Eventos adversos em pacientes cirúrgicos: incidência, características e fatores associados / Adverse events in surgical patients: incidence, characteristics and associated factors

Objetivo: Estimar a incidência de eventos adversos e identificar os fatores associados à sua ocorrência em pacientes cirúrgicos de um hospital geral de referência do interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: Estudo retrospectivo e documental realizado em 851 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos. Para rastrear e identificar o evento adverso, utilizou-se uma adaptação do método Global Trigger Tool, adotou-se a dupla revi-são dos documentos de forma independente e a análise de dados por estatística descritiva, teste χ2, t de Student e regressão logística. Resultados: Foram identificados 145 eventos adversos em 108 prontuários, mais da metade relacionada a complicações no local da cirurgia, como sangramento e infecções de sítio cirúrgico. O tempo de internação prolongado, a duração da cirurgia superior a quatro horas e procedimentos cirúrgicos classificados como con-taminados mostraram-se associados a maiores chances de ocorrência do evento adverso (p<0,001). Conclusão: Os eventos adversos na assistência cirúr-gica possuem elevada frequência e impacto de danos causados, reforçando a importância das estratégias voltadas para a segurança do paciente cirúrgico

Objective: To estimate the incidence of adverse events and identify the factors associated with their occurrence in surgical patients at a general reference hospital in the interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method: Retrospective and documentary study carried out in 851 medical records of patients undergoing surgical procedures. To track and identify the adverse event, an adaptation of the Global Trigger Tool method was used, with double review of documents independently and data analysis using descriptive statistics, χ2 test, Student's t-test and logistic regression. Results: 145 adverse events were identified in 108 medical records, more than half related to complications at the surgical site, such as bleeding and surgical site infections. Prolonged hos-pital stay, duration of surgery longer than four hours and surgical procedures classified as contaminated were associated with greater chances of adverse event occurrence (p<0.001). Conclusion: Adverse events in surgical care have a high frequency and impact of damage caused, reinforcing the importance of strategies aimed at the safety of surgical patients

Objetivo: Estimar la incidencia de eventos adversos e identificar los factores asociados a su ocurrencia en pacientes quirúrgicos en un hospital general de referencia en el interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: Estudio retrospectivo y documental realizado en 851 historias clínicas de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos. Para el seguimiento e identificación del evento adverso se utilizó una adaptación del método Global Trigger Tool. Se adoptó el procedimiento de doble revisión de documentos de forma independiente y el análisis de datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva, prueba de chi-cuadrado, prueba t de Student y regresión logística. Resultados: Se identificaron 145 eventos adversos en 108 historias clínicas. Más de la mitad se relacionaron con complicaciones en el sitio quirúrgico, como sangrado e infecciones del sitio quirúrgico. La estancia hospitalaria prolongada, la duración de la cirugía mayor a cuatro horas y la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos clasificados como contaminados se asociaron con mayo-res posibilidades de ocurrencia de eventos adversos (p<0,001). Conclusión: Los eventos adversos en la atención quirúrgica tienen una alta frecuencia e impacto del daño causado, reforzando la importancia de las estrategias dirigidas a la seguridad de los pacientes quirúrgicos

Effect of the Surgical Safety Checklist on the incidence of adverse events: contributions from a national study.

OBJECTIVE: the study evaluated the effect of using the safe surgery checklist (CL) on the incidence of adverse events (AE). METHODS: cross-sectional and retrospective research with 851 patients undergoing surgical procedures in 2012 (n=428) and 2015 (n=423), representing the periods before and after CL implantation. The AE incidences for each year were estimated and compared. The association between the occurrence of AE and the presence of CL in the medical record was analyzed. RESULTS: a reduction in the point estimate of AE was observed from 13.6% (before using the CL) to 11.8% (with the use of the CL). The difference between the proportions of AE in the periods before and after the use of CL was not significant (p=0.213). The occurrence of AE showed association with the following characteristics: anesthetic risk of the patient, length of stay, surgery time and classification of the procedure according to the potential for contamination. Considering the proportion of deaths, there was a significant reduction in deaths (p=0.007) in patients whose CL was used when compared to those without the use of the instrument. There was no significant association between the presence of CL and the occurrence of AE. It was concluded that the presence of CL in the medical record did not guarantee an expected reduction in the incidence of AE. CONCLUSION: however, it is believed that the use of the instrument integrated with other patient safety strategies can improve the safety/quality of surgical care in the long term.

