A realistic model for vasectomy reversal training using swine testicles

Purpose: To evaluate the viability of the porcine vas deferens as a realistic microsurgical training model for vasectomy reversal Methods: The model uses swine testicles (vas deferent), which are usually discarded in large street markets since they are not part of Brazilian cuisine. The spermatic cord was carefully dissected, and the vas deferens were isolated, measuring 10 cm in length. A paper quadrilateral with 5 cm2 was built to delimit the surgical training field. The objective of the model is to simulate only the microsurgical step when the vas deferens are already isolated. The parameters analyzed were: feasibility for reproducing the technique, patency before and after performing the vasovasostomy, cost of the model, ease of acquisition, ease of handling, execution time, and model reproducibility. Results: The simulator presented low cost. All models made were viable with a texture similar to human, with positive patency obtained in 100% of the procedures. The internal and external diameters of the vas deferens varied between 0.2-0.4 mm and 2-3 mm, respectively, with a mean length of 9 ± 1.2 cm. The total procedure time was 43.28 ± 3.22 minutes. Conclusions: The realistic model presented proved to be viable for carrying out vasectomy reversal training, due to its low cost, easy acquisition, and easy handling, and providing similar tissue characteristics to humans.

Produção de frango caipirão como alternativa de renda para a agricultura familiar no noroeste de Minas- MG / Free-range broiler production as an alternative income for family farming in the northwest of Minas-MG

Muitos agricultores familiares empregam o cooperativismo como uma ferramenta para o fortalecimento dos meios produtivos e vislumbram a diversificação produtiva como uma estratégia de geração de renda. Este estudo analisou o projeto de diversificação promovido pela CAPUL no ano de 2020, no município de Arinos ­MG,com foco na produção de aves caipiras (Gallus domesticus) para abastecimento da demanda para alimentação escolar e comércio local. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os impactos econômicos e sociais que o projeto gerou na vida dos agricultores familiares e elucidar a relevância do cooperativismo para a promoção da diversificação produtiva, bem como evidenciar os desprendimentos e entraves que existiram durante a execução do projeto. Utilizou-se como fonte de dados primários o questionário autoaplicável, considerando um universo de 13 agricultores familiares. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de instrumentos de cunho qualitativo e quantitativo e foram tabulados por meio do programa Microsoft Excel, para análise estatística descritiva dos resultados utilizou-se uma análise de cluster com o método hierárquico pelo modelo Ward. Conclui-se com essa pesquisa, que o projeto intitulado Frango Caipirão CAPUL causou impactos na vida dos agricultores familiares e que a cooperativa por meio das suas ações de ATER exerceu influências no modo de reprodução social eeconômica dos participantes do referido estudo, contribuindo para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Implica-se, portanto, que outras ações do mesmo segmento podem utilizar este artigo como eixo norteador.(AU)

Many family farmers use cooperativism as a tool to strengthen productive environments and envision productive diversification as anincome generation strategy. This study analyzed the diversification project promoted by CAPUL in 2020, in the municipality of Arinos -MG, focusing on the production of free-range birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) to supply the demand for school meals and local commerce. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic and social impacts that the project generated in the lives of family farmers and elucidate the relevance of cooperativism for the promotion of productive diversification, as well as tohighlight the detachments and obstacles that existed during the execution of the project. The self-administered questionnaire was used as the primary data source, considering a universe of 14 family farmers. The data were obtained through qualitative and quantitative instruments and were tabulated using the Microsoft Excel program. For descriptive statistical analysis of the results, a cluster analysis was used with the hierarchical method by the Ward model. It is concluded with this research that the project entitled Frango Caipirão CAPUL caused impacts on the lives of family farmers and that the cooperative, through its ATER actions, exerted influences on the social and economic reproduction of the participants of that study, contributing to the strengthening family farming. It is implied, therefore, that other actions in the same segment can use this master's dissertation as a guideline.(AU)

Applications of livestock monitoring devices and machine learning algorithms in animal production and reproduction: an overview

Some sectors of animal production and reproduction have shown great technological advances due to the development of research areas such as Precision Livestock Farming (PLF). PLF is an innovative approach that allows animals to be monitored, through the adoption of cutting-edge technologies that continuously collect real-time data by combining the use of sensors with advanced algorithms to provide decision tools for farmers. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field that merges computer science and large datasets to create expert systems that are able to generate predictions and classifications similarly to human intelligence. In a simplified manner, Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of AI, and can be considered as a broader field that encompasses Deep Learning (DL, a Neural Network formed by at least three layers), generating a hierarchy of subsets formed by AI, ML and DL, respectively. Both ML and DL provide innovative methods for analyzing data, especially beneficial for large datasets commonly found in livestock-related activities. These approaches enable the extraction of valuable insights to address issues related to behavior, health, reproduction, production, and the environment, facilitating informed decision-making. In order to create the referred technologies, studies generally go through five steps involving data processing: acquisition, transferring, storage, analysis and delivery of results. Although the data collection and analysis steps are usually thoroughly reported by the scientific community, a good execution of each step is essential to achieve good and credible results, which impacts the degree of acceptance of the proposed technologies in real life practical circumstances. In this context, the present work aims to describe an overview of the current implementations of ML/DL in livestock reproduction and production, as well to identify potential challenges and critical points in each of the five steps mentioned, which can affect results and application of AI techniques by farmers in practical situations.(AU)

