Changes in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Flour Fatty-Acid Content Based on Storage Temperature and Duration.

Soybeans are low in saturated fat and a rich source of protein, dietary fiber, and isoflavone; however, their nutritional shelf life is yet to be established. This study evaluated the change in the stability and quality of fatty acids in raw and roasted soybean flour under different storage temperatures and durations. In both types of soybean flour, the fatty-acid content was the highest in the order of linoleic acid (18-carbon chain with two double bonds; C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linolenic acid (18:3), and stearic acid (C18:0), which represented 47%, 26%, 12%, 9%, and 4% of the total fatty-acid content, respectively. The major unsaturated fatty acids of raw soybean flour-oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid-decreased by 30.0%, 94.4%, and 97.7%, and 38.0%, 94.8%, and 98.0% when stored in polyethylene and polypropylene film, respectively, after 48 weeks of storage under high-temperature conditions. These values were later increased due to hydrolysis. This study presents the changes in composition and content of two soybean flour types and the changes in quality and stability of fatty acids in response to storage temperature and duration. This study shows the influence of storage conditions and temperature on the nutritional quality which is least affected by packing material.

Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed and it's in vivo antibacterial potentiality in Channa punctatus against Klebsiella PKBSG14.

The relative efficacy of the isolated pure compound, extracted from Carica papaya seed has been tested against live fish, Channa punctatus infected with pathogenic strains of KlebsiellaPKBSG14 (gene bank accession no.KJ162158) at a dose of 0.75 CFU/ml in vivo. The isolated compound has been characterized by chromatography and mass spectroscopy studies using FTIR, 1HNMR and 13c NMR to identify as well as to determine the nature of the pure compound. This study revealed the extracted biological molecule is oleic acid, a long chained saturated fatty acid (LFAs) with a molecular formula C18H34O2. Later this compound was analyzed for its efficacy as an antibacterial agent in vivo through cytotoxicological and genotoxicological assays. A dose of 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg b.w of isolated pure oleic acid has been tested and it showed effective result in regard to DNA fragmentation, comet tail length and toxicity biomarkers like ROS generation. The results of in vivo studies showed similar effects on spleen cells with regard to cell viability by PI staining, cell cycle analysis and also Annexin-FITC assay. Thus, the overall results suggest that oleic acid increases drug bioavailability and thereby has a better chemo-preventive action against bacterial infection in vivo.

Quantitative Determination of Ceramide Molecular Species in Dendritic Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The activation of acid sphingomyelinase by cellular stress or receptors or the de novo synthesis lead to the formation of ceramide (N-acylsphingosine), which in turn modifies the biophysical properties of cellular membrane and greatly amplifies the intensity of the initial signal. Ceramide, which acts by re-organizing a given signalosome rather than being a second messenger, has many functions in infection biology, cancer, cardiovascular syndromes, and immune regulation. Experimental studies on the infection of human cells with different bacterial agents demonstrated the activation of the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system. Moreover, the release of ceramide was found to be a requisite for the uptake of the pathogen. Considering the particular importance of the cellular role of ceramide, it was necessary to develop sensitive and accurate methods for its quantification. METHODS: Here, we describe a method quantifying ceramide in dendritic cells and defining the different fatty acids (FA) bound to sphingosine. The main steps of the method include extraction of total lipids, separation of the ceramide by thin-layer chromatography, derivatization of ceramide-fatty acids (Cer-FA), and quantitation of these acids in their methyl form by gas chromatography on polar capillary columns. The identification of FA was achieved by means of known standards and confirmed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: FA ranging between C10 and C24 could be detected and quantified. The concentration of the sum of Cer-FA amounted to 14.88 ± 8.98 nmol/106 cells (n=10). Oleic acid, which accounted for approximately half of Cer-FA (7.73 ± 6.52 nmol/106 cells) was the predominant fatty acid followed by palmitic acid (3.47 ± 1.54 nmol/106 cells). CONCLUSION: This highly sensitive method allows the quantification of different molecular species of ceramides.

