Effects of Ultrasonic Power on the Structure and Rheological Properties of Skin Collagen from Albacore (Thunnus alalunga).

The effects of ultrasonic power (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 W) on the extraction yield and the structure and rheological properties of pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from albacore skin were investigated. Compared with the conventional pepsin extraction method, ultrasonic treatment (UPSC) significantly increased the extraction yield of collagen from albacore skin, with a maximum increase of 8.56%. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that peptides of low molecular weight were produced when the ultrasonic power exceeded 300 W. Meanwhile, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the original triple helix structure of collagen was intact after the ultrasonic treatment. The collagen solutions extracted under different ultrasonic powers had significant effects on the dynamic frequency sweep, but a steady shear test suggested that the collagen extracted at 150 W had the best viscosity. These results indicate that an ultrasonic power between 150 and 300 W can improve not only the extraction yield of natural collagen, but also the rheological properties of the collagen solution without compromising the triple helix structure.

Ultrasound: a suitable technology to improve the extraction and techno-functional properties of vegetable food proteins.

Vegetable-based proteins may be extracted from different sources using different extraction methods, among them, ultrasound-assisted extraction stands out. This review presents the current knowledge on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and the functional properties of extracted vegetable proteins. Ultrasound generates cavitation in a liquid medium, defined as gas and vapor microbubbles collapse under pressure changes large enough to separate them in the medium. Cavitation facilitates the solvent and solid interaction, increasing yield and reducing extraction periods and temperature used. Moreover, ultrasound treatment changed extracted protein properties such as solubility, hydrophobicity, emulsifying and foam, water and oil absorption capacity, viscosity, and gelatinization. Ultrasound-assisted extraction is a promising technique for the food technology sector, presenting low environmental impact, lower energy and solvent consumption, and it is in accordance with green chemistry technology and sustainable concepts.

Supercritical CO2-ethanol extraction of oil from green coffee beans: optimization conditions and bioactive compound identification.

In this research, a supercritical CO2-ethanol extraction was optimized to obtain a green coffee oil rich in bioactive compounds. A face-centered central composite design was used to evaluate the effect of temperature (50-70 °C), extraction pressure (15.0-30.0 MPa), and cosolvent content (5-20%) on the extraction yield and total phenolic compound content of green coffee supercritical extract (GCSE). The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial model. According to the statistical analyses, the lack of fit was not significant for either mathematical model. From the response surface plots, the extraction pressure and cosolvent content significantly impacted the extraction yield, while the total phenolic compound content was impacted by temperature and cosolvent content. The optimal conditions were a 20% cosolvent content, a pressure of 30 MPa, and a temperature of 62 °C, which predicted an extraction yield of 7.7% with a total phenol content of 5.4 mg gallic acid equivalent g GCSE-1. The bioactive compounds included 5-caffeoylquinic acid (11.53-17.91 mg g GCSE-1), caffeine (44.76-79.51 mg g GCSE-1), linoleic acid (41.47-41.58%), and palmitic acid (36.07-36.18%). Our results showed that GCSE has the outstanding chemical quality and antioxidant potential, suggesting that GCSE can be used as a functional ingredient.

Quantification of lignans in 30 ground coffee samples and evaluation of theirs extraction yield in espresso coffee by HPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole.

Lignans are a class of polyphenols considered to be phytoestrogens because of their oestrogenic/antiestrogenic activities and their plant origin. Few works have reported on the content of lignans in ground coffee, and most of them analysed a small number of samples. Hence, our aim was to quantify the content of three lignans, secoisolariciresinol, lariciresinol and matairesinol, in ground coffee by using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of acidic hydrolysis, methanolic extractions, and enzymatic digestions as extraction methods indicated that enzymatic digestion with Taka-diastase 2% was the best. When this method was applied to 30 different ground coffees, we found that SECO was the highest concentration lignan (84.4-257.8 µg kg-1), followed by LARI (26.1-91.5 µg kg-1). Moreover, comparison of lignan extraction yield in espresso coffee and ground coffee showed that these molecules seem to be completely extracted during espresso coffee percolation, since the extraction yield average was 95.2%.

Does Size Matter? Comparison of Extraction Yields for Different-Sized DNA Fragments by Seven Different Routine and Four New Circulating Cell-Free Extraction Methods.

