mean yield greater than 39.81 t ha−1 yr−1 at Missão Velha. The other contained 147 samples and a reference population with a mean yield greater than 41.69 t ha−1 yr−1 at Ponto Novo. The sufficiency ranges obtained by the BLA for ‘Prata-Anã banana in Bahia and Ceará, respectively, are: a) for macronutrients (g kg−1): N (19.3-22.0) and (19.9-22.1); P (1.4-2.0) and (1.4-1.6); K (22.6-32.2) and (24.0-31.3); Ca (4.6-6.5) and (5.3-5.8); Mg (1.8-2.6) and (2.1-2.7); S (1.3-2.0) and (1.3-1.5); b) for micronutrients (mg kg−1): B (8.4-13.0) and (13.7-16.4); Cu (5.6-8.4) and (4.4-5.2); Fe (54.2-77.6) and (39.0-55.0); Mn (140.1-222.8) and (64.0-91.0); Zn (13.5-18.3) and (12.4-14.5). The sufficiency ranges obtained by the BLA are more assertive when assessing the nutritional status for ‘Prata-Anã banana.(AU)

Optimization of banana plantlets acclimatization by hydroponic cultivation

Acclimatization is the final phase of banana plantlet production by micropropagation. In this phase, the plantlets are grown in a protected environment with high demand for water, fertilizer and labor, until reaching the standard size and quality required for marketing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of reducing these costs and the duration of the acclimatization phase, using the hydroponic cultivation technique as compared to the conventional system. ‘Prata–An㒠banana plantlet performance was measured for both systems under both tropical summer and winter conditions, based upon water and nutrient use efficiency and growing time of the plantlets. In both seasons, the plantlets produced hydroponically presented faster growth of both the shoot and root systems. There was a reduction of 12 days to reach the transplantation point, a significant reduction in plantlet production cost (fertilizers + water) and improved efficiency in space use with an expressive increase in the number of plantlets produced per square meter.

Optimization of banana plantlets acclimatization by hydroponic cultivation

Acclimatization is the final phase of banana plantlet production by micropropagation. In this phase, the plantlets are grown in a protected environment with high demand for water, fertilizer and labor, until reaching the standard size and quality required for marketing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of reducing these costs and the duration of the acclimatization phase, using the hydroponic cultivation technique as compared to the conventional system. ‘Prata–Anã banana plantlet performance was measured for both systems under both tropical summer and winter conditions, based upon water and nutrient use efficiency and growing time of the plantlets. In both seasons, the plantlets produced hydroponically presented faster growth of both the shoot and root systems. There was a reduction of 12 days to reach the transplantation point, a significant reduction in plantlet production cost (fertilizers + water) and improved efficiency in space use with an expressive increase in the number of plantlets produced per square meter.(AU)

Growth and production of 'Prata Anã Gorutuba' banana under different planting densities

Increased planting density, different types of thinning management, and the use of beneficial microorganisms have been adopted as strategic tools in the effort to increase crop yields in a sustainable manner. This investigation evaluated the growth and production of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba’ banana ( Musa spp., AAB) under different plant densities during two production cycles in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Micropropagated plantlets were also inoculated with endophytic bacteria and cultivated as part of two mat management strategies. Planting density varied between 1,680 and 3,920 plant ha–1. During the experiment, water was less than optimal because of rationing due to drought in the region. Under field conditions, there was no difference between bacterially inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The dense planting system increased the crop cycle. The highest-density planting treatment (3,920 plant ha–1) resulted in the highest yield in the first cycle, but no net income was observed. However, the high-density planting treatments resulted in the highest yields and gross incomes in the second production cycle. Management with thinning of plants up to 10-months-old and thinning up to harvest associated with high planting density increased the length of the production cycles. Although the water restriction experienced in the first and second crop cycles, the vegetative and productive traits of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba’ banana did not compromise the objectives of this study.