Effect of the Surgical Safety Checklist on the incidence of adverse events: contributions from a national study / Efeito do Checklist de cirurgia segura na incidência de eventos adversos: contribuições de um estudo nacional

ABSTRACT Objective: the study evaluated the effect of using the safe surgery checklist (CL) on the incidence of adverse events (AE). Methods: cross-sectional and retrospective research with 851 patients undergoing surgical procedures in 2012 (n=428) and 2015 (n=423), representing the periods before and after CL implantation. The AE incidences for each year were estimated and compared. The association between the occurrence of AE and the presence of CL in the medical record was analyzed. Results: a reduction in the point estimate of AE was observed from 13.6% (before using the CL) to 11.8% (with the use of the CL). The difference between the proportions of AE in the periods before and after the use of CL was not significant (p=0.213). The occurrence of AE showed association with the following characteristics: anesthetic risk of the patient, length of stay, surgery time and classification of the procedure according to the potential for contamination. Considering the proportion of deaths, there was a significant reduction in deaths (p=0.007) in patients whose CL was used when compared to those without the use of the instrument. There was no significant association between the presence of CL and the occurrence of AE. It was concluded that the presence of CL in the medical record did not guarantee an expected reduction in the incidence of AE. Conclusion: however, it is believed that the use of the instrument integrated with other patient safety strategies can improve the safety/quality of surgical care in the long term.

RESUMO Objetivo: o estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da utilização do checklist (CL) de cirurgia segura na incidência de eventos adversos (EA). Método: pesquisa transversal e retrospectiva com 851 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos nos anos de 2012 (n=428) e 2015 (n=423), representando os períodos antes e após a implantação do CL. As incidências de EA para cada ano foram estimadas e posteriormente comparadas. Também foi analisada a associação entre a ocorrência do EA e a presença do CL no prontuário. Resultados: observou-se uma redução na estimativa pontual de EA de 13,6% (antes do uso do CL) para 11,8% (com a utilização do CL). No entanto, a diferença entre as proporções de EA nos períodos antes e após a utilização do CL não foi significativa (p=0,213). A ocorrência do EA mostrou associação significativa às seguintes características: risco anestésico do paciente, tempo de internação, tempo de cirurgia e classificação do procedimento segundo o potencial de contaminação. Considerando a proporção de óbitos ocorridos nas amostras, observou-se uma redução significativa de mortes (p=0,007) em pacientes cujo CL foi utilizado quando comparados aqueles sem o uso do instrumento. Não foi verificada associação significativa entre a presença do CL no prontuário e a ocorrência do EA de forma geral. Conclusão: a presença do CL no prontuário não garantiu uma redução esperada na incidência de EA. No entanto, acredita-se que o uso do instrumento integrado às demais estratégias de segurança do paciente possa melhorar a segurança/qualidade da assistência cirúrgica em longo prazo.

Use of latent class analysis as a method of assessing the physical activity level, sedentary behavior and nutritional habit in the adolescents' lifestyle: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Currently, adolescents' lifestyle is commonly characterized by physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and inappropriate eating habits in general. A person-oriented approach as Latent Class Analysis (LCA) can offer more insight than a variable-centered approach when investigating lifestyle practices, habits, and behaviors of adolescent population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess which variables are mostly used to represent the physical activity level, sedentary behavior SB) and nutritional habit in the adolescents' lifestyle in studies that used the LCA. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: The study was a performed in accordance with the proposed criteria for systematic reviews and meta-analyses-Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018108444). The original articles were searched in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SPORTdiscus. The Quality Assessment Tool analyzed the risk of bias of the included studies. RESULTS: 30 original articles were selected. The physical activity level (28 studies), SB and nutritional habits (18 studies) were the most common variable used to evaluate the adolescent's lifestyle by LCA model. Specifically, physical inactivity and high SB were the manifest variables with higher frequency in the negative latent classes (LCs) in adolescent girls. On the other hand, physical exercises and sports were activities more commonly labeled as positive LCs. CONCLUSIONS: The LCA models of the most of selected studies showed that physical inactivity, high SB were the most common in the LCs with negative characteristics of the adolescents' lifestyle. Better understanding the results of analyzes of clusters of multivariate behaviors such as the LCA can help to create more effective strategies that can make the lifestyle of adolescents healthier.