An element essential for PCR detection of microbial agents in many sample types is the extraction step, designed to purify nucleic acids. Despite the importance of this step, yields have not been extensively compared across methods to determine whether the method used contributes to quantitative differences and the lack of commutability seen with existing clinical methods. This may in part explain why plasma and blood viral load assays have proven difficult to standardize. Also, studies have identified small DNA fragments of <200 bp in plasma (cell-free DNA [cfDNA]), which may include significant quantities of viral DNA. Our study evaluated extraction yields for 11 commercially available extraction methods, including 4 new methods designed to isolate cfDNA. Solutions of DNA fragments with sizes ranging from 50 to 1,500 bp were extracted, and then the eluates were tested by droplet digital PCR to determine the DNA fragment yield for each method. The results demonstrated a wide range of extraction yields across the variety of methods/instruments used, with the 50- and 100-bp fragment sizes showing especially inconsistent quantitative results and poor yields of less than 20%. Slightly higher, more consistent yields were seen with 2 of the 4 circulating cell-free extraction kits. These results demonstrate a significant need for further evaluation of nucleic acid yields across the variety of extraction platforms and highlight the poor extraction yields of small DNA fragments by existing methods. Further work is necessary to determine the impact of this inconsistency across instruments and the relevance of the low yields for smaller DNA fragments in clinical virology testing.

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Oil Extraction Using Different Solvents.

This work aims at characterizing linseed oil obtained using different extraction methods (hexane, subcritical propane and pressurized ethanol), and comparing the results with commercial linseed oil extracted by cold mechanical press method. An experimental design helped to evaluate temperature and pressure effects on the oil extraction using propane and ethanol. Gas chromatography assisted in evaluating the essential fatty acids. There were no significant differences among the ω-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids from linseed oil obtained using the different extraction methods. Only the acidity of linseed oil extracted by subcritical propane (0.956%) showed significant differences among the physicochemical parameters. Extraction using organic solvent (Soxhlet) gave a 36.12% yield. Extraction using subcritical propane at 107 Pa and 40 °C for 1.5 h gave a better yield (28.39%) than pressurized ethanol (8.05%) under similar conditions. Linseed oil extraction using subcritical propane was economically viable, resulting in a 124.58 US$/L product cost. The results present subcritical propane extraction as a promising alternative for obtaining linseed oil at mild temperature and pressure conditions, without losing quality and quantity of fatty acids such as ω-3, 6 and 9.

An effective HPLC-based approach for the evaluation of the content of total phenolic compounds transferred from olives to virgin olive oil during the olive milling process.

BACKGROUND: Several studies demonstrate a strong interest in learning more about phenolic transfer during oil extraction, with the main goal of increasing the phenolic concentration in olive oils. We aimed to propose and apply a new methodological approach for evaluating phenolic transfer from olives into oil during milling, based on the quantification of phenolic content in whole lyophilized fruits and the corresponding oils and considering the oil extraction yields. RESULTS: We investigated the phenols transferred into the oil during olive milling in continuous extraction systems in Tuscany. In 2012, oils were extracted from cultivar Frantoio by a two-phase extraction system; in 2016, oils were extracted from cultivars Leccio del Corno and Arbequina by a three-phase extraction system. Results highlighted very low percentages of extracted phenols: up to 0.40% by the two-phase system and up to 0.19% by the three-phase system (0.08% for cultivar Arbequina and 0.19% for cultivar Leccio del Corno). CONCLUSION: The usefulness of a simple and effective methodological approach for evaluating the extracted phenols was highlighted. Values of extracted phenols were up to 25 times lower than previous literature data. The proposed approach is applicable in all types of milling processes. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Optimization of mucilage extraction from chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) using response surface methodology.

BACKGROUND: Chia mucilage has potential application as a functional ingredient; advances on maximizing its extraction yield could represent a significant technological and economic impact for the food industry. Thus, first, the effect of mechanical agitation time (1-3 h) on the exudation of chia mucilage was analyzed. Then, response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal combination of the independent variables temperature (15-85 °C) and seed: water ratio (1: 12-1: 40.8 w/v) for the 2 h exudation that give maximum chia mucilage yield. Experiments were designed according to central composite rotatable design. RESULTS: A second-order polynomial model predicted the variation in extraction mucilage yield with the variables temperature and seed: water ratio. The optimal operating conditions were found to be temperature 85 °C and a seed: water ratio of 1: 31 (w/v), reaching an experimental extraction yield of 116 ± 0.21 g kg-1 (dry basis). The mucilage obtained exhibited good functional properties, mainly in terms of water-holding capacity, emulsifying activity, and emulsion stability. CONCLUSION: The results obtained show that temperature, seed: water ratio, and exudation time are important variables of the process that affect the extraction yield and the quality of the chia mucilage, determined according to its physicochemical and functional properties. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Current lipid extraction methods are significantly enhanced adding a water treatment step in Chlorella protothecoides.