Growth and production of 'Prata Anã Gorutuba' banana under different planting densities

Increased planting density, different types of thinning management, and the use of beneficial microorganisms have been adopted as strategic tools in the effort to increase crop yields in a sustainable manner. This investigation evaluated the growth and production of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba banana ( Musa spp., AAB) under different plant densities during two production cycles in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Micropropagated plantlets were also inoculated with endophytic bacteria and cultivated as part of two mat management strategies. Planting density varied between 1,680 and 3,920 plant ha–1. During the experiment, water was less than optimal because of rationing due to drought in the region. Under field conditions, there was no difference between bacterially inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The dense planting system increased the crop cycle. The highest-density planting treatment (3,920 plant ha–1) resulted in the highest yield in the first cycle, but no net income was observed. However, the high-density planting treatments resulted in the highest yields and gross incomes in the second production cycle. Management with thinning of plants up to 10-months-old and thinning up to harvest associated with high planting density increased the length of the production cycles. Although the water restriction experienced in the first and second crop cycles, the vegetative and productive traits of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba banana did not compromise the objectives of this study.(AU)

Agronomic performance of 'BRS Princesa' banana under fertigation and mulching / Desempenho agronômico da bananeira 'BRS Princesa' sob fertirrigação e cobertura morta

Banana is one of the most produced fruit crops in Brazil and has great economic, social and nutritional importance. Factors such as water availability and well-managed fertilization are fundamental to achieving profitable yields. The aim of this study was to examine the agronomic performance and water use efficiency of 'BRS Princesa' banana under combinations of irrigation systems, fertilization methods and mulching, during three production cycles. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with four replicates. Treatments consisted of a combination of the localized irrigation system, fertilization strategy and mulching, as follows: Drip irrigation with manual fertilization; Micro-sprinkler irrigation with manual fertilization; Drip fertigation with mulch; Drip fertigation without mulch; Micro-sprinkler fertigation with mulch; and Microsprinkler fertigation without mulch. The plants were irrigated every three days, using three 4-L h-1 drippers per plant or a 64-L h-1 micro-sprinkler for every four plants. The following variables were analyzed: number of leaves, plant height, pseudostem circumference, number of hands, hand yield, water and nutrient (nitrogen and potassium) use efficiency and earliness. The micro-sprinkler system provided a greater pseudostem circumference without the presence of mulch. Plants under micro-sprinkler fertigation with mulching grew taller. The banana yield was higher when fertigation was used than with manual fertilization, regardless of the irrigation system. Plants grown in mulched soil were more productive than those grown in bare soil. The use of mulch increased water, nitrogen and potassium use efficiency when compared with cultivation in bare soil. Drip-irrigated plants showed earlier production than those irrigated with micro-sprinklers.(AU)

A bananeira é sendo uma das fruteiras mais produzidas no Brasil e possui grande importância econômica, social e alimentícia. Fatores como disponibilidade de água e adubação bem manejados são fundamentais para obtenção de produtividades rentáveis. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar o desempenho agronômico e a eficiência no uso da água da bananeira 'BRS Princesa' sob combinações de sistemas de irrigação, métodos de adubação e cobertura morta, durante três ciclos de produção. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação do sistema de irrigação localizada, estratégia de adubação e uso de cobertura morta: a) Irrigação por gotejamento com adubação manual; b) Irrigação por microaspersão com adubação manual; c) Fertirrigação por gotejamento com cobertura morta; d) Fertirrigação por gotejamento sem cobertura morta; e) Fertirrigação por microaspersão com cobertura morta e f) Fertirrigação por microaspersão sem cobertura morta. As irrigações ocorreram a cada três dias, utilizando-se três gotejadores de 4 L h-1 por planta ou um microaspersor de 64 L h-1 para cada quatro plantas. As variáveis estudadas foram: número de folhas, altura da planta, perímetro do pseudocaule, número de pencas, produtividade, eficiência no uso da água e de nutrientes (nitrogênio e potássio) e precocidade. A microaspersão proporcionou maior circunferência do pseudocaule sem a presença da cobertura do solo. Plantas sob fertirrigação por microaspersão com cobertura do solo expressam maiores alturas. A produtividade da bananeira foi maior quando utilizada a fertirrigação em detrimento da adubação manual, independente do sistema de irrigação. As plantas cultivadas em solo coberto foram mais produtivas que aquelas cultivadas em solo descoberto. O uso da cobertura morta elevou a eficiência do uso da água, de nitrogênio e de potássio em relação ao cultivo em solo descoberto. As plantas irrigadas por gotejamento apresentaram produção mais precoce que irrigadas por microaspersão.(AU)

