Molecular Investigations of the Effect of Thermal Manipulation During Embryogenesis on the Enzymatic Activity of Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Broiler Muscle

Incubating temperature and timing or duration is critical to determine the optimum protocol of thermal manipulation (TM), which underlines muscle growth improvement. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the optimum period of embryonic TM that may result in the improvement of pectoral and thigh muscle myogenesis. This is done by investigating the level of mRNA expression of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). An additional goal is measuring the blood levels of CK and LDH as a biomarker of muscle injury due to the experimental thermal challenge on post-hatch day 35. The study was conducted on 1,440 fertile eggs (Ross broilers) that were divided randomly and equally into a control group and four treatment groups (TM1, TM2, TM3, and TM4). The treatment groups were daily subjected to TM at 39 ºC for 18h with 65% relative humidity (RH) during embryonic days (EDs) 7-11, 11-15, 15-18, and 7-18, respectively. Among the thermally manipulated groups that were investigated, TM1 (ED 7-11) resulted in significant improvement of mRNA expression and enzymatic concentration of CK and LDH in muscle during embryogenesis, as compared to the control. Six hours of TC showed the highest significant CK and LDH expression and concentration levels in the control as compared to TM groups. Thus, the results of this study indicate that TM during ED 7-11 improves pectoral and thigh muscles response to heat stress without adversely affecting their performance. This finding could be used by commercial breeders to enhance local broiler production.(AU)

Molecular Investigations of the Effect of Thermal Manipulation During Embryogenesis on the Enzymatic Activity of Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Broiler Muscle

Incubating temperature and timing or duration is critical to determine the optimum protocol of thermal manipulation (TM), which underlines muscle growth improvement. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the optimum period of embryonic TM that may result in the improvement of pectoral and thigh muscle myogenesis. This is done by investigating the level of mRNA expression of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). An additional goal is measuring the blood levels of CK and LDH as a biomarker of muscle injury due to the experimental thermal challenge on post-hatch day 35. The study was conducted on 1,440 fertile eggs (Ross broilers) that were divided randomly and equally into a control group and four treatment groups (TM1, TM2, TM3, and TM4). The treatment groups were daily subjected to TM at 39 ºC for 18h with 65% relative humidity (RH) during embryonic days (EDs) 7-11, 11-15, 15-18, and 7-18, respectively. Among the thermally manipulated groups that were investigated, TM1 (ED 7-11) resulted in significant improvement of mRNA expression and enzymatic concentration of CK and LDH in muscle during embryogenesis, as compared to the control. Six hours of TC showed the highest significant CK and LDH expression and concentration levels in the control as compared to TM groups. Thus, the results of this study indicate that TM during ED 7-11 improves pectoral and thigh muscles’ response to heat stress without adversely affecting their performance. This finding could be used by commercial breeders to enhance local broiler production.

Stress indicators in cattle submitted to different pre-slaughter rest times / Indicadores de estresse em bovinos submetidos a diferentes tempos de descanso no pré-abate

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pre-slaughter time about some blood constituents used as stress indicators in the evaluation of animal welfare in cattle. In the practice of ethology, animal welfare is assessed through physiological and behavioral indicators. For the determination of serum biomarkers of animal stress, a total of 180 animals was used, divided into two major groups according to the time of pre-slaughter. In the acceptable group, the animals had a pre-slaughter time up to 24 hours and in the not acceptable group the pre-slaughter time was greater than 24 h. These two groups were split up into three animal categories (males, females and castrated males). In this study, 30 samples were collected from each animal category of the two groups, acceptable and not acceptable, totaling 180 samples. Samples were separated for analysis of muscle enzymes creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (CK and LDH), glucose and cortisol. Physiological values, regardless of the animal category and pre-slaughter time, were higher than the normal values of reference, expressing the prior management effect on animal welfare. The data clearly show a need to update and adapt the entire production chain to animal welfare practices, with the objective of producing competitive quality meat in the world market.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de pré-abate sobre alguns constituintes sanguíneos utilizados como indicadores de estresse na avaliação do bem-estar animal em bovinos. Na prática da etologia, o bem-estar animal é avaliado por meio de indicadores fisiológicos e comportamentais. Para a determinação sérica de biomarcadores de estresse animal utilizaram-se 180 animais, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo de pré-abate: até 24 horas ou acima de 24 horas. Esses dois grupos subdividiram-se em três categorias animais (machos não-castrados, machos castrados ou fêmeas). Foram coletadas 30 amostras de cada categoria animal nos dois grupos, totalizando 180 amostras. Foram separadas amostras para análise de enzimas musculares creatina quinase e lactato desidrogenase (CK e LDH), glicose e cortisol. Os valores fisiológicos, independentemente da categoria animal e do tempo de pré-abate, foram superiores aos valores de referência, expressando o efeito do manejo prévio sobre o bem-estar dos animais. Os dados evidenciam claramente a necessidade de atualização e adequação de toda a cadeia produtiva às práticas de bem-estar animal, com o objetivo de produzir carne de qualidade competitiva no mercado mundial.(AU)

Downer cow syndrome causing rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in a 17-month-old Guzerá heifer / Síndrome da vaca caída causando rabdomiólise e insuficiência renal aguda em uma novilha Guzerá de 17 meses

The downer cow syndrome (DCS) is characterized by an alert cow showing inability or reluctance to stand for 12 hours or more. This paper reported clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings in a Guzerá heifer with rhabdomyolysis, pigmenturia and acute renal failure following DCS. A 17-month-old Guzerá heifer was transported via a 350-km ride in a truck and showed sternal recumbency and severe difficulty in standing and walking. Neurological examination was unremarkable, and the heifer presented normal response to cranial nerves and spinal cord tests. Rectal palpation revealed a 5-month gravid uterus. No other abnormalities were noted in the pelvis or around the coxofemoral joints. Biochemical abnormalities included extremely high muscular enzyme activities (creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase) and high creatinine levels. Urinalysis revealed blackish and cloudy urine, proteinuria, and a positive occult blood test. Spinal cord ultrasonography showed no abnormalities. This report highlighted an uncommon clinical presentation (myoglobinuria) and pathological findings in a heifer with DCS as a consequence of severe compressive muscle damage. Practitioners and producers must be aware of the risk of careless road transportation for long distances of cattle, especially obese cows, avoiding unnecessary suffering and expenses due to DCS.