Net survival for colorectal cancer in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande (state of Mato Grosso), Brazil.

In studies of cancer survival, Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) can provide an overview of the disease for places that have this source of information available. In Brazil, PBCR is officially available in 22 state capitals and 8 cities in the interior of the country. PBCR data from Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, state of Mato Grosso, in Midwestern Brazil, were used to estimate the survival rate of colon (C18), rectosigmoid junction (C19) and rectum (C20) cancer cases diagnosed in 2000-2009 according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Five-year survival rate was estimated by the unbiased and consistent net survival estimator, which is used in the country estimates of the global surveillance of cancer survival programme CONCORD Group, for all cases, and also by sex, age group, diagnosis period and place of residence. The probability of death and the number of years of life lost to illness were also estimated. The estimated standardised 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer was 45.46% (95% CI: 43.09%-47.96%) in the cities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande. There was no difference between the curves when the survival rate was assessed by diagnostic period (2000-2004 and 2005-2009), sex, age group or city of residence. The gross 5-year probability of death from the disease was 51.2%, accounting for 6.4% of the gross probability of death from other causes, with 2.07 being the years of life lost to illness. The results obtained for Cuiabá and Várzea Grande are compatible with survival rates estimated for Brazil in the CONCORD study, but demonstrate the need to identify reasons why we continue to have low survival rates when compared to most countries involved in the global study mentioned. The results may reflect late diagnosis, difficult access and delays in starting treatment.

Association of Lifestyle and Body Composition on Risk Factors of Cardiometabolic Diseases and Biomarkers in Female Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Female adolescents are considered a risk group for cardiometabolic disease due to their lifestyle (LS). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between LS classes and body composition groups with cardiometabolic disease risk factors and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in female adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out with female adolescents aged 14 to 19 years, from Viçosa-MG, Brazil. Latent class analysis assessed LS classes. Kinanthropometric measurements were taken together with the body fat percentage (BF%), being analyzed by the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) equipment. Blood pressure and biochemical parameters were analyzed in the Health Division of the Federal University of Viçosa. The pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed using Luminex technology. Associations with biomarkers were estimated by multiple linear regression. RESULTS: 405 female adolescents were evaluated. The majority, 82.57%, 72.90%, and 65.31%, were classified as inactive by the number of steps, with high screen and cell phone time, respectively. Furthermore, 41.55% did meet the minimum of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and 54.69% had high values of BF% (DEXA). The "Sedentary & Inactive LS" class together with the high levels of weight and BF% were associated with increased levels of blood pressure, lipid profile, and uric acid. It was also found that "Inactive & Sedentary LS", high BF%, insulin resistance, and ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein were associated with the concentrations of proinflammatory biomarkers of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and leptin. CONCLUSION: We concluded that female adolescents with overweight/obese and high BF% presented higher values of anthropometric indicators, levels of blood pressure, concentration of uric acid and hs-CRP, and lower concentration of HDL. Inactive and Sedentary lifestyle of these girls, along with excess body fat, insulin resistance, and higher concentrations of hs-CRP were associated with the higher concentration proinflammatory markers.

Colorectal cancer mortality in Mato Grosso, Brazil: Spatiotemporal trends.