Reduction of Platelet Aggregation From Ingestion of Oleic and Linoleic Acids Found in Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea Oils.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of seed oils from Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea in platelet aggregation. The initial hypothesis suggested that subjects who have consumed these seed oils undergo modified platelet aggregation. This study was performed using a pre-post test design, with a control group, and double blind. The effects of the consumption of grape seed and peanut oils were measured for platelet aggregation in clinical and laboratory tests in 30 healthy subjects. In addition to this group, a control group of 4 health subjects received no treatment with oils, just 500 mg oral administration acetylsalicylic acid for 7 days. Platelet aggregation was assessed by the Born turbidimetric method, using 3 different concentrations of adenosine diphosphate as agonists (2, 54; 1, 17; and 0, 58 µM). The study subjects had very similar results; both oils were shown to have a significant reduction in platelet aggregation. Grape seed oil showed a decrease of 8.4 ± 1% in aggregation, compared with peanut oil, which decreased aggregation by 10.4 ± 1%. The control group, taking 500 mg OD aspirin for 7 days, showed a significant decrease in platelet aggregation, similar to that of oil ingestion. Each of the oils was analyzed for fatty acids, to determine which particular acids were presents in greater levels, which could explain the reduction in platelet aggregation. The oil found to be most abundant in grape seeds was linoleic acid (omega-6), and in peanuts, it was oleic acid (omega-9). However, in fact, both acids reduced platelet aggregation. Consumption of plant oils from grape seeds and peanuts had a lowering effect on platelet aggregation, in addition to containing a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. However, omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids were not specifically responsible for the reductions mentioned above.

Fatty Acid and Phenolic Compound Concentrations in Eight Different Monovarietal Virgin Olive Oils from Extremadura and the Relationship with Oxidative Stability.

Olive oils have been shown to be more resistant to oxidation than other vegetable fats, mainly due to their fatty acid (FA) profile which is rich in oleic acid and to their high content of antioxidants, principally phenols and tocopherols. This has situated virgin olive oils (VOOs) among the fats of high nutritional quality. However, it is important to stress that the oil's commercial category (olive oil, virgin olive oil, extra-virgin olive oil), the variety of the source plant, and the extraction-conservation systems all decisively influence the concentration of these antioxidants and the oil's shelf-life. The present work studied the fatty acid (FA) and phenolic composition and the oxidative stability (OS) of eight olive varieties grown in Extremadura (Arbequina, Cornicabra, Manzanilla Cacereña, Manzanilla de Sevilla, Morisca, Pico Limón, Picual, and Verdial de Badajoz), with the olives being harvested at different locations and dates. The Cornicabra, Picual, and Manzanilla Cacereña VOOs were found to have high oleic acid contents (>77.0%), while the VOOs of Morisca and Verdial de Badajoz had high linoleic acid contents (>14.5%). Regarding the phenol content, high values were found in the Cornicabra (633 mg·kg-1) and Morisca (550 mg·kg-1) VOOs, and low values in Arbequina (200 mg·kg-1). The OS was found to depend upon both the variety and the date of harvesting. It was higher in the Cornicabra and Picual oils (>55 h), and lower in those of Verdial de Badajoz (26.3 h), Arbequina (29.8 h), and Morisca (31.5 h). In relating phenols and FAs with the OS, it was observed that, while the latter, particularly the linoleic content (R = -0.710, p < 0.001, n = 135), constitute the most influential factors, the phenolic compounds, especially o-diphenols, are equally influential when the oils' linoleic content is ≥12.5% (R = 0.674, p < 0.001, n = 47). The results show that VOOs' resistance to oxidation depends not only on the FA or phenolic profile, but also on the interaction of these compounds within the same matrix.

Scd1 mammary-specific vector constructed and overexpressed in goat fibroblast cells resulting in an increase of palmitoleic acid and oleic acid.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. Overexpression of Scd1 in transgenic animals would modify the nutritional value of ruminant-derived foods by increasing the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and decreasing the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content. The aim of this study was to develop an effective Scd1 vector that is specifically expressed in dairy goat mammary glands. We successfully amplified the goat full length Scd1 cDNA and evaluated its activity in goat ear skin-derived fibroblast cells (GEFCs) by lipid analysis. In addition, we constructed a mammary gland-specific expression vector and confirmed efficient expression of Scd1 in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Fatty acid analysis showed that Scd1-overexpression resulted in an increase in levels of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) and oleic acid (18:1n-9), from 1.73 ± 0.02% to 2.54 ± 0.02% and from 27.25 ± 0.13% to 30.37 ± 0.04%, respectively (both p<0.01) and the ratio of MUFA to SFA was increased. This work lays a foundation for the generation of Scd1 transgenic goats.

Optimization of medium using response surface methodology for lipid production by Scenedesmus sp.