A síndrome da vaca caída (SVC) é caracterizada por um bovino alerta que mostra incapacidade ou relutância em permanecer em estação por 12 horas ou mais. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos em uma novilha Guzerá com rabdomiólise, pigmentúria e insuficiência renal aguda após a SVC. Uma novilha da raça Guzerá, de 17 meses de idade, foi transportada de caminhão por 350 km e apresentou decúbito esternal, grande dificuldade para assumir estação e caminhar. O exame neurológico não demonstrou alterações, e a novilha possuía resposta normal aos testes de nervos cranianos e medula espinhal. A palpação retal revelou útero grávido de cinco meses. Nenhuma outra anormalidade foi observada na pelve ou na região das articulações coxofemorais. As anormalidades bioquímicas incluíram atividades de enzimas musculares (creatina fosfoquinase e aspartato aminotransferase) extremamente aumentadas e níveis elevados de creatinina. A urinálise revelou urina enegrecida e turva, proteinúria e teste de sangue oculto positivo. O exame ultrassonográfico da medula espinhal não apresentou anormalidades. Este relato evidencia uma apresentação clínica (mioglobinúria) e achados patológicos incomuns em uma novilha com SVC em consequência de extensa lesão muscular compressiva. Veterinários e produtores devem estar atentos aos riscos do transporte rodoviário descuidado por longas distâncias de bovinos, especialmente vacas obesas, evitando assim sofrimento e despesas desnecessárias decorrentes da SVC.

Parâmetros sanguíneos de potros da raça Crioula / Blood parameters of crioulo breed horse

Com o propósito de estabelecer valores de hematócrito, proteínas plasmáticas totais, fibrinogênio, creatina quinase , aspartato transferase e lactato em potros da raça Crioula, do nascimento até os dois anos, utilizaram-se amostras sanguíneas de 85 animais, divididos pela estratificação etária: Grupo 1 (G1) Até 15 dias de vida (n=70); grupo 2 (G2), entre 16 dias até um mês (n=67); grupo 3 (G3), entre 1 e 3 meses (n=75); grupo 4 (G4), entre 3 e 6 meses (n=64); grupo 5 (G5), entre 6 e 9 meses (n=59); grupo 6 (G6), entre 9 e 18 meses (n=39); e grupo 7 (G7), entre 18 meses até 2 anos (n=17). Foi realizado estudo estatístico entre os grupos pela análise de variância unidirecional (one-wayANOVA), complementada pelo teste de Tukey. Para comparação das médias entre os sexos utilizou-se o teste t de Student. O hematócrito foi significativamente mais elevado até os 90 dias e nas fêmeas do G7. Para proteínas plasmáticas totais, notou-se aumento significativo nos grupos 3, 4, 6 e 7. Os valores de fibrinogênio foram maiores no G1. A CK apresentou maior concentração no G5 e a AST no G7. A AST assumiu valores semelhantes dos 30 dias até os 2 anos. A concentração de lactato foi mais elevada no G3. Conclui-se que na interpretação dos exames laboratoriais de potros da raça crioula, o gênero não interfere significativamente nos resultados, porém a idade deve ser considerada devido à ocorrência de variações relevantes. Recomenda-se que para interpretação sejam consultadas tabelas específicas para cada análise.(AU)

Plasma levels of hematocrit, total plasma protein, fibrinogen, creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transferase, and lactate were analyzed in blood samples of 85 Crioula breed foals, from birth to two years of age. The animals were divided into age groups: G1 (up to 15 days of age; n=70), G2 (from 16 days to one month of age; n=67), G3 (between one and three months of age; n=75), G4 (between three and six months of age; n=64), G5 (between six and nine months of age; n=59), G6 (between nine and 18 months of age; n=39), and G7 (between 18 months and two years of age; n=17). These groups were statistically analyzed by one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukeys test. Male and female means were compared by Students t-test. Hematocrit levels were significantly higher up to 90 days of age and in G7 females. Total plasma proteins increased significantly in groups 3, 4, 6, and 7. The highest fibrinogen levels were found in G1. Yet for creatine phosphokinase, the highest concentrations were detected in G5, whereas those of aspartate aminotransferase in G7. The levels of this enzyme remained similar from 30 days to two years of age. Lactate concentrations were higher in G3. We concluded that the sex of the animal had no significant effect on laboratory test interpretations. By contrast, the age of the animal should be considered since relevant variations were observed with time. Nevertheless, specific tables for each analysis should be consulted for interpretation of results.(AU)

Parâmetros sanguíneos de potros da raça Crioula / Blood parameters of crioulo breed horse