Mortality due to colorectal cancer is increasing in Brazil, but an organised approach to screening and prevention is lacking. Considering the importance of this disease, the present study examines recent mortality trends of colorectal cancer mortality in the meso- and microregions in the state of Mato Grosso with the objective of analysing spatiotemporal trends to help guide the allocation of health services related to this type of cancer. Mortality data from the Brazilian national public health system from 1996 to 2015 were analysed investigating spatiotemporal trends using Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) models, a class of Bayesian hierarchical models that rely on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Convergence issues arose with several types of CAR models, but notably not with the linear variant, which models the mortality within each spatial region as a linear function of time. Men and women of all ages displayed higher and increasing mortality rates in the Cuiabá and Rondonópolis microregions. Additional regions of increasing mortality were found for specific age and gender strata. It was concluded that spatiotemporal modelling is a useful tool for the characterisation of diseases, including cancer, which are influenced by several factors and need to be monitored over space and time. The combination of spatial and temporal analyses of mortality shown in this paper unveils important information regarding the small areas dynamics, which may guide discussions, regulation and application of decentralised public health policies.

Safe surgery checklist: filling adherence, inconsistencies, and challenges. / Checklist de cirurgia segura: adesão ao preenchimento, inconsistências e desafios.

OBJECTIVE: to identify adherence to the safe surgery checklist from its filling out in a general referral hospital in the interior of Minas Gerais state, as well as to verify factors associated with its use. METHODS: this is a retrospective, documentary, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Data collection was performed through a retrospective review of medical records of patients undergoing surgery within one year. Patients of all specialties, aged 18 years or older, and with hospitalization period equal to or greater than 24 hours were included. The probabilistic sample was composed of 423 cases. RESULTS: the checklist was present in 95% of the medical records. However, only 67.4% of them were completely filled out. The presence of the checklist in the medical record was significantly associated with the anesthetic risk of the patient. There was no difference in the filling out percentage among the three checklist moments: before anesthetic induction (sign in), before surgical incision (time out or surgical pause), and before the patient leaves the operating room (sign out). There were also no significant differences regarding the filling out percentage of the surgeon's responsibility items. Considering the surgical procedure performed, inconsistencies were found in the laterality item. CONCLUSION: despite the high percentage of medical records with checklist, the presence of incompleteness and inconsistency may compromise the expected results in the safety of the surgical patient.

OBJETIVO: identificar a adesão ao checklist de cirurgia segura, a partir do seu preenchimento, em um hospital geral de referência do interior do Estado de Minas Gerais, bem como, verificar os fatores associados à sua utilização. MÉTODOS: trata-se de estudo transversal, documental, retrospectivo de abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de uma amostra de pacientes operados no período de um ano. Foram incluídos os atendimentos de pacientes cirúrgicos de todas as especialidades, com idade de 18 anos ou mais, e período de internação igual ou maior do que 24 horas. A amostra probabilística foi de 423 casos. RESULTADOS: o checklist estava presente em 95% dos prontuários. Porém, apenas 67,4% deles estavam com preenchimento completo. A presença do checklist no prontuário apresentou associação significativa com o risco anestésico do paciente. Não houve diferença no percentual de preenchimento entre os três momentos do checklist: antes da indução anestésica (sign in), antes da incisão cirúrgica (time out ou parada cirúrgica) e antes do paciente deixar a sala de cirurgia (sign out). Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação ao percentual de preenchimento dos itens de responsabilidade do cirurgião. Considerando o procedimento cirúrgico realizado, foram encontradas incoerências no item lateralidade. CONCLUSÃO: apesar do elevado percentual de prontuários com checklist, a presença de incompletude e incoerência pode comprometer os resultados esperados na segurança do paciente cirúrgico.

[Microdatasus: a package for downloading and preprocessing microdata from Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS)]. / Microdatasus: pacote para download e pré-processamento de microdados do Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS).

This study aimed to develop an algorithm for downloading and preprocessing microdata furnished by the Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) for various health information systems, using the R statistical programming language. The package allows downloading and preprocessing data from various health information systems, with the inclusion of labeling categorical fields in the files. The download function was capable of directly accessing and reducing the workload for the selection of microdata files and variables in DATASUS, while the preprocessing function enabled automatic coding of various categorical fields. The package thus enables a continuous workflow in the same program, in which the algorithm allows downloading and preprocessing and other packages in R allow analyzing data from the health information systems in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS).