Lipid production is an important indicator for assessing microalgal species for biodiesel production. In this work, the effects of medium composition on lipid production by Scenedesmus sp. were investigated using the response surface methodology. The results of a Plackett-Burman design experiment revealed that NaHCO3, NaH2PO4·2H2O and NaNO3 were three factors significantly influencing lipid production, which were further optimized by a Box-Behnken design. The optimal medium was found to contain 3.07 g L⁻¹ NaHCO3, 15.49 mg L⁻¹ NaH2PO4·2H2O and 803.21 mg L⁻¹ NaNO3. Using the optimal conditions previously determined, the lipid production (304.02 mg·L⁻¹) increased 54.64% more than that using the initial medium, which agreed well with the predicted value 309.50 mg L⁻¹. Additionally, lipid analysis found that palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) dominantly constituted the algal fatty acids (about 60% of the total fatty acids) and a much higher content of neutral lipid accounted for 82.32% of total lipids, which strongly proved that Scenedesmus sp. is a very promising feedstock for biodiesel production.

Chemical defense in millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): do representatives of the family Blaniulidae belong to the 'quinone' clade?

The defensive secretions of two blaniulid millipedes, Nopoiulus kochii and Cibiniulus phlepsii, were characterized by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses, which showed the presence of a complex mixture of benzoquinones, hydroquinones, and oleates. Altogether, 13 compounds were identified. The major compound in the secretions of both analyzed species was 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (toluquinone). The second major constituent in the N. kochii secretion was 2-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenol, while in that of C. phlepsii, it was 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. The defensive secretion of N. kochii also showed a high content of hydroquinones (13.5%) in comparison to that of C. phlepsii (0.8%). Hexyl oleate and octyl oleate were detected for the first time in defensive millipede fluids. The chemical composition of the defensive secretions supports the chemotaxonomic position of the family Blaniulidae in the 'quinone' millipede clade.

[Study on the chemical constituents from Patrinia scabra].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from Patrinia scabra Bunge. METHODS: Chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. RESULTS: Seven compounds were isolated and purified. Their structures were identified as villosol (I), patriscabrol (II), protocatechuic acid (III), beta-daucosterol (IV), oleic acid (V), beta-sitosterol (VI), erucic acid (VII). CONCLUSION: Compounds I, III, V, VII are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Production of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from olive oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3.

Microbial modification of naturally occurring materials is one of the efficient ways to add new values to them. Hydroxylation of free unsaturated fatty acids by microorganism is a good example of those modifications. Among microbial strains studied for that purpose, a new bacterial isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 has been well studied to produce several hydroxy fatty acids from different unsaturated fatty acids. Of those hydroxy fatty acids, 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) was efficiently produced from oleic acid by strain PR3. However, it was highly plausible to use vegetable oil containing oleic acid rather than free oleic acid as a substrate for DOD production by strain PR3. In this study, we firstly tried to use olive oil containing high content of oleic acid as a substrate for DOD production. DOD production from olive oil was confirmed by structural determination with GC, TLC, and GC/MS analysis. DOD production yield from olive oil was 53.5%. Several important environmental factors were also tested. Galactose and glutamine were optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, and magnesium ion was critically required for DOD production from olive oil. Results from this study demonstrated that natural vegetable oils containing oleic acid could be used as efficient substrate for the production of DOD by strain PR3.

Oleic acid produced by a marine Vibrio spp. acts as an anti-Vibrio parahaemolyticus agent.

It is known that some strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus are responsible for gastroenteric diseases caused by the ingestion of marine organisms contaminated with these bacterial strains. Organic products that show inhibitory activity on the growth of the pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus were extracted from a Vibrio native in the north of Chile. The inhibitory organic products were isolated by reverse phase chromatography and permeation by Sephadex LH20, and were characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The results showed that the prevailing active product is oleic acid, which was compared with standards by gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These active products might be useful for controlling the proliferation of pathogenic clones of V. parahaemolyticus.

Fast ultrasound-assisted extraction of polar (phenols) and nonpolar (lipids) fractions in Heterotheca inuloides Cass.

INTRODUCTION: Heterotheca inuloides Cass., also known as "arnica", is used in traditional medicine in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: Development of fast methods for the extraction of lipidic and phenolic fractions from arnica plants and their subsequent characterization. METHODOLOGY: Ultrasound was applied to accelerate extraction of the target compounds from this plant and reduce the use of organic solvents as compared with conventional methods. Gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with diode-array detection were used for the characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively. RESULTS: Under optimal extraction conditions, 9 and 55 min were necessary to complete extraction of the lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively. The fatty acids present at the highest concentrations in H. inuloides were eicosatetraenoic n3 (24.6 µg/g), cis-9-hexadecenoic n7 (23.1 µg/g), exacosanoic (22.7 µg/g) and cis-9-octadecenoic acid (21.3 µg/g), while the rest were in the range 7.6-1.3 µg/g. The most concentrated phenols were guaiacol (41.5 µg/g), catechin (38.7 µg/g), ellagic acid (35.9 µg/g), carbolic acid (24.2 µg/g) and p-coumaric acid (19.5 µg/g), while the rest were in the range 5.1-0.4 µg/g. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound reduces the time necessary to complete the extraction 160 and 26 times, the extraction volume 2.5 and 4 times, and increases the extraction efficiency 5 and 3 times for lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively, in comparison with conventional extraction methods. In addition, the characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions constitutes a first approach to the H. inuloides metabolome.