Optimization of banana plantlets acclimatization by hydroponic cultivation

ABSTRACT: Acclimatization is the final phase of banana plantlet production by micropropagation. In this phase, the plantlets are grown in a protected environment with high demand for water, fertilizer and labor, until reaching the standard size and quality required for marketing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of reducing these costs and the duration of the acclimatization phase, using the hydroponic cultivation technique as compared to the conventional system. PrataAnã banana plantlet performance was measured for both systems under both tropical summer and winter conditions, based upon water and nutrient use efficiency and growing time of the plantlets. In both seasons, the plantlets produced hydroponically presented faster growth of both the shoot and root systems. There was a reduction of 12 days to reach the transplantation point, a significant reduction in plantlet production cost (fertilizers + water) and improved efficiency in space use with an expressive increase in the number of plantlets produced per square meter.

Development of a cake rich in resistant starch with good sensory acceptance / Desenvolvimento de bolo rico em amido resistente e com boa aceitação sensorial

The objective of this study was to develop a cake rich in resistant starch, with green banana flour (GBF), of good sensory acceptance. In step 1, four cake formulations were prepared with increasing concentrations of GBF and evaluated for acceptability and purchase intention. In step 2, four new formulations were made by modifying the most accepted formulation in step 1, in addition to the formulation without GBF (control). The resistant starch content, proximate composition, total calorific value, and sensory acceptance data were obtained. The formulation with cocoa powder and dried banana (E1F4) achieved 97.78% overall acceptance and higher purchase intent. In step 2, the formulations with 14% and 18% GBF were the most accepted for flavor, texture/softness, and overall acceptance. Adding the categories of "would certainly buy" and "would probably buy", 53.33% of consumers would buy the cake with 14% GBF and 48.89% would buy the cake containing 18% GBF. The incorporation of GBF increased the resistant starch contents of the formulations as compared with the control. Ash content was highest in the formulation with 26% GBF (2.22%) and lipid content in the control formulation (11.58%). The treatments did not differ in terms of moisture content. Protein content decreased as the GBF content in the formulations was increased. The total dietary fiber content of the formulations was 9.30%. Carbohydrate content and calorific value also did not vary. The mean values of L*, a*, b*, C*, and h* showed that the cakes had an intense dark brown color. In conclusion, the addition of 14% and 18% GBF to the cake resulted in a product of high sensory acceptance, with high purchase intent, a resistant starch content 7.21 and 8.34 times higher than those in the control cake.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver uma formulação de bolo com farinha de banana verde (FBV), rica em amido resistente e com boa aceitação sensorial. Na etapa 1, foram elaboradas quatro formulações de bolo, com concentrações crescentes de FBV, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à aceitação sensorial e intenção de compra. Na etapa 2 foram feitas quatro novas formulações, modificando-se a formulação mais aceita na etapa 1, e um controle, sem farinha de banana verde. Quantificou-se o teor de amido resistente, estudou-se a composição centesimal, calculou-se o valor calórico total e avaliou-se a aceitação sensorial. A formulação com cacau em pó e banana passa (E1F4) apresentou aceitação global igual a 97,78% e maior intenção de compra. Na etapa 2, as formulações com 14% e 18% de farinha de banana verde foram as mais aceitas para o sabor, textura/maciez e aceitação global. Somando-se as categorias "certamente compraria" e "provavelmente compraria", 53,33% dos consumidores comprariam o bolo com 14% de farinha de banana verde e 48,89% o com 18%. A incorporação de concentrações crescentes de FBV proporcionou aumento nos teores de amido resistente das formulações em relação ao controle. O teor de cinzas foi maior na formulação com 26% de farinha de banana verde (2,22%) e o de lipídeos na formulação controle (11,58%). Os tratamentos não diferiram quanto ao teor de umidade. O teor de proteína reduziu, à medida em que o teor de farinha de banana verde foi incrementado nas formulações. O teor de fibra alimentar total das formulações foi igual a 9,30%. O teor de carboidratos e valor calórico também não variaram. Os valores médios das variáveis L*, a*, b*, C* e h* demonstraram que os bolos apresentaram coloração marrom escura intensa. Conclui-se que a adição de 14% e 18% de farinha de banana verde no bolo resultou em um produto com elevada aceitação sensorial, elevada intenção de compra e com teor de amido resistente 7,21 e 8,34 vezes superior ao bolo controle.(AU)