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um algoritmo capaz de realizar o download e o pré-processamento de microdados fornecidos pelo Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS) para diversos sistemas de informações em saúde para a linguagem de programação estatística R. O pacote desenvolvido permite o download e o pré-processamento de dados de diversos sistemas de informação em saúde, com a inclusão da rotulagem dos campos categóricos nos arquivos. A função de download foi capaz de acessar diretamente e reduzir o volume de trabalho para a seleção de arquivos e variáveis de microdados junto ao DATASUS. Já a função de pré-processamento foi capaz de efetuar a codificação automática de diversos campos categóricos. Dessa forma, a utilização desse pacote possibilita um fluxo de trabalho contínuo no mesmo programa, no qual esse algoritmo permite o download e o pré-processamento, e outros pacotes do R permitem a análise de dados dos sistemas de informação em saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar un algoritmo capaz de realizar la descarga y pre-procesamiento de microdatos, proporcionados por el Departamento de Informática del SUS (DATASUS), para diversos sistemas de información en salud, así como para el lenguaje de programación estadístico R. El paquete desarrollado permite la descarga y preprocesamiento de datos de diversos sistemas de información en salud, con la inclusión del rótulo de los campos categóricos en los archivos. La función de descarga se mostró capaz de acceder directamente y reducir el volumen de trabajo para la selección de archivos y variables de microdatos a través del DATASUS, mientras que la función de pre-procesamiento fue capaz de efectuar la codificación automática de diversos campos categóricos. De esta forma, la utilización de este paquete posibilita un flujo de trabajo continuo en el mismo programa, donde este algoritmo permite la descarga y preprocesamiento y otros paquetes del R permiten el análisis de datos de los sistemas de información en salud del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS).

Evaluation of lifestyle of female adolescents through latent class analysis approach.

BACKGROUND: Lack of regular physical activity, high sedentary behavior and presence of unbalanced alimentary practices are attitudes associated with an inadequate lifestyle among female adolescents. OBJECTIVE: to assess the lifestyle of female adolescents based on measurements of behavioral variables. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 405 female adolescents between 14 and 19 years old, resident and attending public schools in Viçosa (state of Minas Gerais). Their lifestyle was analyzed by the Physical Activity Recall, number of steps, screen time (ST), cellphone time (CT), sitting time, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and alcohol and tobacco consumption. With multiple correspondence analysis it was possible to observe dispersion and approximation of the variables' categories. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used for modeling the "lifestyle" variable, having been conducted in the poLCA (Polychromous Variable Latent Class Analysis) package of the R statistical software. RESULTS: The mean age was 15.92 ± 1.27 years. Most of the adolescents were considered physically inactive (78%) and with low number of steps (82.57%); 41.45% reported not performing Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activities (MVPA) adequately. Sedentary behavior was found high when assessing ST (72.90%) and CT (65.31%). It was found the best fitted latent class model for the lifestyle (p-G2 = 0.055, p-χ2 = 0.066) featured three latent classes and one covariate (alcohol): Class 1, 'Inactive and Sedentary' (γ = 77.5%); Class 2, 'Inactive and Non-sedentary lifestyle (γ=16.31%); and Class 3, 'Active and sedentary' (γ=6.19%). Female adolescents that had 'never consumed alcohol' were 2.26 times as likely (log OR = 0.8174; p = 0.033) to belong to class 3 (Active & Sedentary lifestyle) than to class 1 (Inactive & Sedentary lifestyle). CONCLUSION: Latent class analysis model with five manifest variable (MVPA, number of steps, ST, sitting time and number of meals) and alcohol consumption like covariate showed itself to be an accurate and objective method in the assessment of female adolescents' lifestyle. Female adolescents that had 'never consumed alcohol' were more as likely to belong to class 'Active & Sedentary lifestyle' than to class Inactive & Sedentary lifestyle. An inactive and sedentary lifestyle is coupled to other unhealthy behaviors during adolescence, possibly carrying over into adult life.