Com o propósito de estabelecer valores de hematócrito, proteínas plasmáticas totais, fibrinogênio, creatina quinase , aspartato transferase e lactato em potros da raça Crioula, do nascimento até os dois anos, utilizaram-se amostras sanguíneas de 85 animais, divididos pela estratificação etária: Grupo 1 (G1) Até 15 dias de vida (n=70); grupo 2 (G2), entre 16 dias até um mês (n=67); grupo 3 (G3), entre 1 e 3 meses (n=75); grupo 4 (G4), entre 3 e 6 meses (n=64); grupo 5 (G5), entre 6 e 9 meses (n=59); grupo 6 (G6), entre 9 e 18 meses (n=39); e grupo 7 (G7), entre 18 meses até 2 anos (n=17). Foi realizado estudo estatístico entre os grupos pela análise de variância unidirecional (one-wayANOVA), complementada pelo teste de Tukey. Para comparação das médias entre os sexos utilizou-se o teste t de Student. O hematócrito foi significativamente mais elevado até os 90 dias e nas fêmeas do G7. Para proteínas plasmáticas totais, notou-se aumento significativo nos grupos 3, 4, 6 e 7. Os valores de fibrinogênio foram maiores no G1. A CK apresentou maior concentração no G5 e a AST no G7. A AST assumiu valores semelhantes dos 30 dias até os 2 anos. A concentração de lactato foi mais elevada no G3. Conclui-se que na interpretação dos exames laboratoriais de potros da raça crioula, o gênero não interfere significativamente nos resultados, porém a idade deve ser considerada devido à ocorrência de variações relevantes. Recomenda-se que para interpretação sejam consultadas tabelas específicas para cada análise.

Plasma levels of hematocrit, total plasma protein, fibrinogen, creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transferase, and lactate were analyzed in blood samples of 85 Crioula breed foals, from birth to two years of age. The animals were divided into age groups: G1 (up to 15 days of age; n=70), G2 (from 16 days to one month of age; n=67), G3 (between one and three months of age; n=75), G4 (between three and six months of age; n=64), G5 (between six and nine months of age; n=59), G6 (between nine and 18 months of age; n=39), and G7 (between 18 months and two years of age; n=17). These groups were statistically analyzed by one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. Male and female means were compared by Student’s t-test. Hematocrit levels were significantly higher up to 90 days of age and in G7 females. Total plasma proteins increased significantly in groups 3, 4, 6, and 7. The highest fibrinogen levels were found in G1. Yet for creatine phosphokinase, the highest concentrations were detected in G5, whereas those of aspartate aminotransferase in G7. The levels of this enzyme remained similar from 30 days to two years of age. Lactate concentrations were higher in G3. We concluded that the sex of the animal had no significant effect on laboratory test interpretations. By contrast, the age of the animal should be considered since relevant variations were observed with time. Nevertheless, specific tables for each analysis should be consulted for interpretation of results.

Protective effects of ischemic postconditioning on skeletal muscle following crush syndrome in the rat

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the effect of ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) on skeletal muscle and its optimal protocol. Methods This article is about an animal study of rat model of crush syndrome. Sixty rats were randomized into nine different IPostC intervention groups and a control group. The anesthetized rats were subjected to unilateral hindlimb 3-kg compression with a compression device for 6 h, followed by nine different IPostC intervention protocols. Results Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) at 3 h post-crush became 2.3-3.9 times among all 10 groups after crush. At 72 h post-crush, serum CK level was reduced to 0.28-0.53 time in all intervention groups. The creatinine (CREA) level in the control group was elevated to 3.11 times at 3 h post-crush and reduced to1.77 time at 72 h post-crush. The potassium (K+) level in the control group was elevated to 1.65 and 1.41 time at 3 and 72 h post-crush, respectively. Conclusions Our IPostC intervention protocols can effectively protect rats from crush-induced elevation of serum CK, CREA, and K+ levels. The timing of IPostC intervention should be as early as possible, to ensure the protective effect.

Blood parameters of crioulo breed horse / Parâmetros sanguíneos de potros da raça Crioula

Plasma levels of hematocrit, total plasma protein, fibrinogen, creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transferase, and lactate were analyzed in blood samples of 85 Crioula breed foals, from birth to two years of age. The animals were divided into age groups: G1 (up to 15 days of age; n=70), G2 (from 16 days to one month of age; n=67), G3 (between one and three months of age; n=75), G4 (between three and six months of age; n=64), G5 (between six and nine months of age; n=59), G6 (between nine and 18 months of age; n=39), and G7 (between 18 months and two years of age; n=17). These groups were statistically analyzed by one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Male and female means were compared by Student's t-test. Hematocrit levels were significantly higher up to 90 days of age and in G7 females. Total plasma proteins increased significantly in groups 3, 4, 6, and 7. The highest fibrinogen levels were found in G1. Yet for creatine phosphokinase, the highest concentrations were detected in G5, whereas those of aspartate aminotransferase in G7. The levels of this enzyme remained similar from 30 days to two years of age. Lactate concentrations were higher in G3. We concluded that the sex of the animal had no significant effect on laboratory test interpretations. By contrast, the age of the animal should be considered since relevant variations were observed with time. Nevertheless, specific tables for each analysis should be consulted for interpretation of results.