Potential nutrient-response curves and sufficiency ranges for Prata-Anã banana cultivated under two environmental conditions

ABSTRACT: Proper plant nutrition is critical to increasing the yield of bananas. The objective was to establish the potential nutrient-response curves and sufficiency ranges using the boundary line approach (BLA) and the method proposed by Kenworthy (MK) to assess the nutritional status of Prata-Anã bananas cultivated under two environmental conditions. The study was carried out using a database comprising leaf nutrient concentrations and banana yields grown at Missão Velha, Ceará, and Ponto Novo, Bahia, Brazil. The reference population consisted of high-yielding plants with yields greater than the mean yield plus 0.5 standard deviation. The database was divided into two datasets. One contained 253 leaf analysis results and a reference population with a mean yield greater than 39.81 t ha1 yr1 at Missão Velha. The other contained 147 samples and a reference population with a mean yield greater than 41.69 t ha1 yr1 at Ponto Novo. The sufficiency ranges obtained by the BLA for Prata-Anã banana in Bahia and Ceará, respectively, are: a) for macronutrients (g kg1): N (19.3-22.0) and (19.9-22.1); P (1.4-2.0) and (1.4-1.6); K (22.6-32.2) and (24.0-31.3); Ca (4.6-6.5) and (5.3-5.8); Mg (1.8-2.6) and (2.1-2.7); S (1.3-2.0) and (1.3-1.5); b) for micronutrients (mg kg1): B (8.4-13.0) and (13.7-16.4); Cu (5.6-8.4) and (4.4-5.2); Fe (54.2-77.6) and (39.0-55.0); Mn (140.1-222.8) and (64.0-91.0); Zn (13.5-18.3) and (12.4-14.5). The sufficiency ranges obtained by the BLA are more assertive when assessing the nutritional status for Prata-Anã banana.

Blends of cassava starch with banana flours as raw materials for gluten-free biscuits / Misturas de amido de mandioca com farinhas de banana como matérias-primas para biscoitos sem glúten

The growth in demand for gluten-free products linked mainly to health aspects has led to an increased interest in the production of mixed flours for use in bakery products. This work aimed to evaluate the use of different mixtures of cassava starch with banana flour, obtained from the pulp and peel of green fruits, for the production of gluten-free biscuits. In the preparation of the biscuits, seven mixtures were prepared with varying percentages of cassava starch, banana pulp flour and banana peel flour. A formulation with wheat flour was used as a control. Wheat flour, cassava starch and banana flours were analyzed for chemical composition. The results showed that the banana peel flour stood out for its higher levels of proteins, fibres, lipids, ash, total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity which make this flour effective as a functional additive. However, the results of physical and sensory characteristics of the biscuits showed that the variation in the percentage of banana peel flour led to greater changes in the quality attributes of the biscuits, so the percentage of inclusion should be limited. Banana pulp flour (UBF) had high starch content, however, the biscuits produced with higher percentages of this flour and lower percentages of cassava starch showed lower propagation rates, greater hardness and less sensory acceptance, showing the importance of the starchy raw material in the physical properties of biscuits. Formulations containing cassava starch mixed with up to 15% banana flour (1:1, pulp and peel) are a good basis for making gluten-free biscuits.(AU)