BACKGROUND: Microalgae have the potential to rapidly accumulate lipids of high interest for the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and energy (e.g. biodiesel) industries. However, current lipid extraction methods show efficiency limitation and until now, extraction protocols have not been fully optimized for specific lipid compounds. The present study thus presents a novel lipid extraction method, consisting in the addition of a water treatment of biomass between the two-stage solvent extraction steps of current extraction methods. The resulting modified method not only enhances lipid extraction efficiency, but also yields a higher triacylglycerols (TAG) ratio, which is highly desirable for biodiesel production. RESULTS: Modification of four existing methods using acetone, chloroform/methanol (Chl/Met), chloroform/methanol/H2O (Chl/Met/H2O) and dichloromethane/methanol (Dic/Met) showed respective lipid extraction yield enhancement of 72.3, 35.8, 60.3 and 60.9%. The modified acetone method resulted in the highest extraction yield, with 68.9 ± 0.2% DW total lipids. Extraction of TAG was particularly improved with the water treatment, especially for the Chl/Met/H2O and Dic/Met methods. The acetone method with the water treatment led to the highest extraction level of TAG with 73.7 ± 7.3 µg/mg DW, which is 130.8 ± 10.6% higher than the maximum value obtained for the four classical methods (31.9 ± 4.6 µg/mg DW). Interestingly, the water treatment preferentially improved the extraction of intracellular fractions, i.e. TAG, sterols, and free fatty acids, compared to the lipid fractions of the cell membranes, which are constituted of phospholipids (PL), acetone mobile polar lipids and hydrocarbons. Finally, from the 32 fatty acids analyzed for both neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) fractions, it is clear that the water treatment greatly improves NL-to-PL ratio for the four standard methods assessed. CONCLUSION: Water treatment of biomass after the first solvent extraction step helps the subsequent release of intracellular lipids in the second extraction step, thus improving the global lipids extraction yield. In addition, the water treatment positively modifies the intracellular lipid class ratios of the final extract, in which TAG ratio is significantly increased without changes in the fatty acids composition. The novel method thus provides an efficient way to improve lipid extraction yield of existing methods, as well as selectively favoring TAG, a lipid of the upmost interest for biodiesel production.

In vitro screening and evaluation of some Indian medicinal plants for their potential to inhibit Jack bean and bacterial ureases causing urinary infections.

CONTEXT: Bacterial ureases play an important role in pathogenesis of urinary infections. Selection of plants was done on the basis of their uses by the local people for the treatment of various bacterial and urinary infections. OBJECTIVE: Our investigation screens and evaluates 15 Indian medicinal plants for their possible urease inhibitory activity as well as their ability to inhibit bacteria causing urinary infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plant extracts in three different solvents (methanol, aqueous, and cow urine) were screened for their effect on Jack-bean urease using the phenol-hypochlorite method. Subsequently, seven bacterial strains were screened for their ability to release urease and further antimicrobial-linked urease inhibition activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of the tested extracts were evaluated by the agar well diffusion and microdilution method, respectively. RESULTS: Five plants out of 15 crude extracts revealed good urease inhibitory activity (≥ 20% at 1 mg/ml conc.) and IC50 values for these extracts ranged from 2.77 to 0.70 mg/ml. Further testing of these extracts on urease-producing bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus NCDC 109, S. aureus MTCC 3160, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 426, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 4030, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 7453) showed good anti-urease potency with an MIC ranging from 500 to 7.3 µg/ml. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of screening as well as susceptibility assay clearly revealed a strong urease inhibitory effect of Acacia nilotica L. (Fabaceae), Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Phyllanthaceae), Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Rosa indica L. (Rosaceae), and Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae). Our findings may help to explain the beneficial effect of these plants against infections associated with the urease enzyme.

Characterization of fructan extracted from Eremurus spectabilis tubers: a comparative study on different technical conditions.