Com o propósito de estabelecer valores de hematócrito, proteínas plasmáticas totais, fibrinogênio, creatina quinase , aspartato transferase e lactato em potros da raça Crioula, do nascimento até os dois anos, utilizaram-se amostras sanguíneas de 85 animais, divididos pela estratificação etária: Grupo 1 (G1) Até 15 dias de vida (n=70); grupo 2 (G2), entre 16 dias até um mês (n=67); grupo 3 (G3), entre 1 e 3 meses (n=75); grupo 4 (G4), entre 3 e 6 meses (n=64); grupo 5 (G5), entre 6 e 9 meses (n=59); grupo 6 (G6), entre 9 e 18 meses (n=39); e grupo 7 (G7), entre 18 meses até 2 anos (n=17). Foi realizado estudo estatístico entre os grupos pela análise de variância unidirecional (one-wayANOVA), complementada pelo teste de Tukey. Para comparação das médias entre os sexos utilizou-se o teste t de Student. O hematócrito foi significativamente mais elevado até os 90 dias e nas fêmeas do G7. Para proteínas plasmáticas totais, notou-se aumento significativo nos grupos 3, 4, 6 e 7. Os valores de fibrinogênio foram maiores no G1. A CK apresentou maior concentração no G5 e a AST no G7. A AST assumiu valores semelhantes dos 30 dias até os 2 anos. A concentração de lactato foi mais elevada no G3. Conclui-se que na interpretação dos exames laboratoriais de potros da raça crioula, o gênero não interfere significativamente nos resultados, porém a idade deve ser considerada devido à ocorrência de variações relevantes. Recomenda-se que para interpretação sejam consultadas tabelas específicas para cada análise.

Atividade sérica de enzimas musculares em cavalos da raça American Trotter treinados após atividade física / Serum activity of muscle enzymes in trained Standardbred horses after physical activity

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade sérica da creatinoquinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e lactato plasmático em cavalos da raça American Trotter após a realização de atividade física. Mensurou-se as concentrações séricas destas enzimas em dois momentos: M1 - imediatamente após o exercício, e M2 - 24 horas após o exercício. Não houveram diferenças entre os momentos para CK, AST e LDH. Para o lactato plasmático, os valores foram maiores em M1. O nível de significância foi fixado em 5%. Conclui-se que a atividade física realizada por cavalos American Trotter, em níveis submáximos pouco afeta a atividade sérica de enzimas musculares. O bom condicionamento físico favorece a rápida recuperação dos animais após atividades físicas de grande exigência.

This study aimed to evaluate the serum activity of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and plasma lactate in Standardbred horses after performing physical activity. The serum levels of these enzymes were measured in two moments: M1 immediately after exercise, and M2 24 hours after exercise. There were no differences in CK, AST and LDH concentrations between M1 and M2. For plasma lactate, there were higher values in M1. The level of significance was set at 5%. It concludes that the physical activity performed by Standardbred horses, at submaximal levels, no affects the serum activity of muscle enzymes. Good physical conditioning favors the quick recovery of animals after demanding physical activities.

Mitochondrial activity disruption and local muscle damage induced in mice by Scolopendra polymorpha venom

Scolopendra polymorpha (S. polymorpha) is a predatory centipede whose venom contains a multiplicity of biochemical effectors that can cause muscle damage and cumulative cell destruction in its prey. Despite previous investigations of S. polymorpha and other centipede venoms, there is a lack of information on the morphological and biochemical patterns elicited by their myotoxic effects. To elucidate these processes, this paper presents evidence of skeletal muscle damage, and alterations in key biochemical mediators that appear only after exposure to centipede venom. Methods: Venom was collected and fractionated using RP-HPLC; mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was exposed to whole venom and venom fractions to evaluate myotoxicity by means of creatine kinase (CK) - a muscle damage marker - activity measurements and histochemical analysis. Results: CK activity was higher in EDL muscle exposed to venom than in unexposed muscle. This increase was observed after 15 min of venom incubation, and remained stable up to 45 min. Venom-exposed EDL muscle showed signs of muscle damage including necrosis, loss of fascicular structure as well as mitochondrial accumulations and ragged red fibers (RRF), suggesting an impairment in the normal mitochondrial arrangement. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and cytochrome oxidase (COX) tests also indicate that respiratory complexes might be affected. Conclusion: Our results suggest a different biochemical composition of S. polymorpha venom, based on the different effects of four venom fractions on the cells tested, according to statistical evidence. Fractions F6 and F7 caused the most important alterations.(AU)

Atividade sérica de enzimas musculares em cavalos da raça American Trotter treinados após atividade física / Serum activity of muscle enzymes in trained Standardbred horses after physical activity

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade sérica da creatinoquinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e lactato plasmático em cavalos da raça American Trotter após a realização de atividade física. Mensurou-se as concentrações séricas destas enzimas em dois momentos: M1 - imediatamente após o exercício, e M2 - 24 horas após o exercício. Não houveram diferenças entre os momentos para CK, AST e LDH. Para o lactato plasmático, os valores foram maiores em M1. O nível de significância foi fixado em 5%. Conclui-se que a atividade física realizada por cavalos American Trotter, em níveis submáximos pouco afeta a atividade sérica de enzimas musculares. O bom condicionamento físico favorece a rápida recuperação dos animais após atividades físicas de grande exigência.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the serum activity of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and plasma lactate in Standardbred horses after performing physical activity. The serum levels of these enzymes were measured in two moments: M1 immediately after exercise, and M2 24 hours after exercise. There were no differences in CK, AST and LDH concentrations between M1 and M2. For plasma lactate, there were higher values in M1. The level of significance was set at 5%. It concludes that the physical activity performed by Standardbred horses, at submaximal levels, no affects the serum activity of muscle enzymes. Good physical conditioning favors the quick recovery of animals after demanding physical activities.(AU)

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters of Broilers with Dorsal Cranial Myopathy