O crescimento da demanda por produtos sem glúten, ligado principalmente à aspectos de saúde, tem levado a um aumento do interesse na produção de farinhas mistas para uso em produtos de panificação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de diferentes misturas de fécula de mandioca com farinhas de banana, obtidas a partir da polpa e da casca de frutos verdes, para a produção de biscoitos sem glúten. No preparo dos biscoitos foram feitas sete misturas com percentuais variáveis de fécula de mandioca, farinha de polpa de banana e farinha de casca de banana. Uma formulação com farinha de trigo foi usada como padrão. A farinha de trigo, a fécula de mandioca e as farinhas de banana foram analisadas quanto à composição química. Os resultados mostraram que a farinha de casca de banana se destacou pelos maiores teores de proteínas, fibras, lipídios, cinzas, fenóis totais, flavonoides totais e atividade antioxidante, o que torna esta farinha eficaz como aditivo funcional. Porém, os resultados das características físicas e sensoriais dos biscoitos mostraram que a variação na porcentagem de farinha de casca de banana levou a maiores alterações nos atributos de qualidade dos biscoitos, portanto, o percentual de inclusão deve ser limitado. A farinha de polpa de banana (UBF) tinha alto teor de amido, contudo, os biscoitos produzidos com maiores percentuais dessa farinha e menores porcentagens de amido de mandioca apresentaram menores taxas de propagação, maior dureza e menor aceitação sensorial, mostrando a importância da matéria prima amilácea nas propriedades físicas de biscoitos. Formulações contendo amido de mandioca misturado com até 15% de farinha de banana (1:1, polpa e casca) são uma boa base para biscoitos sem glúten.(AU)

Effects of different banana crop residue hays on ensiling BRS capiaçu grass on fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritional value of silage / Efeitos de diferentes fenos de resíduo da bananicultura na ensilagem do capim-BRS capiaçu sobre o perfil de fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutricional da silagem

The objective of this study was to evaluate the BRS capiaçu grass silage combined with different hays of banana crop residue on fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritional value. The treatments consisted of elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) ensiled with 37.44% banana peel hay, 36.06% banana pseudostem hay and 37.00% banana leaf hay, on a dry matter (DM) basis and control silage (no additive). The experimental design used was completely randomized, with five treatments and five replicates. Forage was collected when it reached 3.5 meters in height (90 days). Experimental PVC silos of known weight, 50 cm long, 10 cm diameter, were used for silage making. For all treatments, silage aerobic stability breakdown started after 64 hours exposure to air. The BRS capiaçu grass control silage or silage combined with pseudostem hay (mean of 73.15 kg t GM-1) presented effluent losses 40.46% higher than those observed for BRS capiaçu grass silage + banana leaf hay and 69.17% in relation the BRS capiaçu grass silage + banana peel hay. The inclusion of banana crop residue (hay) when ensiling BRS capiaçu grass decreased 13.93% gas losses compared to the control silage (mean of 3.11% DM). Higher values of total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy and digestible energy content was found in BRS capiaçu grass silage + with banana peel hay. The greater in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility was observed for BRS capiaçu grass silage combined with pseudostem hay. The inclusion of 37.44% banana peel hay improves the fermentation profile and aerobic stability of BRS capiaçu grass silage.(AU)