The fructans, inulin and oligofructose, were known to possess many physiologic properties. In the present study, the Box-Behnken design was used to determine the optimum extraction conditions of fructan from Eremurus spectabilis root powder (Serish) with water extraction, direct and indirect ultrasound assisted extraction methods that gave the maximum yield. Sonication amplitude (20-100 %), sonication temperature (30-70 °C) and sonication time (5-40 min) were considered variables of direct and indirect ultrasound extractions while for conventional extraction the following variables were water to solid ratio (30-50 v/w), temperature (40-90 °C) and time (5-40 min). A second-order polynomial model was fitted to each response and the regression coefficients were determined using least square method. There was a good agreement between the experimental data and their predicted counterparts. In addition to establishing the difference of these extraction methods, the scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential and particle size analysis have been shown to be useful tools to investigate, approximate and predict characteristics of extracted fructan. Moreover, comparison of conventional extraction, direct sonication extraction, indirect sonication extraction showed the indirect sonication extraction is a suitable method for fructan extraction.

Effect of solution on starch structure: New separation approach of amylopectin fraction from gelatinized native corn starch.

The complete dissolution of starch without degradation are necessary prerequisites for starch fractionation to obtain amylose or amylopectin (AP). With the recent, continuous progress in finding efficient and eco-friendly starch-dissolving solutions, applying new solvents for starch fractionation is important. In this study, the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), NaOH, and CaCl2 solutions on starch structure and AP product parameters during starch fractionation were compared with respect to the starch deconstruction effect. This study proved that the CaCl2 solution could effectively dissolve corn starch (50 °C, solubility of 98.96 %), and promote the regeneration of starch into uniform and fine particles. Furthermore, the three solvents (DMSO, NaOH, and CaCl2) changed the crystal structure of corn starch, but they were all non-derivatizing solvents. The effect of the CaCl2 solution on the molecular structure of corn starch was the least significant of the three solvents. Finally, the extraction rate of AP from the CaCl2 solution reached 69.45 %. In conclusion, this study presents a novel and effective method for AP extraction.

Recent advances in the implementation of ultrasound technology for the extraction of essential oils from terrestrial plant materials: A comprehensive review.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an innovative process for recovering valuable substances and compounds from plants and various biomaterials. This technology holds promise for resource recovery while maintaining the quality of the extracted products. The review comprehensively discusses UAE's mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations, focusing on extracting essential oils (EOs) from diverse terrestrial plant materials. These oils exhibit preservation, flavor enhancement, antimicrobial action, antioxidant effects, and anti-inflammatory benefits due to the diverse range of specific compounds in their composition. Conventional extraction techniques have been traditionally employed, and their limitations have prompted the introduction of novel extraction methods. Therefore, the review emphasizes that the use of UAE, alone or in combination with other cutting-edge technologies, can enhance the extraction of EOs. By promoting resource recovery, reduced energy consumption, and minimal solvent use, UAE paves the way for a more sustainable approach to harnessing the valuable properties of EOs. With its diverse applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries, further research into UAE and its synergies with other cutting-edge technologies is required to unlock its full potential in sustainable resource recovery and product quality preservation.

Optimizing catechin extraction from green tea waste: Comparative analysis of hot water, ultrasound-assisted, and ethanol methods for enhanced antioxidant recovery.

This study aimed to develop an efficient method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from green tea waste (GTW) toward its potential application in the food industry. GTW, which is generated during the harvesting and processing of green tea products, accounts for a global annual loss of nearly 1 million tonnes. Notably, this waste is rich in polyphenolic compounds, particularly catechins, which are renowned for their significant health benefits. We assessed the optimization of catechin extraction from GTW employing hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and ethanol extraction (EthE) techniques at different sample-to-solvent ratios (1:100, 1:50, and 1:20 w/v). The extraction temperature was set at 80°C for both HWE and UAE; however, for EthE, the temperature was slightly lower at 70°C, adhering to the boiling point of ethanol. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the extraction efficiency by quantifying various catechins (i.e., catechin, epicatechin [EC], epicatechin gallate [ECG], epigallocatechin [EGC], and epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]). In terms of the concentration for individual catechins, EC was found to be the highest concentration detected, ranging from 30.58 ± 1.17 to 37.95 ± 0.84 mg/L in all extraction techniques and ratios of solvents, followed by EGCG (9.71 ± 1.40-20.99 ± 1.11 mg/L), EGC + C (7.95 ± 0.66-12.58 ± 0.56 mg/L), and ECG (1.85 ± 0.71-6.05 ± 0.06 mg/L). The findings of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical assay illustrated that HWE demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency at all ratios, ranging from 61.41 ± 1.00 to 70.36 ± 1.47 mg/L. The 1:50 ratio exhibited the highest extraction yield (25.98% ± 0.75%) compared to UAE (24.16% ± 0.95%) and EthE (22.59% ± 0.26%). Moreover, this method of extraction (i.e., HWE) produced the highest total catechins and %DPPH reduction. Consequently, HWE was the most efficient method for extracting catechins from GTW, underscoring its potential for valorizing waste within the food manufacturing industry.