Carpal valgus angle deviation in Thoroughbred foals corrected using single transphyseal screw implant / Correção de desvio angular valgo do carpo em potros Puro-sangue com implante de parafuso transfiseal único

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the single transphyseal screw technique in foals diagnosed with carpal valgus deviation. This study included 22 thoroughbred animals of both sexes, with a mean age of 30 days. All animals had a carpal valgus deviation >5° with irregular development of the distal epiphysis of the radius. All animals were surgically treated to correct the carpal valgus deviation by creating a bridge using a single transphyseal screw. Surgical intervention was performed for 40 limbs, comprising 19 right and 21 left thoracic limbs. This corresponded to four animals with carpal valgus deviation >5° in only one of the limbs and 18 with the deviation in both limbs. It was observed that 38/40 treated limbs (95%) achieved normal angulation according to the literature, i.e., angulation between 0° and 5°. No statistical differences were observed between the affected limbs. The single transphyseal screw technique can be used for the correction of carpal valgus deviation in foals. It is indicated in animals with an average age of 30 days (20-55 days), as its main advantages are rapid application, simple execution, and limited trans- and post-surgical complications, making it an effective procedure in thoroughbred foals with carpal valgus angular deviation.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi demonstrar a viabilidade da aplicação da técnica de parafuso único transfiseal em potros, com diagnóstico de desvio valgo do carpo. Foram selecionados 22 animais, da raça PSI, com idade média de 30 dias, de ambos os sexos. Todos os animais apresentavam desvio valgo do carpo acima de cinco graus, com desenvolvimento irregular da epífise distal do rádio. Os animais foram submetidos à cirurgia corretiva para o desvio valgo do carpo por meio da realização de ponte com um único parafuso transfiseal. Foram submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica 40 membros, divididos entre membros torácicos direito e esquerdo 19 e 21, respectivamente, que corresponderam a quatro animais com desvio acima de 5 graus valgo do carpo em apenas um dos membros e 18 animais com o procedimento nos dois membros. Observou-se que 38 dos 40 membros tratados, ou seja, 95%, retornaram a uma angulação considerada normal, entre zero e cinco graus Dois animais apresentaram infecção do implante, de maneira que eles reduziram a angulação, porém não o suficiente para enquadrá-los na angulação normal estabelecida pela literatura. Não houve diferença estatística entre os membros acometidos. A técnica de aplicação do único parafuso transfiseal pode ser indicada para correção do desvio valgo do carpo em potros. Deve ser indicada em animais com idade média de 30 dias (20 a 55 dias de vida), por ter como principais vantagens aplicação rápida, execução simples e com limitadas intercorrências trans e pós-cirúrgicas.

Metodologias ativas no ensino de Teriogenologia de Animais de Companhia / Active methodologies for teaching Theriogenology in Small Animals

A tendência em aprendizado baseado em evidências tem proporcionado o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de ensino, onde os discentes de posse de conhecimentos básicos são conduzidos ao aprendizado da disciplina. Dessa forma, é possível observar evolução no aprendizado prático, crescimento teórico na área e mais segurança na execução dos procedimentos. Por meio de modelos confeccionados em diferentes materiais, como garrafas pet, modelos em silicone, em bexigas, os estudantes podem praticar técnicas sem que haja o estresse de um erro colocar a vida do animal em risco, proporcionando um aprendizado mais prazeroso, e segurança para realizar os procedimentos nos animais.(AU)

The trend towards evidence-based learning has led to the development of alternative teaching methods, where students with basic knowledge are led to learn the subject. In this way, it is possible to observe evolution in practical learning, theoretical growth in the area and more security in the execution of procedures. Through models made of different materials, such as plastics bottles, silicone models, students can practice techniques without the stress of a mistake putting the animal's life at risk, providing a more pleasant learning experience and safety to perform procedures on animals.(AU)

Critérios e metodologias para produzir sêmen de caprinos e ovinos em nível de fazenda / The criteria and methodologies used to produce ram and goat semen on the farm

A criopreservação de sêmen é uma importante estratégia para o armazenamento de material genético de reprodutores ovinos e caprinos, considerados superiores do ponto de vista fenotípico, mas especialmente, pelos seus méritos genéticos. Hoje no Brasil apenas uma central regulamentada pelo MAPA está ema atividade, o que significa que existe pouca dose de sêmen comercial à disposição para programas de melhoramento genético. Programas de banco de sêmen podem ser realizado nas fazendas, entretanto, tem seu uso limitado a propriedade onde está o reprodutor. Neste caso, apesar de maiores limitações de estrutura e equipamentos para a execução do serviço, o domínio das variações da técnica de congelação de sêmen e o cuidado com as questões sanitárias dos reprodutores possibilitará ao Médico-Veterinário a execução do serviço com níveis adequados de segurança e qualidade das doses de sêmen produzidas. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar e discutir critérios e metodologias para congelação de sêmen de pequenos ruminantes em diferentes condições, fruto de diversas experiências e trabalhos desenvolvidos por nosso grupo e outros, nos últimos vinte anos, e que tem possibilitado resultados satisfatórios.(AU