Abundance of Gut Microbiota, Concentration of Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Inflammatory Markers Associated with Elevated Body Fat, Overweight, and Obesity in Female Adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Overweight is ever more prevalent in the pediatric population, and this cardiometabolic factor can be associated with inflammatory markers, gut microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. The aim of this study is to evaluate to what extent the abundance of gut microbiota phyla, SCFA concentrations, and inflammatory markers are associated with elevated body fat percentage (BF%), overweight, and obesity in female adolescents. METHODS: An experimental and comparative study was conducted with 96 girls 14 to 19 years old. They were divided into 3 groups: G1-eutrophic (EUT) and adequate BF%; G2-EUT and high BF%; and G3-overweight (OW) or obese (OB) and high BF%. Waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WtHR), and neck circumference (NC) were analyzed as indicators of central visceral adiposity. The BF% was evaluated by DEXA equipment. A food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the main types of food consumed in a week. The abundance of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria phyla was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the SFCA concentrations (acetic, butyric, and propionic) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The inflammatory markers leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed. RESULTS: Female adolescents in groups G2 and G3 had greater central visceral adiposity and leptin concentration than those in group G1. No association was found between gut microbiota phyla abundance and SFCA concentrations in any of the groups. WC and frequency of consumption of oily and fatty foods were associated with Firmicutes abundance and SFCA concentrations. Girls with high WC also had the greatest leptin (p < 0.001) and hs-CRP (p = 0.035) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory markers showed association with increased BMI and high BF% in female adolescents. The abundance of Firmicutes was associated with WC and NC, but not with BMI classification or BF%. Specifically, WC and the consumption of oils and fats showed correlation with SCFA concentrations. Different anthropometric indicators, such as NC and WC, should be incorporated into the clinical evaluation of the nutritional status of individuals in the adolescent population.

Microdatasus: pacote para download e pré-processamento de microdados do Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS) / Microdatasus: a package for downloading and preprocessing microdata from Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) / Microdatasus: paquete para descarga y pre-procesamiento de microdatos del Departamento de Informática del SUS (DATASUS)

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um algoritmo capaz de realizar o download e o pré-processamento de microdados fornecidos pelo Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS) para diversos sistemas de informações em saúde para a linguagem de programação estatística R. O pacote desenvolvido permite o download e o pré-processamento de dados de diversos sistemas de informação em saúde, com a inclusão da rotulagem dos campos categóricos nos arquivos. A função de download foi capaz de acessar diretamente e reduzir o volume de trabalho para a seleção de arquivos e variáveis de microdados junto ao DATASUS. Já a função de pré-processamento foi capaz de efetuar a codificação automática de diversos campos categóricos. Dessa forma, a utilização desse pacote possibilita um fluxo de trabalho contínuo no mesmo programa, no qual esse algoritmo permite o download e o pré-processamento, e outros pacotes do R permitem a análise de dados dos sistemas de informação em saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

This study aimed to develop an algorithm for downloading and preprocessing microdata furnished by the Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) for various health information systems, using the R statistical programming language. The package allows downloading and preprocessing data from various health information systems, with the inclusion of labeling categorical fields in the files. The download function was capable of directly accessing and reducing the workload for the selection of microdata files and variables in DATASUS, while the preprocessing function enabled automatic coding of various categorical fields. The package thus enables a continuous workflow in the same program, in which the algorithm allows downloading and preprocessing and other packages in R allow analyzing data from the health information systems in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS).

El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar un algoritmo capaz de realizar la descarga y pre-procesamiento de microdatos, proporcionados por el Departamento de Informática del SUS (DATASUS), para diversos sistemas de información en salud, así como para el lenguaje de programación estadístico R. El paquete desarrollado permite la descarga y preprocesamiento de datos de diversos sistemas de información en salud, con la inclusión del rótulo de los campos categóricos en los archivos. La función de descarga se mostró capaz de acceder directamente y reducir el volumen de trabajo para la selección de archivos y variables de microdatos a través del DATASUS, mientras que la función de pre-procesamiento fue capaz de efectuar la codificación automática de diversos campos categóricos. De esta forma, la utilización de este paquete posibilita un flujo de trabajo continuo en el mismo programa, donde este algoritmo permite la descarga y preprocesamiento y otros paquetes del R permiten el análisis de datos de los sistemas de información en salud del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS).