Ojetivou-se por meio desta pesquisa avaliar a silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu associada com diferentes fenos de resíduos da cultura da banana sobre o perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutricional. Os tratamentos consistiram de capim-elefante cv. BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) ensilado com 37,44% de feno de casca de banana, 36,06% de feno de pseudocaule de banana e 37,00% de feno de folha de bananeira, à base da matéria seca (MS), e a silagem controle (sem aditivo). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. A forragem foi coletada quando atingiu 3,5 metros de altura (90 dias). Para a produção da silagem, foram utilizados silos experimentais de PVC de peso conhecido, com 50 cm de comprimento e 10 cm de diâmetro. Para todos os tratamentos, a quebra da estabilidade aeróbia da silagem iniciou a partir de 64 horas de exposição ao ar. A silagem de BRS capiaçu controle ou associada ao feno de pseudocaule (média de 73,15 kg t MN-1) apresentaram perdas de efluentes 40,46% maiores do que as observadas para a silagem de BRS capiaçu associada ao feno de folha de bananeira e 69,17% em relação à silagem de BRS capiaçu associada à casca de banana. A inclusão dos resíduos da cultura da banana (feno) na ensilagem do capim- BRS capiaçu diminuiu 13,93% as perdas por gases em comparação com a silagem controle (média de 3,11% da matéria seca - MS). Maiores teores de nutrientes totais digestíveis, energia metabolizável e energia digestível foram verificadas na silagem de BRS capiaçu associada à casca de banana. A maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro foi verificada na silagem de BRS capiaçu associada com feno de pseudocaule. A inclusão de 37,44% de feno de casca de banana melhora o perfil fermentativo e a estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de capim- BRS capiaçu.(AU)

Physical and mechanical properties of edible films made from non-exportable Ecuadorian bananas / Propriedades físicas e mecânicas de filmes comestíveis feitos de bananas equatorianas não exportáveis

This study set out to determine the physical and mechanical properties of edible films made from native starch extracted from non-exportable Ecuadorian bananas (Musa sapientum L.). The following treatments were applied: 0.5% starch - 0.25% glucose (T1), 0.5% starch - 0.5% glucose (T2), 1% starch - 0.25% glucose (T3), and 1% starch - 0.5% glucose (T4). Variables such as physicochemical properties, amylose content, maximum gelation temperature, and the morphology of native starch granules were assessed. Variables in the film, such as thickness, opacity, film solubility, and tensile strength, were also measured. The fruit used in this study was composed of 88.55% starch (dry basis, 15.35% amylose). The starch granules had a dominant ovoid morphology with an average diameter of 25 - 30 m. The peak gelatinization temperature was 73.80 °C. The maximum value for viscosity was 3,836 cP at 86.8 °C. Films that presented good malleability, thickness, transparency, tensile strength, and low solubility were obtained from T4, which turned out to be the best treatment.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar propriedades físicas e mecânicas em filmes comestíveis obtidos a partir de amido nativo de banana equatoriana não exportada (Musa sapientum L.). Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 0,5% de amido - 0,25% de glicose (T1), 0,5% de amido - 0,5% de glicose (T2), 1% de amido - 0,25% de glicose (T3) e 1% de amido - 0,5% de glicose (T4). Foram determinadas variáveis como características físico-químicas, teor de amilose, temperatura de gelatinização máxima, morfologia dos grânulos de amido nativo. Foram obtidas variáveis em filmes como espessura, opacidade, solubilidade do filme. E a resistência à tração (por texturometria) foi medida. Os frutos utilizados nesta pesquisa apresentaram 88,55% de amido (base seca; amilose representou 15,35% do mencionado). A morfologia dominante encontrada nos grânulos de amido era ovóide e 25 - 30 m de diâmetro médio. A temperatura máxima de gelatinização foi de 73,80 °C. O valor máximo de viscosidade ocorrido foi de 3.836 cP a 86,8 °C. Filmes com boa maleabilidade, espessura, transparência, resistência à tração e baixa solubilidade foram obtidos de T4, tornando-se o melhor tratamento.(AU)