"Purplish Blue" or "Greenish Grey"? Indigo Qualities and Extraction Yields from Six Species.

Indigo quality is determined by its indigotin content. Another quality indicator is colour. For an evaluation of species, indigo samples from Indigofera tinctoria, Indigofera suffruticosa, Indigofera arrecta, Persicaria tinctoria, Strobilanthes cusia and Wrightia laevis cultivated in Austria and China were visually classified and analysed spectrophotometrically and using a L*a*b* measuring device. In addition to a standardised hot-extraction method without lime, some samples were extracted simulating traditional methods at ambient temperatures using lime. The highest indigotin contents were achieved with Indigofera arrecta (55%, Austria) and Strobilanthes cusia (56%, China). There were no statistically significant differences between the indigo extraction yields of the species cultivated in Austria, but Indigofera arrecta and Persicaria tinctoria had statistically significantly higher indigotin extraction yields than Indigofera tinctoria and Indigofera suffruticosa. From the species extracted in China, Strobilanthes cusia showed higher values in all parameters than Indigofera tinctoria, Indigofera suffruticosa and Wrightia laevis. Compared with the standardised method, the method simulating local practice yielded more indigo but had a lower indigotin content; the indigotin extraction yields did not differ greatly. L*a*b* values enabled precise estimations of the indigotin content, making it an interesting option for quality control, as inexpensive, easy-to-handle L*a*b* measuring instruments have become available.

Maximizing DNA yield for epidemiologic studies: no more buffy coats?

Some molecular analyses require microgram quantities of DNA, yet many epidemiologic studies preserve only the buffy coat. In Frederick, Maryland, in 2010, we estimated DNA yields from 5 mL of whole blood and from equivalent amounts of all-cell-pellet (ACP) fraction, buffy coat, and residual blood cells from fresh blood (n = 10 volunteers) and from both fresh and frozen blood (n = 10). We extracted DNA with the QIAamp DNA Blood Midi Kit (Qiagen Sciences, Germantown, Maryland) for silica spin column capture and measured double-stranded DNA. Yields from frozen blood fractions were not statistically significantly different from those obtained from fresh fractions. ACP fractions yielded 80.6% (95% confidence interval: 66, 97) of the yield of frozen whole blood and 99.3% (95% confidence interval: 86, 100) of the yield of fresh blood. Frozen buffy coat and residual blood cells each yielded only half as much DNA as frozen ACP, and the yields were more variable. Assuming that DNA yield and quality from frozen ACP are stable, we recommend freezing plasma and ACP. Not only does ACP yield twice as much DNA as buffy coat but it is easier to process, and its yield is less variable from person to person. Long-term stability studies are needed. If one wishes to separate buffy coat before freezing, one should also save the residual blood cell fraction, which contains just as much DNA.

Modelling the Rheology of Olive Paste for Oil Extraction Plant Automation: Effects of the Crushing Process on the Rheology of Olive Pastes.