There are several causes of carcass condemnation in poultry processing plants, including dorsal cranial myopathy (DCM), in which the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle is affected. DCM etiology has not been elucidated yet, but this lesion impairs the visual quality of carcasses and causes economic losses due to downgrading and condemnation. The effects of this lesion on the systemic health of broilers are still unknown. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate muscle injury and systemic health indicators in broilers presenting or not DCM. The following parameters were evaluated: complete blood count (CBC), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, lactate, and glucose serum levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) serum activities, and breast muscle pH. Blood samples were collected from 800 42-day-old broilers before feed withdrawal and transportation. In the processing plant, 28 carcasses presented DCM during inspection, and 28 carcasses with no DCM were used as controls. Blood biochemical parameters were not significantly different between broilers with DCM and the controls, except for AST and CK, which activities were higher in the DCM group than in the control group, suggesting that the DCM does not affect the systemic health of the broilers.(AU)

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters of Broilers with Dorsal Cranial Myopathy

There are several causes of carcass condemnation in poultry processing plants, including dorsal cranial myopathy (DCM), in which the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle is affected. DCM etiology has not been elucidated yet, but this lesion impairs the visual quality of carcasses and causes economic losses due to downgrading and condemnation. The effects of this lesion on the systemic health of broilers are still unknown. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate muscle injury and systemic health indicators in broilers presenting or not DCM. The following parameters were evaluated: complete blood count (CBC), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, lactate, and glucose serum levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) serum activities, and breast muscle pH. Blood samples were collected from 800 42-day-old broilers before feed withdrawal and transportation. In the processing plant, 28 carcasses presented DCM during inspection, and 28 carcasses with no DCM were used as controls. Blood biochemical parameters were not significantly different between broilers with DCM and the controls, except for AST and CK, which activities were higher in the DCM group than in the control group, suggesting that the DCM does not affect the systemic health of the broilers.

Assessments glucose serum, lactate, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase increased mile in equine room before and after race test / Avaliações séricas de glicose, lactato, creatina quinase e aspartato aminotransferase em equinos quarto de milha antes e depois de prova de corrida

This study aimed to evaluate the muscle changes and the strength of horses, Quarter Horse, athletes submitted to sprint (300 meters) with the use of serum glucose reviews, lactate, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase. For the evaluation, 21 horses were used in the Quarter Horse breed, aged 2 and 4 years old, weighing approximately 500 kg, submitted to race proved short distance (300 meters). Serum aspartate aminotransferase values were measured (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate and glucose 15 minutes before and 15 minutes after exercise. When comparing the results using T-Student (p < 0.05), it was observed that there is a statistically significant difference when comparing the groups, it is possible to notice wear and muscle regeneration, as well as adaptation to exercise. Serum tests have demonstrated good sensitivity to monitor the physical condition of the animals before and after undergoing the short run test.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações musculares e a resistência de equinos, Quarto de Milha, atletas, submetidos à corrida de curta distância (300 metros), com a utilização das avaliações séricas de glicose, lactato, creatina quinase e aspartato aminotransferase. Para a avaliação, foram utilizados 21 equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, com idade entre 2 e 4 anos, com peso aproximado de 500 kg, submetidos à prova de corrida em curta distância (300 metros). Foram mensurados valores séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), lactato e glicose, 15 minutos antes e 15 minutos após o exercício físico. Ao comparar os resultados utilizando-se T- Student (p < 0,05), foi possível observar que há diferença estatística significativa ao comparar os grupos, sendo possível notar desgaste e regeneração muscular, além de adaptação ao exercício físico. Os exames séricos demonstraram ter boa sensibilidade para acompanhar o estado físico dos animais antes e depois de submetidos à prova de corrida curta.

Assessments glucose serum, lactate, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase increased mile in equine room before and after race test / Avaliações séricas de glicose, lactato, creatina quinase e aspartato aminotransferase em equinos quarto de milha antes e depois de prova de corrida

This study aimed to evaluate the muscle changes and the strength of horses, Quarter Horse, athletes submitted to sprint (300 meters) with the use of serum glucose reviews, lactate, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase. For the evaluation, 21 horses were used in the Quarter Horse breed, aged 2 and 4 years old, weighing approximately 500 kg, submitted to race proved short distance (300 meters). Serum aspartate aminotransferase values were measured (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate and glucose 15 minutes before and 15 minutes after exercise. When comparing the results using T-Student (p < 0.05), it was observed that there is a statistically significant difference when comparing the groups, it is possible to notice wear and muscle regeneration, as well as adaptation to exercise. Serum tests have demonstrated good sensitivity to monitor the physical condition of the animals before and after undergoing the short run test.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações musculares e a resistência de equinos, Quarto de Milha, atletas, submetidos à corrida de curta distância (300 metros), com a utilização das avaliações séricas de glicose, lactato, creatina quinase e aspartato aminotransferase. Para a avaliação, foram utilizados 21 equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, com idade entre 2 e 4 anos, com peso aproximado de 500 kg, submetidos à prova de corrida em curta distância (300 metros). Foram mensurados valores séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), lactato e glicose, 15 minutos antes e 15 minutos após o exercício físico. Ao comparar os resultados utilizando-se T- Student (p < 0,05), foi possível observar que há diferença estatística significativa ao comparar os grupos, sendo possível notar desgaste e regeneração muscular, além de adaptação ao exercício físico. Os exames séricos demonstraram ter boa sensibilidade para acompanhar o estado físico dos animais antes e depois de submetidos à prova de corrida curta.(AU)

Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation and effects of soursop (Annona muricata) as natural antivenom