Sperm cryopreservation is an important strategy for the storage of genetic material from ovine and goat breeders, considered superior from the phenotypic point of view, but especially for their genetic merits. Today in Brazil only one center regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply is in operation, which means that there is little dose of commercial semen available for genetic improvement programs. Semen bank programs can be carried out on farms; however, their use is limited to the property where the breeder is located. In this case, despite greater limitations of structure and equipment for the execution of the service, mastering variations in the semen freezing technique and taking care of the health issues of the breeders will enable the Veterinarian to perform the service with adequate levels of safety and quality of semen doses produced. This study aims to present and discuss criteria and methodologies for freezing semen from small ruminants under different conditions, the result of several experiences and works carried out by our group and others, in the last twenty years, which have enabled satisfactory results.(AU))

Evaluation of dog tooth enamel by scanning electron microscopy after different types of polishing / Avaliação do esmalte dentário de cão por microscopia eletrônica de varredura após diferentes tipos de polimento

Polishing is an important procedure which takes part in the periodontal disease treatment, being commonly performed with the help of prophylactic paste and provides smoothing of the tooth surface, hindering the adhesion of new plaque. With this study we aimed to evaluate by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the effects of dental polishing observing, qualitatively, the effectiveness and the damage, in three distinct treatments after calculus removal. Twenty (20) teeth were used (four of each dog), from which were obtained three samples each. The sixty samples were distributed into three groups (G0= tooth segmentation submitted to prophylaxis without polishing; G1= vestibular surface prophylaxis followed by polishing with the use of Defengy OC® and G2= vestibular surface prophylaxis followed by polishing with the use of pumice and fluorine gel). The samples were prepared and sent to images execution via SEM. These images, with enlargement of 100x and 500x, were evaluated and the classification averages were obtained. The statistical analysis of these averages was made through the Friedman nonparametric test using the software R. Statistical differences were observed (P<0,05) between groups 0 and 1 in the 100x magnification, whereas in the 500x magnification there was no difference (P>0,05) between the groups. The evaluation based on SEM images at two magnifications was essential, as it allowed the visualization of grooves and remaining calculi in a comprehensive way at 100x magnification and in more detail at 500x.

O polimento é um procedimento importante que faz parte do tratamento da doença periodontal, sendo comumente realizado com auxílio de pasta profilática e, propicia o alisamento da superfície dental, dificultando a adesão de nova placa bacteriana. Com esse estudo, objetivou-se avaliar por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) os efeitos do polimento dental, avaliando qualitativamente, a eficácia e o dano, em três tratamentos distintos, após a remoção dos cálculos dentários. Foram utilizados 20 dentes (quatro de cada cão), de onde se obtiveram três amostras de cada. As 60 amostras foram distribuídas em três grupos (G0= segmentos dentários submetidos à profilaxia sem polimento; G1= profilaxia da face vestibular seguida de polimento com utilização de Defengy OC® e G2= profilaxia da face vestibular seguida de polimento com utilização de pedra pomes e flúor gel). As amostras foram preparadas e enviadas para realização das imagens por MEV. Estas imagens, com ampliação de 100x e de 500x, foram avaliadas e as médias de classificação obtidas. A análise estatística dessas médias foi feita por meio do teste não paramétrico de Friedman, utilizando o software R. Observou-se diferença estatística (P<0,05) entre os grupos 1 e 0 na magnificação de 100x, já na magnificação de 500x não houve diferença estatística (P>0,05) entre os grupos. O polimento foi eficaz ao tornar a superfície do esmalte dental lisa e regular reduzindo as ranhuras provocadas pela limpeza e retirou as granulações de cálculo remanescentes. A avaliação a partir das imagens de MEV em duas ampliações foi fundamental, por ter propiciado a visualização de ranhuras e cálculos remanescentes de forma abrangente na magnificação de 100x e mais detalhadamente na de 500x.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: comparison between pneumoperitoneum and the use of a laparoscopic lift device in dog cadavers / Adrenalectomia laparoscópica: comparação entre o pneumoperitônio e o uso de dispositivo paraliftlaparoscopy em cadáveres de cães