In extra virgin olive oil production, it is essential to obtain a well-prepared olive paste which allows not only the extraction of the oil drops from the olives, but also the achievement of a high-quality oil while maintaining high yields. This work addresses the problem of determining the effect of three crushing machines on the viscosity of the olive paste: a hammer crusher, a disk crusher and a de-stoner were tested. The tests were repeated on both the paste leaving each machine and the paste to which water was added; this was done with the main aim of considering the different dilutions of the paste while entering the decanter. A power law and the Zhang and Evans model were used to analyse the rheological behaviour of the paste. The experimental results allow validation of the two models with a high (more than 0.9) coefficient of determination between experimental and numerical data. The results also show that the pastes obtained with the two classic crushing methods (hammers and disks) are almost identical, with a packing factor of about 17.9% and 18.6%, respectively. Conversely, the paste obtained with the de-stoner entails higher viscosity values and a smaller solid packing factor, of about 2.8%. At 30% dilution with water, the volume of the solid concentration dropped to about 11.6% for the hammer and disc crushers, while for the de-stoner it only reached 1.8%. This behaviour is also reflected in the evaluation of yields, which were 6% lower with the de-stoner. No significant differences regarding the legal parameters of oil quality were found using the three different crushing systems. Finally, this paper establishes some fundamental pillars in the research for an optimal model for identifying the rheological behaviour of the paste as a function of the crusher used. Indeed, since there is an increasing need for automation in the oil extraction process, these models can be of great help in optimizing this process.

Optimization of Ethanolic Extraction of Phenolic Antioxidants from Lychee and Longan Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology.

Lychee seeds (LS) and longan seeds (LoS) are excellent sources of phenolic compounds (PCs) with strong antioxidant activity (AOA). The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions regarding extraction yield (EY), extractable phenolic compound (EPC), and AOA from LS and LoS using surface response methodology (RSM). Solvent concentration, extraction temperature, time, and solid to liquid ratio were optimized using RSM. Increasing the solid to solvent ratio from 1:05 to 1:40 (w/v), increased EY for LoS, however, EY did not change from 1:20 to 1:40 for LS. Solid-liquid ratio 1:20 was chosen for this study. Increasing the quantity of solvent leads to higher EPC and FRAP. The results showed that LoS exhibited higher AOA than LS measured as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively. Ethanol concentrations and temperatures significantly (p < 0.05) affect EY, EPC, and AOA. The results (R2 > 0.85) demonstrated a good fit to the suggested models and a strong correlation between the extraction conditions and the phenolic antioxidant responses. The ethanol concentrations of 41 and 53%, temperatures of 51 and 58 °C, and the corresponding times of 139 and 220 min were the optimal conditions that maximized the EY, EPC, and AOA from LS and LoS.

Deep eutectic solvent on extraction of flavonoid glycosides from Dendrobium officinale and rapid identification with UPLC-triple-TOF/MS.

In this study, ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) method was used to extract flavonoids from Dendrobium officinale. The mechanism of DESs extraction differences was investigated by physicochemical characterization and molecular dynamics simulation experiments. Moreover, flavonoids from Dendrobium officinale were rapidly identified and quantitatively analyzed by UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS without removing DES. The results showed choline chloride-lactic acid (Chol-Lac) had the best extraction effect among forty groups of DESs, the extraction yield was up to 35.23 ± 2.12 mg/g. It was speculated that the tight hydrogen bond structure was the key to the better extraction ability of Chol-Lac. Meanwhile, the viscosity was the main physical parameter reflecting the hydrogen bond structure of DES. Fourteen flavonoid glycosides were identified, among which the content of rutin (1.94 ± 0.24 mg/g) was the highest. And the results of cluster analysis showed that different DESs had great differences in the extraction of flavonoid glycosides.

A New Laboratory Scale Olive Oil Extraction Method with Comparative Characterization of Phenolic and Fatty Acid Composition.

The establishment of operation protocols for olive oil (OO) extraction at non-industrial scale is crucial for research purposes. Thus, the present study proposes a simple and cost-effective method for OO extraction at the laboratory scale (LS) level. To validate the proposed methodology, industrial OO extraction (IS) was performed in parallel, using the same cultivars 'Galega vulgar' (GV), 'Cobrançosa' (COB) and 'Arbequina' (ARB) collected from the same orchards, within the same period. Obtained results showed highest extractability for COB and ARB, of about 53%, while GAL showed 50%. All produced OO showed values lower than the regulated limits for the physicochemical parameters (acidity, K232, K268 and ΔK), classifying them as extra virgin OO (EVOO). Highest total phenolic content was observed for COB, with no significant differences (p-value > 0.05) between extraction methods. Regarding fatty acid composition, oleic acid (C18:1) showed the lowest percentage for ARB, with about 66% and 68%, for LS and IS, respectively, and the highest for GV with about 72% for both LS and IS. Furthermore, all samples from both extraction methods were compared to the European Community Regulation, with fatty acid composition within the regulated levels for EVOO. This work showed promising results regarding extraction yields and OO extractability, as well as its quality parameters.