Background In the Atlantic forest of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, local population often uses the fruit juice and the aqueous extract of leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.) to treat Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation. Envenomation is a relevant health issue in these areas, especially due to its severity and because the production and distribution of antivenom is limited in these regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of the use of soursop leaf extract and its juice against envenomation by Lachesis muta rhombeata. Methods We evaluated the biochemical, hematological and hemostatic parameters, the blood pressure, the inflammation process and the lethality induced by Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom. We also assessed the action of the aqueous extract of leaves (AmL) and juice (AmJ) from A. muricata on the animal organism injected with L. m. rhombeata venom (LmrV) in the laboratory environment. Results LmrV induced a decrease of total protein, albumin and glucose; and increase of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea concentrations. It provoked hemoconcentration followed by reduction of hematocrit, an increase in prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time and a decrease of the blood pressure. LmrV induced the release of interleukin-6, an increase in neutrophils and changes in the serum protein profile, characteristic of the acute inflammatory process. LD50 values were similar for the groups injected with LmrV and treated or untreated with AmJ and AmL. Both treatments play a role on the maintenance of blood glucose, urea and coagulation parameters and exert a protective action against the myotoxicity. However, they seem to worsen the hypotension caused by LmrV. Conclusion The treatments with AmJ and AmL present some beneficial actions, but they might intensify some effects of the venom. Therefore, additional studies on A. muricata are necessary to enable its use as natural antivenom for bushmaster snakebite.(AU)

Post-ride inflammatory markers in endurance horses / Marcadores inflamatórios em cavalos após enduro

The acute phase reaction occurs in response to diseases, surgical trauma and can happen after strenuous exercise, like long distance events. This study aimed to evaluate the Serum Amyloid A (SAA), pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1β and TNFα) and creatine phosphokinase (CK) after free speed races like physical stress markers in endurance horses. Blood of 21 trained horses that competed in tests of 80, 120 and 160km, was taken before and after race. There was a significant increase in CK and SAA after the race in all horses, as well as the anti-inflammatory interleukin IL-10. But when results were compared between the groups, only the SAA was different, being higher in 160km horses. There was no change in pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-1β and TNFα before and after the event; however, the TNFα was higher in 160km horses after the race. Based on data obtained in this study it was concluded that stress is more dependent on the distance than speed imposed and that SAA is a good marker of physical effort, since it is accompanied by other markers well established as CK. Interleukins are not a good markers since they did not change significantly.(AU)

A reação de fase aguda da inflamação ocorre como resposta a doenças, traumas cirúrgicos e pode acontecer após exercício físico extenuante, como provas de longa distância. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o Amiloide A Sérico (SAA), interleucinas pró-inflamatórias e a enzima creatinafosfoquinase (CK) após provas de velocidade livre como marcadores de esforço físico em cavalos de enduro. Utilizou-se sangue de 21 cavalos devidamente treinados, que competiram em provas de 80, 120 e 160km, colhido antes e depois da prova. Houve aumento significativo em CK e SAA após a prova em todos os cavalos, assim como da interleucina anti-inflamatória IL-10. Porém, quando os resultados foram comparados entre os grupos, somente a SAA apresentou diferença, sendo maior nos cavalos de 160km. Não foi observada alteração nas interleucinas pró-inflamatórias IL-1β e TNFα antes e depois da prova, todavia, o TNFα foi maior nos cavalos de 160km após a prova. Baseado nos dados obtidos neste estudo, conclui-se que o esforço é dependente da distância percorrida e não da velocidade imposta e que a SAA é um bom marcador de esforço físico, desde que acompanhada de outros marcadores já consagrados, como a CK. As interleucinas não se apresentaram bons marcadores, já que não sofreram alterações significativas.(AU)

Cargas interna e externa da atividade aquática para equinos jovens da raça Mangalarga Marchador.

Exercícios aquáticos têm sido adicionados aos protocolos de treinamento de cavalos da raça Mangalarga Marchador (MM), porém sua efetividade não foi devidamente comprovada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos exercícios aquáticos para jovens equinos da raça MM. Para isso, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas. A primeira etapa foi a revisão sistemática com o objetivo de discutir sobre a eficácia do treinamento aquático em jovens atletas. Para isso foi utilizado o software StArt, sendo selecionados 4 artigos que resumidamente evidenciaram benefícios da atividade aquática no condicionamento (capacidade oxidativa muscular, cardiovascular e metabólica). Porém, os dados, desde número de artigos disponíveis até as metodologias utilizadas, demonstraram que há escassez de informações e que a abordagem é incompleta. A segunda etapa, por meio de um questionário, teve como objetivo descrever como os criatórios de MM no Brasil têm realizado a atividade. O questionário foi composto por perguntas sobre como, onde, frequência, duração, nível de água, objetivos e opiniões sobre o exercício na água e concluiu-se que a atividade não é realizada de forma padronizada e assim como há dúvidas, existem convicções não comprovadas sobre sua utilização. A terceira etapa foi a experimental, com o objetivo de comparar a demanda cardiovascular e metabólica de exercícios em três diferentes níveis de água e caminhador automático. Para isso, foram utilizados 11 equinos de aproximadamente três anos de idade da raça MM. Foram realizadas 4 avaliações com intervalos de sete dias entre elas: passo alongado no caminhador automático sem água; e a piscina com nível de água até o carpo, até o peito e até dois metros de profundidade para natação. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: hematócrito (Ht), proteína total (Pt) e leucócitos (Leu); creatina fosfoquinase (CK); aspartato aminotransferase (AST); frequência cardíaca (FC); frequência respiratória (FR); temperatura (TR); glicose (Gli); e lactato (Lac). Todos os parâmetros foram avaliados antes da atividade e após, de acordo com o tempo de resposta e recuperação de cada variável. Todos os parâmetros foram avaliados antes da atividade e após, de acordo com o tempo de resposta e recuperação de cada variável. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, em seguida à ANOVA de dois fatores para medidas repetidas ou ao teste de Friedman para medidas repetidas (= 5%). As médias foram comparadas por teste de Tukey. As demandas cardiovascular e metabólica dos exercícios aquáticos foram maiores quando comparadas ao exercício no caminhador automático sem água, e crescentes com o aumento do nível de água. A submersão total é mais intensa e tem maior participação do metabolismo anaeróbio para obtenção de energia quando comparada à imersão parcial e exercícios sem água. Exercício aquático para jovens animais ainda deve ser melhor estudado principalmente seu efeito sobre a morfometria e biomecânica.