Effect of oleic, lauric and myristic acids on phenylephrine-induced contractions of isolated rat vas deferens.

D-004, a lipid extract of Roystonea regia fruits that contains oleic, lauric and myristic acids as major components inhibits alpha1-adrenoreceptors-mediated contractile responses in isolated rat vas deferens and prostate trips; no study has demonstrated a similar effect for oleic, lauric or myristic acids individually. Therefore, the effects of D-004 (250 microg/mL), oleic (100 microg/mL), lauric (50 microg/mL) or myristic (25 microg/mL) acids and their combined effects on phenylephrine (PHE: 10(-7)-10(-4) mol/L) induced contractions has been studied. No treatment changed the basal tone of the preparations, but all inhibited PHE-induced contractions. D-004 produced the highest inhibition, followed by lauric acid, which was more effective than myristic and oleic acids against PHE-induced contractions of control group. D-004 and the mixture of the three acids produced similar inhibitions.

Quality Properties, Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of East Mediterranean Region Olive Oils.

In this study, important physicochemical properties, fatty acid and sterol compositions of olive oils from the olives which harvested from Mersin (Buyuk Topak Ulak, Gemlik, Sari Ulak), Adana (Gemlik), Osmaniye (Gemlik) and Hatay (Gemlik, Kargaburun, Hasebi, Halhali) in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey have been investigated. Ripening index and oil yield analysis of the olives and free fatty acids, peroxide value, UV absorbance (K232, K270), fatty acid composition, sterol composition, erythrodiol+uvaol content, and total sterol analysis of the olive oil samples were carried out. The levels of free acidity in the olive oil samples ranged from 0.39% (Hatay Gemlik: HG3) to 2.23% (Mersin Gemlik: MG). Peroxide value ranged from 8.87 to 18.87 meq O2/kg. As K232 values in the oils fluctuated between 1.4370 and 2.3970, K270 values varied between 0.1270 and 0.1990. The results showed that all ΔK values were lower than the maximum legal limit of 0.01. The main fatty acid in all oil samples was oleic acid, ranging from 58.72% (Hatay Hasebi: HHs) to 74.54% (Hatay Gemlik: HG2). Palmitic acid values were within the percentage of 12.83% (Hatay Kargaburun: HK) to 18.50% (HHs). Total sterol content varied from 720.41 mg/kg (Hatay Kargaburun: HK) to 4519.17 mg/kg (Buyuk Topak Ulak: BTU). The ß-sitosterol percentage of olive oils ranged from 76.12% (Adana Gemlik: AG) to 94.23% (Buyuk Topak Ulak: BTU). The results of this study indicated that variety significantly affect the quality indices, fatty acid and sterol compositions of olive oils significantly varied among varieties.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction and Fatty Acid Composition of Oil from Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Seed.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the effects of extraction parameters including time, power, temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio on peony seed oil yield. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed for optimization of extraction parameters in oil yield that extracted assisting by ultrasonic while petroleum ether as solvent. The chemical composition of peony seed oil under optimal condition in ultrasonic-assisted extract method was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimal conditions were that extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 45°C, extraction power 90 W and liquid-to-solid ratio 7:1, respectively. Under this condition, the extraction yield value was 33.90% which was with 95% confidence level, hence indicated the reliability of RSM in optimizing ultrasonic-assisted extraction of oil from Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. seed. Three unsaturated fatty acid of peony oil such as n-3 α-linolenic acid (39.75%), n-6 linoleic acid (26.32%) and the oleic acid (23.66%), totally more than 89.00% was determined at optimum condition.

Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Composition of Roasted Alyanak Apricot Kernel.