This study evaluated the feasibility of abdominal liftfor laparoscopic adrenalectomy and compared it with the conventional laparoscopic technique using pneumoperitoneum with medicinal CO2 in dog cadavers. The total surgical time (TST), adrenalectomy time (AT), and gland integrity after removal were evaluated. Thirty-eight adrenalectomies were performed in 19 cadavers. Regardless of the antimere, the TST was significantly lower in the CO2 procedures than in the lift laparoscopy procedures (P=0.001). When comparing the techniques between antimeres, the TST was significantly higher on the left side with lift laparoscopy than with CO2 (P=0.015) and similar between the techniques on the right side of the animals (P=0.086). In the comparison of AT, regardless of the execution side, no differences were observed between the techniques (P=0.05). The same was observed when AT was evaluated separately using antimeres (P=0.902). Of the 38 adrenals evaluated, 92.1% were removed in a single block, and 32.29% had a superficial lesion in the capsule. There was no difference between the groups in the removal capacity in a single block (P=0.340) and capsule integrity (P=0.287). Abdominal lift for laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a feasible technique in dog cadavers; however, it requires a longer surgical time than the conventional technique. The traction force used to elevate the abdominal wall must be evaluated.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a exequibilidade da adrenalectomia laparoscópica utilizando dispositivo de elevação da parede abdominal via liftlaparoscopy e comparar com a técnica laparoscópica convencional utilizando pneumoperitônio com CO2 medicinal em cadáveres de cães. Para isso, avaliou-se tempo cirúrgico total (TCT), tempo de adrenalectomia (TA) e integridade das glândulas após remoção. Foram realizadas 38 adrenalectomias em 19 cadáveres. Independentemente do antímero, o TCT foi significativamente menor nos procedimentos com CO2 do que com liftlaparoscopy (P=0,001). Na comparação das técnicas entre antímeros, o TCT foi significativamente maior no lado esquerdo com liftlaparoscopy do que com CO2 (P = 0,015) e semelhante entre as técnicas no lado direito dos animais (P=0,086). Já na comparação do TA, independente do lado de execução, não foram observadas diferenças entre os métodos (P=0,05). O mesmo foi observado quando o TA foi avaliado separadamente por antímero (P=0,902). Das 38 adrenais avaliadas, 92,1% foram removidas em um único bloco e destas, 32,29% apresentaram lesão superficial na cápsula. Não houve diferença entre grupos para capacidade de remoção em um único bloco (P=0,340) e da integridade da cápsula (P=0,287). A adrenalectomia laparoscópica por elevação da parede abdominal é factível de ser realizada em cadáveres de cães, entretanto, demanda maior tempo cirúrgico quando comparada à técnica convencional. Além disso, a força de tração empregada para elevar a parede abdominal necessita ser avaliada.

Kinetic vitrification: concepts and perspectives in animal sperm cryopreservation

Sperm cryopreservation is an important tool for genetic diversity management programs and the conservation of endangered breeds and species. The most widely used method of sperm conservation is slow freezing, however, during the process, sperm cells suffer from cryoinjury, which reduces their viability and fertility rates. One of the alternatives to slow freezing is vitrification, that consist on rapid freezing, in which viable cells undergo glass-like solidification. This technology requires large concentrations of permeable cryoprotectants (P- CPA's) which increase the viscosity of the medium to prevent intracellular ice formation during cooling and warming, obtaining successful results in vitrification of oocytes and embryos. Unfortunately, this technology failed when applied to vitrification of sperm due to its higher sensitivity to increasing concentrations of P-CPAs. Alternatively, a technique termed 'kinetic sperm vitrification' has been used and consists in a technique of permeant cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation by direct plunging of a sperm suspension into liquid nitrogen. Some of the advantages of kinetic vitrification are the speed of execution and no rate-controlled equipment required. This technique has been used successfully and with better results for motility in human (50-70% motility recovery), dog (42%), fish (82%) and donkey (21.7%). However, more studies are required to improve sperm viability after devitrification, especially when it comes to motility recovery. The objective of this review is to present the principles of kinetic vitrification, the main findings in the literature, and the perspectives for the utilization of this technique as a cryopreservation method.(AU)

Multidirectional traps as a new assessment system of soil wind erosion

ABSTRACT We tested a new type of wind-transported particle collector (multidirectional traps, MDt) in southeast Spain to forecast particle movement in three different soil types. The MDt collectors are easy to manufacture from thermoplastic filaments with an industrial 3D printer. The collectors tested were very efficient. Our research was carried out on unplowed Calcisols and on orange and olive-cropped Fluvisols and Luvisols, respectively. The results from the logs of nine vaned masts, each with four MDt collectors at different heights, on Calcisols, Fluvisols and Luvisols were compared with the wind erodible fraction of these soils (EF) empirically estimated and with their erosion rates calculated in a wind tunnel of our own design with a built-in laser scanner. These new collectors can differentiate the collected sediments by their direction of origin and arranged in a network of masts, enabling to distinguish overall particle loss or deposition, which is not detectable with the wind tunnel due to the work scale and no windward deposits, as it is a closed device. Comparison of the calculated EF and the total mass of transported particles recorded by the MDt collectors showed very good correlation (R2 = 0.9144) with an even better relationship between the results of the wind tunnel and collectors (R2 = 0.9741). Required precision, financing, and execution time are important in determining the use of the device. We conclude that this device shows good potential.

Biosecurity in dairy goat farms / Biosseguridade em propriedades de caprinos leiteiros

The goat milk industry has unquestionably grown in recent years due to the high demand for dairy products, which are considered nutritious and hypoallergenic. As a result, security measures are required in the production chain to provide consumers with safe products, although the concept of biosecurity is still incipient in Brazilian goat farming. Therefore, this study aimed to review the main biosecurity measures applied to dairy goat farms and suggest a program that contemplates these measures to promote animal health and welfare, given that biosecurity bolsters environmental sustainability and improves this agricultural sector. Biosecurity programs (BP) are composed of a set of measures and procedures aimed at herd health and applied in all stages of animal husbandry, interacting with different sectors that make up the production system and providing a set of policies and operational norms to protect herds against potentially pathogenic agents. Thus, BP require planning, execution, monitoring, audits, updates, understanding of the procedures, and awareness of those involved in the production chain. In addition, it includes continuing education programs and the development of contingency plans for specific emergencies. The information included in this study provides input to dairy goat farms to implement practices that improve the productivity of this agricultural sector.