Aquatic training has been added to horse training protocols of the Mangalarga Marchador (MM) breed, but its effectiveness was not properly proven. The aim of this work was to determine in a consolidated way the effects of training for young horses of the MM breed. For this, the study was developed in three steps. The first step has consisted of a systematic review with the purpose to discuss the effectiveness of aquatic training for young horses. For this, the StArt software was used and four articles were selected that briefly have shown benefits of aquatic activity in physical conditioning. But the data, from number of available articles to the used methodologies, demonstrate that there is a scarcity of information and that the approach is incomplete. The second step, through of a questionnaire, has aimed to describe how MM breeders in Brazil have been carrying out the activity. In the questionnaire, there were questions about how, where, frequency, duration, water level, goals and opinions about the exercise in water and it can be concluded that the activity is not standardized and the breeder have some doubts and beliefs in common. The third step was the experimental, with the purpose of make a comparison of cardiovascular and metabolic demand from exercises in three different water levels and automatic walker. For this, 11 young horses were used with approximately three years old of the MM breed. Four evaluations were carried out with seven-day intervals between them: large step on the automatic walker without water; and the pool with water level up to the carpus, up to the chest and up to two meters of depth for swimming. The following parameters were evaluated: blood count (hematocrit (Ht), total protein (TP) and leukocytes (Leu); creatine phosphokinase (CK); aspartate aminotransferase (AST); heart rate (HR); respiratory rate (RR); temperature (TR); glucose (Gly); and lactate (Lac). All parameters were evaluated before and after training, according to the time of reaction and recovery of each of them. Data were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by the two-way ANOVA for repeated measures or the Friedman test for repeated measures (= 5%). Means were compared by Tukey test. The cardiovascular demands and metabolic of aquatic exercises were greater when were compared to the exercise in the waterless automatic walker, and increasing with the increase of the water level. The total submersion is more intense and has greater participation of anaerobic metabolism to obtain energy when compared to partial immersion and exercises without water. Aquatic exercise for young animals still needs to be better studied mainly in its effect on morphometry and biomechanics.

RESPOSTAS AGUDAS HEMATOLÓGICAS, MUSCULARES E CARDÍACAS DE RATOS SOB CONDIÇÃO DE OVERREACHING

A síndrome do overtraining (SOT) é condição resultante do desequilíbrio entre intensidade de treinamento e tempo de recuperação, ocasionando redução do desempenho e fadiga. Objetivou-se investigar biomarcadores séricos musculares e perfil hematológico de ratos Wistar submetidos a um protocolo treino para provocar as condições FOR (functional overreaching) ou NFOR/SOT (nonfunctional overreaching) (PT). A amostragem inicial foi de 49 animais. Estes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 3 grupos iniciais: grupo sedentário (S, n=16), que não realizou nenhuma atividade física; grupo semissedentário (SSED, n=16), que realizou programa de condicionamento leve; grupo treinado (TR, n=33), que foi submetido a PT de 12 semanas. Para avaliação da aptidão física, os ratos foram submetidos a sete testes máximos de performance (TMP). No TMP-7, os animais do grupo TR foram subdivididos em dois grupos (FOR: n=19 e NFOR: n=14), identificados pela diferença da inclinação () obtida a partir da regressão linear dos desempenhos individuais nos TMP-2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7. Após o TMP-7, 8 ratos de cada grupo foram submetidos à eutanásia para obtenção de amostras. Realizou-se hemograma e citometria de fluxo de hemácias. Quantificaram-se as atividades séricas da creatina fosfoquinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), lactato desidrogenase (LHD) e mioglobina. Avaliou-se as atividades da troponina cardíaca I (cTnI), isoenzima MB da creatinaquinase (CK-MB), lactato desidrogenase (LHD) e mioglobina. Foi determinada a relação miocardiossomática. Foram quantificados nos miocárdios a respiração mitocondrial máxima, atividade da citrato sintase (CS), e proteína indicadora de estresse (HSP70). Aplicou-se análise de variância de uma via (ANOVA One Way). Constatou-se valores superiores nos grupos SED e SSED em relação ao FOR para contagem de hemácias (RBC), hemoglobina (Hb) e hematócrito (Hct). O volume corpuscular médio (VCM) foi superior no grupo NFOR em comparação a SED e SSED. A contagem total de linfócitos foi maior no grupo NFOR em relação ao grupo FOR. A citometria de eritrócitos, a população 2 (P2) de RBC do grupo NFOR foi superior ao FOR. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para de CK, LDH e mioglobina. A AST do grupo SED foi menor que os demais grupos. Não houve diferença nas atividades séricas dos biomarcadores cardíacos entre os grupos. A relação miocardiossomática de NFOR foi superior aos demais grupos. O ganho de peso corporal foi semelhante entre FOR e NFOR, sendo este menor em relação a SSED. Não houve diferença da respiração máxima mitocondrial entre os grupos. A CS foi maior grupo NFOR em relação ao SED. A HSP70 foi maior no grupo SED, semelhante entre SSED e NFOR e menor no grupo FOR. A redução das variáveis eritrocitárias nos grupos FOR e NFOR foram associadas à expansão do volume plasmático e hemólise provocada por traumas inerentes ao desafio esportivo. A resposta leucocitária do grupo FOR pode estar relacionada à diminuição da resposta do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal a agentes estressantes. A citometria de fluxo das hemácias mostrou-se promissora na diferenciação de FOR e NFOR. O condicionamento prévio pode ter atenuado a resposta dos biomarcadores musculares nos grupos treinados. À bioquímica sérica cardíaca evidenciou uma possível atenuação dos biomarcadores, como mecanismo adaptativo. O aumento da massa cardíaca em NFOR pode estar associado à hipertrofia deste órgão ou ao menor ganho de peso corporal. A avaliação da função mitocondrial evidenciou alterações adaptativas na célula muscular cardíaca em resposta ao protocolo de endurance, encorajando estudos complementares.