The oil recovery from Alyanak apricot kernel was 36.65% in control (unroasted) and increased to 43.77% in microwave-roasted kernels. The total phenolic contents in extracts from apricot kernel were between 0.06 (oven-roasted) and 0.20 mg GAE/100 g (microwave-roasted) while the antioxidant activity varied between 2.55 (oven-roasted) and 19.34% (microwave-roasted). Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene were detected as the key phenolic constituents in apricot kernels. Gallic acid contents varied between 0.53 (control) and 1.10 mg/100 g (microwave-roasted) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid contents were between 0.10 (control) and 0.35 mg/100 g (microwave-roasted). Among apricot oil fatty acids, palmitic acid contents ranged from 4.38 (oven-roasted) to 4.76% (microwave-roasted); oleic acid contents were between 65.73% (oven-roasted) and 66.15% (control) and linoleic acid contents varied between 26.55 (control) and 27.12% (oven-roasted).

The occurrence of renin inhibitor in rice: isolation, identification, and structure-function relationship.

We found renin inhibitory activity in rice. The physico-chemical data on the isolated inhibitors were identical to those of oleic acid and linoleic acid. Oleic acid and linoleic acid competitively inhibited renin activity, with K(i) values of 15.8 and 19.8 microM respectively. Other unsaturated free fatty acids also inhibited renin activity, but saturated fatty acids had no effect on it.

Physico-Chemical Analysis and Fatty Acid Profiling of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seed Oil Using Different Solvents.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) a native to Southern Europe, Mediterranean region and Western Asia has been used as a spice all over the world to increase the sensory quality to the food. It is also known for its medicinal properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic and immunological activities and can also be used as a food stabilizer and emulsifying agent. The ash, protein, moisture and fiber content of defatted fenugreek seed powder obtained were 9%, 23.04%, 3.8%, 25.47% respectively. So, this study is systematically intended to determine the fatty acid composition, to be best among the different solvents used are the ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone and hexane for the extraction of the fenugreek seed oil and to analyze its susceptibility to oxidation. This study was carried out to investigate and examine the results such as acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, iodine value and the physical properties such as the color value and the refractive index of the seed oil. The results stipulate that the oil extracted using the solvent hexane had better quality and yield. Linoleic acid (41.97%) followed by alpha-linolenic acid (29.33%) and cis-9 oleic acid (12.95%) was found as the primary fatty acids present in the oil extracted using hexane. Along with these fatty acids, the PUFA content of hexane oil (71.30%) was also observed to be in a good range. So, on comparing these results with codex standards, it revealed that it can be considered as edible oil with further purifications.

Preparation of High-Purity Trilinolein and Triolein by Enzymatic Esterification Reaction Combined with Column Chromatography.

High-purity trilinolein and triolein were prepared by Novozym 435-catalyzed esterification reaction combined with column chromatography purification in this study. Firstly, linoleic acid and oleic acid were respectively extracted from safflower seed oil and camellia seed oil by urea adduct method. Secondly, trilinolein and triolein were synthesized through Novozym 435 catalyzed esterification of glycerol and fatty acids. The best synthesis conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature 100°C, residual pressure 0.9 kPa, enzyme dosage 6%, molar ratio of glycerol to linoleic acid 1:3 and reaction time 8 h. Crude trilinolein and triolein were further purified by silica gel column chromatography. Finally, highpurity trilinolein (95.43±0.97%) and triolein (93.07±1.05%) were obtained.

Lipid Characteristics of Camellia Seed Oil.

Camellia oleifera, C. japonica and C. sinensis are three representative crops of the genus Camellia. In this work, we systematically investigated the lipid characteristics of these seed oils collected from different regions. The results indicated significant differences in acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV) and relative density of the above-mentioned camellia seed oils (p < 0.05). The C. japonica seed oils showed the highest AV (1.7 mg/g), and the C. sinensis seed oils showed the highest PV (17.4 meq/kg). The C. japonica seed oils showed the lowest IV (79.9 g/100 g), SV (192.7 mg/g) and refractive index (1.4633) of all the oils, while the C. sinensis seed oils showed the lowest relative density (0.911 g/cm3). The major fatty acids in the camellia seed oils were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2); the oleic acid in C. oleifera and C. japonica seed oils accounted for more than 80% of the total fatty acids. The oleic acid levels in the C. oleifera and C. japonica oils were higher than those in the C. sinensis seed oils, while the linoleic acid levels in the former were lower than those in the latter one. Differences also exist in the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, although the most abundant TAG molecular species in the camellia seed oils was trioleoylglycerol (OOO). Seven sterol species, squalene and α-tocopherol were detected in the camellia seed oils, however, the contents of tocopherol and unsaponifiable molecules in the C. oleifera and C. japonica seed oils were significantly lower than those in the C. sinensis seed oil. These results demonstrated that the varieties of Camellia affected the seed oil lipid characteristics.