A caprinocultura leiteira é um setor produtivo em crescimento, devido à alta demanda dos produtos lácteos considerados nutritivos e hipoalergênicos. Em consequência disso, são exigidas medidas de segurança na cadeia produtiva a fim de fornecer produtos inócuos ao consumidor. No entanto, os conceitos de biosseguridade ainda são incipientes na caprinocultura brasileira. Desta forma, este estudo tem a finalidade de revisar as principais medidas de biosseguridade aplicadas à caprinocultura leiteira e sugerir um programa que contemple estas medidas visando promover a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Além disso, a biosseguridade propicia a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente e potencializa melhorias neste setor agropecuário. Salienta-se que um programa de biosseguridade (PB) é composto por um conjunto de medidas e procedimentos de atenção à saúde do plantel, aplicados em todas as etapas da criação animal, interagindo com diversos setores que compõe o sistema produtivo, além de propiciar a implantação de um conjunto de políticas e normas operacionais, com o objetivo de proteger os rebanhos contra a introdução de qualquer agente infeccioso potencialmente patogênico. O PB necessita de planejamento, execução, monitoramento, auditorias, atualizações, bem como demanda de compreensão dos procedimentos e da sensibilização de todos os envolvidos nos processos da cadeia produtiva. Adicionalmente, inclui programas de educação continuada de todos os indivíduos e a elaboração de planos de contingência para situações emergenciais específicas. As informações incluídas neste estudo fornecerão aporte às propriedades de caprinocultura de leite para a implementação de ações que promovam melhorias na produtividade deste setor agropecuário.

Osteotomia tripla da pelve por meio de acesso cirúrgico duplo em cães com displasia coxofemoral / Triple pelvic osteotomy through double surgical access in dogs with coxofemoral dysplasia / Triple osteotomía pélvica mediante doble acceso quirúrgico en perros con displasia coxofemoral

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma alteração ortopédica muito comum nos cães, caracterizada por frouxidão da articulação coxofemoral, com consequente osteoartrose. A osteotomia tripla da pelve (TPO) é um dos procedimentos ortopédicos elegíveis como tratamento da DCF. Por necessitar de três abordagens cirúrgicas, a TPO é considerada uma técnica complexa, não isenta de complicações na abordagem do isquio. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo relatar e avaliar a realização da TPO através de apenas dois acessos cirúrgicos, possibilitando executar a osteotomia isquiática através do acesso púbico ventral. Foram operados 10 cães com diagnóstico clinico e radiológico de DCF. Para a secção da mesa isquiática utilizou-se um cinzel de rinotomia com a extremidade apoiada na borda isquiática da face caudal do forame obturador. Ante os bons resultados radiológicos e clínicos pós-operatórios, conclui- se que é possivel a realização da osteotomia do isquio na TPO, através do acesso púbico ventral, oferecendo proventos cirúrgicos. (AU)

Hip dysplasia (HD) is an ordinary dog orthopedic disorder concerning osteoarthritis following hip joint laxity. Among eligible procedures to treat this condition, triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) is a complex technique involving three surgical interventions. This paper reports and evaluates TPO execution using only two surgical accesses to perform a sciatic osteotomy through the pelvic ventral area. Ten suitable for TPO surgery dogs, clinically and radiologically diagnosed were the subject of this study. For the section of the ischial surface, a rhinotome was used with the tip resting on the ischial edge of the caudal surface of the obturator foramen. The experience revealed pelvic ventral area access availability regarding TPO ischial ostectomy with good clinical and radiological outcomes.(AU)

La displasia de cadera (CHD) es un trastorno ortopédico muy común en perros, caracterizado por laxitud de esa articulación con la consiguiente osteoartrosis. La ostectomia pélvica triple (TPO) es uno de los procedimientos ortopédicos elegibles como tratamiento para la CHD. Al requerir tres abordajes quirúrgicos, la TPO se considera una técnica compleja, no exenta de complicaciones en el abordaje del isquion. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo informar y evaluar la realización de la TPO a través de sólo dos accesos quirúrgicos, posibilitando la realización de la osteotomia isquiática a través del acceso ventral del pubis. Se operaron diez perros con diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de CHD. Para la sección de la mesa isquiática se utilizó un rinotomo con la punta apoyada en el borde isquiático de la superficie caudal del agujero obturador. En vista de los buenos resultados postoperatorios clínicos y radiológicos, se concluye que es posible realizar una osteotomia isquiática en la TPO, a través del acceso ventral púbico, ofreciendo beneficios quirúrgicos.(AU)

Use of automated central lamellar superficial keratectomy in the treatment of chronic pigmentary superficial keratitis in dogs / [Uso da ceratectomia superficial lamelar central automatizada no tratamento das ceratites superficiais pigmentares crônicas em cães]