Overtraining syndrome (SOT) is a condition resulting from the imbalance between training intensity and recovery time, causing reduced performance and fatigue. The objective was to investigate serum muscle biomarkers and hematological profile of Wistar rats submitted to a training protocol to provoke the FOR (functional overreaching) or NFOR / SOT (nonfunctional overreaching) (PT) conditions. The initial sample was 49 animals. These were randomly assigned into 3 initial groups: sedentary group (S, n = 16), who did not perform any physical activity; semi-sedentary group (SSED, n = 16), which carried out a light conditioning program; trained group (TR, n = 33), who underwent PT for 12 weeks. To assess physical fitness, the rats were subjected to seven maximum performance tests (TMP). In the TMP-7, the animals in the TR group were subdivided into two groups (FOR: n = 19 and NFOR: n = 14), identified by the difference in the slope () obtained from the linear regression of individual performances in the TMP-2 , 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. After TMP-7, 8 rats from each group were euthanized to obtain samples. CBC and erytrocyte flow cytometry were performed. The serum activities of creatine phosphokinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) and myoglobin were quantified. The activities of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), MB isoenzyme creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) and myoglobin were evaluated. The myocardiosomatic relationship was determined. Maximal mitochondrial respiration, citrate synthase activity (CS), and stress indicator protein (HSP70) were quantified in the myocardium. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA One Way) was applied. Higher values were found in the SED and SSED groups in relation to the FOR for red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct). The mean corpuscular volume (VCM) was higher in the NFOR group compared to SED and SSED. The total lymphocyte count was higher in the NFOR group compared to the FOR group. The erythrocyte cytometry, population 2 (P2) of RBC of the NFOR group was higher than the FOR. There was no difference between groups for CK, LDH and myoglobin. The AST of the SED group was lower than the other groups. There was no difference in the serum activities of cardiac biomarkers between the groups. The myocardiosomatic ratio of NFOR was higher than the other groups. The body weight gain was similar between FOR and NFOR, which was lower in relation to SSED. There was no difference in maximum mitochondrial breathing between groups. CS was the largest NFOR group in relation to SED. HSP70 was higher in the SED group, similar between SSED and NFOR and lower in the FOR group. The reduction of erythrocyte variables in the FOR and NFOR groups was associated with the expansion of plasma volume and hemolysis caused by traumas inherent to the sports challenge. The leukocyte response of the FOR group may be related to the decreased response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stressors. RBC flow cytometry has shown promise in differentiating FOR and NFOR. The previous conditioning may have attenuated the response of the muscle biomarkers in the trained groups. Serum cardiac biochemistry showed a possible attenuation of biomarkers as an adaptive mechanism. The increase in cardiac mass in NFOR may be associated with hypertrophy of this organ or with lower body weight gain. The assessment of mitochondrial function showed adaptive changes in the cardiac muscle cell in response to the endurance protocol, encouraging further studies.

Creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme-MB mass (CK-MB mass) and troponin I (cTnI) in dogs (Canis familiaris) / Creatinafosfoquinase-isoenzima MB massa (CK-MB massa) e troponina I (cTnI) em cães (Canis familiaris)

Cardiac markers, especially CK-MB mass and cTnI, have an essential role in both human and veterinary clinical and surgical cardiology, allowing a more precise and accurate diagnosis in myocardial lesions. The goal of this work was to measure these cardiac markers in veterinary medicine, improve their use and provide information about these laboratory methods that allow non-invasive health monitoring of the myocardial cell. Parameters quantification was obtained from sera of healthy dogs examined during routine procedures at the Small Animal Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro.  The human chemiluminescence essay turbo kit (IMMULITE Turbo, Siemens ®) test proved to be effective in canine species for both CK-MB mass and cTnI. In addition, the values found for CK-MB will significantly contribute to clinical routine or experimental work with dogs.

Os marcadores cardíacos, sobretudo a CK-MB massa e a cTnI, tem demonstrado um papel essencial seja em cardiologia clínica ou cirúrgica veterinária e humana, permitindo um diagnóstico mais preciso e acurado nas lesões miocárdicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar os marcadores cardíacos em tela na Medicina Veterinária, aprimorar sua utilização e obter informações sobre estes métodos laboratoriais não invasivos que permitem o monitoramento da integridade da célula miocárdica. A quantificação dos parâmetros foi feita do soro de cães saudáveis atendidos na rotina do setor de Clínica Médica de Pequenos Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. O kit de ensaio imunométrico por quimioluminescência turbo (IMMULITE Turbo, Siemens®) humano mostrou-se eficaz na avaliação na espécie canina, tanto para CK-MB massa quanto cTnI. Além disso, os valores encontrados para CK-MB massa e cTnI contribuirão significativamente para a rotina clínica ou para os trabalhos experimentais em cães.