Checklist de cirurgia segura: adesão ao preenchimento, inconsistências e desafios / Safe surgery checklist: filling adherence, inconsistencies, and challenges

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a adesão ao checklist de cirurgia segura, a partir do seu preenchimento, em um hospital geral de referência do interior do Estado de Minas Gerais, bem como, verificar os fatores associados à sua utilização. Métodos: trata-se de estudo transversal, documental, retrospectivo de abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de uma amostra de pacientes operados no período de um ano. Foram incluídos os atendimentos de pacientes cirúrgicos de todas as especialidades, com idade de 18 anos ou mais, e período de internação igual ou maior do que 24 horas. A amostra probabilística foi de 423 casos. Resultados: o checklist estava presente em 95% dos prontuários. Porém, apenas 67,4% deles estavam com preenchimento completo. A presença do checklist no prontuário apresentou associação significativa com o risco anestésico do paciente. Não houve diferença no percentual de preenchimento entre os três momentos do checklist: antes da indução anestésica (sign in), antes da incisão cirúrgica (time out ou parada cirúrgica) e antes do paciente deixar a sala de cirurgia (sign out). Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação ao percentual de preenchimento dos itens de responsabilidade do cirurgião. Considerando o procedimento cirúrgico realizado, foram encontradas incoerências no item lateralidade. Conclusão: apesar do elevado percentual de prontuários com checklist, a presença de incompletude e incoerência pode comprometer os resultados esperados na segurança do paciente cirúrgico.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify adherence to the safe surgery checklist from its filling out in a general referral hospital in the interior of Minas Gerais state, as well as to verify factors associated with its use. Methods: this is a retrospective, documentary, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Data collection was performed through a retrospective review of medical records of patients undergoing surgery within one year. Patients of all specialties, aged 18 years or older, and with hospitalization period equal to or greater than 24 hours were included. The probabilistic sample was composed of 423 cases. Results: the checklist was present in 95% of the medical records. However, only 67.4% of them were completely filled out. The presence of the checklist in the medical record was significantly associated with the anesthetic risk of the patient. There was no difference in the filling out percentage among the three checklist moments: before anesthetic induction (sign in), before surgical incision (time out or surgical pause), and before the patient leaves the operating room (sign out). There were also no significant differences regarding the filling out percentage of the surgeon's responsibility items. Considering the surgical procedure performed, inconsistencies were found in the laterality item. Conclusion: despite the high percentage of medical records with checklist, the presence of incompleteness and inconsistency may compromise the expected results in the safety of the surgical patient.

Factors associated with frailty in a community-dwelling population of older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze if demographic and socioeconomic factors and factors related to health and health services are associated with frailty in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 339 older adults (60 years old or more) living in Juiz de Fora, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015. A household survey was carried out and frailty was evaluated using the Edmonton Frail Scale. For the analysis of the factors associated with outcome, a theoretical model of determination was constructed with three hierarchical blocks: block 1 with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, block 2 with the health of the older adult (divided into three sub-levels: 2.1 self-reported health variables, 2.2 self-perceived health variables, and 2.3 geriatric syndromes), and block 3 with characteristics related to health services. The variables were adjusted in relation to each other within each block; those with significance level ≤ 0.20 were included in the Poisson regression model and adjusted to a higher level, considering a level of significance of 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty among older adults was 35.7% (95%CI 30.7-40.9). Of the total, 42.2% did not present frailty; 22.1% were apparently vulnerable. Among the frail ones, 52.9% presented mild frailty, 32.2% moderate frailty, and 14.9% severe frailty. Frailty was associated with difficulty walking, need for an auxiliary device to walk, presence of caregiver, depressive disorders, and functional dependence to perform instrumental activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is frequent among the older population and it is associated with health variables of the three sub-levels that make up block 2 of the theoretical hierarchical model of determination: self-reported health variables, self-perceived health variables, and geriatric syndromes.