Pigmentary superficial keratitis (PSK) is a chronic corneal disorder with different causes, which may include immune-mediated diseases and reactions to ultraviolet rays. This study aimed to evaluate the use of automated central lamellar superficial keratectomy (ACLSK) in the treatment of chronic pigmentary superficial keratitis (CPSK) in dogs. We enrolled 24 animals with CPSK and loss of visual function even after clinical treatment with preserved post-corneal transparent media, and the potential for recovery of visual function after surgical treatment. The microkeratome was positioned on the eye surface, and the central corneal lamellae were obtained after translation. With ACSLC, 21 animals (87.5%) recovered their visual function. In 3 animals (12.5%), the formation of granuloma and posterior central leukoma in the cornea compromised the transparency of the visual axis. This study concludes that ACLSK is a viable surgical alternative for the restoration of visual function in dogs with severe PSK, thus improving their quality of life. The short execution time of this procedure reduces the costs and anesthetic risks.

A ceratite pigmentar superficial (CPS) é uma doença crônica da córnea, com diferentes causas, que podem incluir doenças imunomediadas e reação aos raios ultravioleta. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização da ceratectomia superficial lamelar central automatizada (CSLCA) no tratamento da ceratite superficial pigmentar crônica (CSPC) em cães. Vinte e quatro animais incluídos apresentaram CSPC e perda da função visual mesmo após o tratamento clínico, porém mantiveram os meios transparentes pós-córnea preservados e o potencial de recuperação da função visual após o tratamento cirúrgico. O microcerátomo foi posicionado na superfície do olho e, após o término de sua translação, foram obtidas as lamelas centrais da córnea. Com a CSLCA, 21 animais (87,5%) recuperaram a função visual. Em três animais (12,5%), a formação de granuloma e leucoma central posterior na córnea comprometeu a transparência do eixo visual. Este estudo conclui que a CSLCA é uma alternativa cirúrgica viável para o restabelecimento da função visual em cães com CPS grave, melhorando, assim, sua qualidade de vida. Seu curto tempo de execução proporciona redução de custos e de riscos anestésicos.

Aspectos da locomoção e bases gerais dos andamentos básicos naturais dos equinos / Aspects of locomotion and general bases of basic natural gait of horses / Aspectos de locomoción y bases generales de la marcha natural básica en caballos

A locomoção é a função do organismo que permite executar os movimentos corporais e o deslocamento do centro de gravidade em qualquer direção. Os andamentos são considerados formas de locomoção, que podem ser habilidades inatas ou adquiridas, e se classificam em naturais ou artificiais e em básicos ou especiais. Os básicos naturais são o passo, a andadura, o trote e o galope de três e quatro tempos. Entre os andamentos naturais especiais estão as marchas, como a picada e a batida, presentes em algumas raças de equinos brasileiras, e as modalidades de "paso" ocorrentes nos cavalos passo fino Peruano, fino Colombiano e fino de Porto Rico. Nos andamentos os equinos movimentam os membros locomotores, deslocam o corpo com características como a velocidade, sequência dos momentos de apoio e elevação, além de mostrar as pegadas, as pistas e as batidas, que são características biomecânicas que definem os andamentos. O estudo dos andamentos é parte vinculante da biomecânica/cinesiologia e, portanto, deve ser compreendido além da anatomia funcional ou da fisiologia, da medicina esportiva e do estudo das claudicações. Esta revisão tem por objetivo revisar e descrever os conceitos gerais da locomoção e os diferentes andamentos naturais em equinos.(AU)

Locomotion is the function of the organism that allows the execution of body movements and displacement of the center of gravity in any direction. Gaitsare the forms of locomotion that can be innate or acquired skills, classified as natural or artificial and as basic or special. The natural basic gaits are the walk, pace, trot and three-and four-beat gallop. Among the special natural gaits are the gaits, such as the "marcha batida" and "marcha picada", observed in some Brazilian horse breeds, and the "paso" modalities that occur in Peruvian fine, Colombian fine and Puerto Rican fine horses. In the gaits, the horses move the limbs, move the body with characteristics such as speed, sequence of moments of bearing and elevation, and show the footprints, tracks and beats, which are biomechanical characteristics of the gaits. The study of gaits is a complementary part of biomechanics/kinesiology and must be understood beyond functional anatomy or physiology, sports medicine and the study of lameness. This literature review aims to describe the general concepts of locomotion and the different natural gaits in horses.(AU)

La locomoción es la función del organismo que permite la ejecución de movimientos corporales y el desplazamiento del centro de gravedad en cualquier direcciónde un entorno. Los modos de andar se consideran formas de locomoción que pueden ser habilidades innatas o adquiridas, clasificadas en naturales o artificiales y en básicas o especiales. Los fundamentos naturales son el paso, la ambladura, el trote, el galope de tres y cuatro tiempos. Entre los aires naturales especiales están los aires, como las "marchas batida" y "marcha picada", presentes en las razas de caballos brasileños, y las modalidades de "paso" que se dan en los caballos finos peruanos, finos colombianos y finos puertorriqueños. En las marchas, los caballos mueven las extremidades locomotoras, mueven el cuerpo con características como velocidad, secuencia de momentos de apoyo y elevación, además de mostrar las pisadas, huellas y golpes, que son características biomecánicas que definen las marchas. El estudio de revision de la marcha es una parte vinculante de la biomecánica/kinesiología y, por lo tanto, debe entenderse más allá de la anatomía o fisiología funcional, la medicina deportiva y el estudio de la cojera, siendo estos partes de la "ciencia equina". Este material tiene como objetivo revisar y describir los conceptos generales de locomoción y los diferentes aires naturales en los caballos.(AU)

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil - spatial analysis

Background: Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) is a potentially fatal disease with a worldwide distribution, being endemic in 12 countries in the Americas. The main reservoir in the urban environment is the dog, whose cases precede the disease in humans. For the control of HVL, the Ministry of Health of Brazil recommends efficiency in the notification of human cases, control of sandflies, elimination of reservoirs and health education, in addition to the interruption in the transmission of the disease by the intensification of surveillance and control of priority areas based on identification by spatial analysis. The objective of the study was to investigate the spatial distribution of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, determining areas of risk by identifying spatial clusters, with a view to monitoring and implementing preventive actions. Materials, Methods & Results: Secondary data from sample and/or routine serological surveys for serological diagnosis of LVC in the period from 2011 to 2018 were used. The inclusion of animals in the routine diagnosis per municipality resulted from demands of veterinarians, veterinary clinics, dog tutors, zoonoses control centers and environmental surveillance. The spatial statistical analysis was performed with SatScan software version 9.6 for the detection of spatial clusters, based on using the statistical scan method. Of the total of 231,123 dogs tested in the period, 24,642 (10.6%) were seroreactive for CVL. During the study, the municipalities with the highest number of cases were Natal and Mossoró, with 9,671 and 4,514 cases, respectively. During the years 2011 to 2018, 38 significant clusters (P < 0.05) were identified that included one or more municipalities. Discussion: The state of Rio Grande do Norte has an urban environment susceptible to the occurrence of CVL, with climate and topography that favor the proliferation of the vector and housing in precarious socio-sanitary conditions. The high number of CVL cases in Natal can be explained by the fact that the city is considered endemic for CVL, characterized as an area of intense transmission of the disease, according to the Ministry of Health. In addition, public infrastructure in some locations is deficient and living conditions are unfavorable, so that there is a need to invest in effective protection measures for vector control, as well as a focus on health education, whose HVL control measures in the municipality need to be readjusted. The high rate of cases and the constant presence of clusters in the municipality of Açu can be explained by the increasing degradation of the Caatinga biome, evidenced by the removal of firewood for use in the ceramist pole, whose activity is concentrated on a large scale in the use of raw material and energy, through the production of charcoal, for agricultural and livestock fronts, putting species of fauna and flora at risk. It is also noteworthy that this fact contributes to the destruction of wild ecotopes, resulting in the search for the vector for other sources of human and animal food, allowing an increase in the number of cases of the disease. It's concluded that canine visceral leishmaniasis is distributed in a large part of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The underreporting and/or deficiency in the disclosure of data by some municipalities represents a challenge in complying with the actions of the Visceral Leishmaniasis Surveillance and Control Program, and attention should be paid to the monitoring and inspection of the execution actions of municipal managers, as well as how to train professionals who are part of the service.

Influência da genética e dos métodos de conservação sobre a qualidade do sêmen suíno / Influence of genetics and conservation methods on the quality of swine semen

A demanda do mercado impulsionou o melhoramento genético na suinocultura caracterizado pelo cruzamento entre linhagens e raças distintas a fim de possibilitar o aproveitamento da heterose. Esse melhoramento acelerado ocorreu em decorrência da inseminação artificial e manipulação do sêmen, associado ao emprego de diluentes e técnicas de refrigeração. Sendo assim, esta revisão tem como objetivo compilar o conhecimento acerca da influência genética e dos métodos de conservação sobre a qualidade do sêmen suíno, além de discutir a composição e eficiência dos principais diluentes e crioprotetores destinados à conservação espermática nesta espécie. Inicialmente, os animais eram selecionados baseados em características produtivas como habilidade materna, qualidade de carcaça e desempenho. Contudo, a fertilidade do reprodutor, caraterizada pela qualidade espermática e libido, é extremamente importante para indústria suinícola uma vez que determina, o potencial produtivo do plantel indiretamente. Evidências demonstram que os parâmetros espermáticos sofrem influência da genética, sendo que cada raça se destaca numa determinada característica seminal. Além disso, o manejo, idade, alimentação, sazonalidade, as características intrínsecas do espermatozoide e os métodos de conservação do ejaculado também determinam sua viabilidade. Apesar de preconizado devido à fácil execução e ótimos resultados, o sêmen refrigerado tem como limitador a produção excessiva de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Da mesma forma, o congelamento do ejaculado promove alterações espermáticas em virtude do choque térmico. Sendo assim, o emprego de diluentes e crioprotetores propícios que possibilitem a manutenção a longo prazo da viabilidade espermática é imprescindível para ambos os processos.

The market demand promoted the genetic improvement in swine farming characterized by the crossing between different strains and breeds to make possible the use of heterosis. This accelerated improvement occurred due to artificial insemination and semen manipulation, associated with the use of extenders and refrigeration techniques. Therefore, this review aims to compile knowledge about the genetic influence and conservation methods on the quality of swine semen, besides to discussing the composition and efficiency of the main extenders and cryoprotectants intended for sperm conservation in this species. Initially, animals were selected based on productive traits such as maternal ability, carcass quality, and performance. However, male fertility, characterized by sperm quality and libido, is extremely important for the swine industry as it determines the productive potential of the herd indirectly. Evidences demonstrates that sperm parameters are influenced by genetics, with each race standing out in certain seminal trait. In addition, the management, age, feeding, seasonality, the intrinsic characteristics of the sperm cell, and the methods of ejaculate conservation also determine its viability. Despite being recommended due to its easy execution and excellent results, refrigerated semen has the excessive production of reactive oxygen species as a limiter. Likewise, the ejaculate freezing promotes sperm changes due to heat shock. Therefore the use of suitable extenders and cryoprotectants that allow the long-term maintenance of sperm viability is essential for both processes.

Nova técnica de ligadura do pedículo ovariano e coto uterino em cadela com utilização de duas pinças / Novel technique of ligature of the ovarian pedicle and uterine stump in bitches using two clamps

A ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH), que consiste na retirada cirúrgica de ovários, tubas uterinas e útero, é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais realizados em cadelas na rotina veterinária. É utilizado para evitar prenhez indesejada e no tratamento e profilaxia de enfermidades reprodutivas. Classicamente, na técnica de ligadura do pedículo ovariano e coto uterino na OSH em cadelas e gatas, são empregadas três pinças para expor a área de ligadura, por isso, a técnica é conhecida como técnica das três pinças. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi propor uma técnica diferente para executar tais ligaduras, reduzindo o tempo do procedimento por meio da diminuição do número de pinças usadas para a exposição dos locais a serem feitas as ligaduras. Desta forma, o experimento foi conduzido com 20 cadelas hígidas submetidas à OSH. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: animais submetidos ao procedimento de ligadura pela técnica das três pinças e animais submetidos a ligadura pela técnica proposta neste estudo. A abertura da cavidade abdominal, para expor as estruturas a serem ligadas, foi a mesma para as duas técnicas (laparotomia mediana ventral). Foi mensurado, por meio de cronômetro digital, o tempo despendido na realização de todas as cirurgias. Não ocorreram óbitos e não houve dificuldades na execução das duas técnicas. Além disso, no transoperatório, não houve intercorrências dignas de nota. Os resultados demonstraram que o tempo de execução foi estatisticamente menor para a técnica proposta, indicando a aplicação preferencial deste procedimento para realização de OSH em cadelas.

The ovariohysterectomy (OH), which consists of the surgical removal of ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus, is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on bitches in the veterinary routine. It is used to prevent unwanted pregnancy and in the treatment and prophylaxis of reproductive diseases. Classically, in the technique of ligation of the ovarian pedicle and uterine stump in OH in bitches and cats, three clamps are used to expose the ligature area, that is why the technique is known as the three clamps technique. Thus, this study aimed to propose a different technique to perform such ligatures, reducing the procedure time by reducing the number of clamps used to expose the sites to be ligated. Therefore, the experiment was carried out with twenty healthy bitches submitted to OH. The animals were divided into two groups: animals submitted to the ligation procedure using the three clamps technique and animals submitted to ligation using the technique proposed in this study. The opening of the abdominal cavity, to expose the structures to be ligated, was the same for both techniques (ventral median laparotomy). The time spent performing all surgeries was measured using a digital timer. There were no deaths and there were no difficulties in performing both techniques. Besides, in the transoperative period, there were no noteworthy complications. The results demonstrated that the execution time was statistically shorter for the proposed technique, indicating the preferential application of this procedure for performing OH in bitches.

Incisional hernia repair in rats: description of the sublay technique under videomagnification system

Purpose: To describe the technique of sublay correction of incisional hernia in Wistar rats under videomagnification system. Methods: Five male rats of the species Rattus norvegicus, of the Wistar lineage, with body weight between 250­350 g and 60 days old were used. Incisional hernia was inducted in all animals. After that, the incisional hernia was immediately corrected by the sublay method. Results: There were no cases of recurrence of the incisional hernia after placement of the polypropylene mesh using the sublay technique. No postoperative complications were observed. Conclusions: The technique is suitable for execution in Wistar rats.

Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cão / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) with bone metastasis in a dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and itis usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also beextragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examinationis the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective ofthis report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dogtreated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a privateveterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergoneTVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volumeincrease in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough,and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography(CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapywas prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CTindicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slightuptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngealmeatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side...

Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cão / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) with bone metastasis in a dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and itis usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also beextragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examinationis the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective ofthis report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dogtreated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a privateveterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergoneTVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volumeincrease in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough,and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography(CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapywas prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CTindicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slightuptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngealmeatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side...(AU)