Prevalence of and factors associated with benzodiazepine use in community-resident elderly persons / Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de benzodiazepínicos em idosos da comunidade

Abstract Objective: to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with the use of benzodiazepines in elderly persons living in the community. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted through a household survey of 423 elderly persons from Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. To analyze the factors associated with the outcome, the Poisson regression model was used, based on the theoretical model of determination with hierarchical blocks. The variables were adjusted within each block, with those with a 5% significance level remaining in the final model. Result: The prevalence of benzodiazepine use was 18.3% (95% CI 15.2 to 21.6). Most benzodiazepines used had a long-elimination half-life (59.2%) and use was considered long in 85.5% of users. Among benzodiazepine users 38.4% also used antidepressants. The use of these drugs was associated with the presence of self-reported mental and behavioral disorders, polypharmacy and medical visits in the last three months. Conclusion: The use of benzodiazepines was considered high among the elderly. The reduction in the prescription of these drugs should be assessed individually, considering the physiological alterations of the elderly and the adverse effects of drugs, in order to minimize incorrect prescriptions. AU

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao uso de benzodiazepínicos em idosos da comunidade. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado por meio de inquérito domiciliar, com 423 idosos de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. Para análise dos fatores associados ao desfecho, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão de Poisson, baseado no modelo teórico de determinação com blocos hierarquizados. As variáveis foram ajustadas dentro de cada bloco, permanecendo no modelo final aquelas com nível de significância de 5%. Resultado: A prevalência de uso de benzodiazepínicos foi de 18,3% (IC95% 15,2-21,6). A maioria dos benzodiazepínicos utilizados possui meia vida de eliminação longa (59,2%) e o tempo de uso foi considerado prolongado em 85,5% dos usuários. Dentre os usuários de benzodiazepínicos, 38,4% também utilizavam antidepressivos. O uso de desses fármacos se mostrou associado à presença de transtornos mentais e comportamentais autorrelatados, polifarmácia e realização de consulta médica nos últimos três meses. Conclusão: O uso de benzodiazepínicos foi considerado elevado entre idosos. A redução da prescrição deve ser avaliada de forma individualizada, considerando as alterações fisiológicas dos idosos e os efeitos adversos dos medicamentos, a fim de minimizar prescrições inadequadas. AU

Factors associated with adherence to pharmacological treatment among elderly persons using antihypertensive drugs / Fatores associados à adesão ao tratamento farmacológico em idosos que utilizam medicamento anti-hipertensivo

Abstract Objective: analyze adherence to pharmacotherapy and associated factors among elderly patients using at least one antihypertensive medication. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study was performed of elderly patients resident in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Adherence to medication was assessed with the Morisky-Green Test. Socio-demographic variables and variables related to health status, the health service and drug therapy were collected. The Poisson regression model was used to assess crude and adjusted (95% confidence interval) prevalence ratios (PR). The level of significance was tested using the Wald test. Results: The prevalence of adherence to pharmacological therapy was 47% (95% CI: 41%-53%). The sample consisted of 279 elderly persons, the majority of whom were women (69%), described themselves as white (45.5%), and had up to four years of schooling (76.48%). Regarding pharmacological therapy, the subjects took 5.19 (±2.8) medications and 7.1 (±4.4) tablets per day. Conclusion: a significant association was observed between adherence to pharmacological therapy and the variables positive perception of vision, positive perception of hearing and absence of frailty.AU

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e fatores associados em idosos que utilizam pelo menos um medicamento anti-hipertensivo. Método: Estudo transversal de base populacional, realizada com idosos residentes em Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. Para mensurar a adesão foi utilizado o Teste de Morisky e Green. Coletadas variáveis sociodemográficas relacionadas à condição de saúde, ao serviço de saúde e à terapia farmacológica. Para estimar razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas (intervalo de confiança de 95%) utilizou-se modelo de regressão de Poisson. O teste de Wald foi utilizado para testar a significância de cada variável do modelo. Resultados: A prevalência de adesão à terapia farmacológica foi de 47% (IC95%: 41%-53%). A amostra foi composta por 279 idosos, sendo a maioria de mulheres (69%), autodeclarados brancos (45,5%), com até 4 anos de escolaridade (76,48%). No que concerne à terapia farmacológica, foi observada utilização de 5,19 (±2,8) medicamentos e 7,1 (±4,4) comprimidos tomados por dia. Conclusão: Foi observada associação significativa entre as variáveis: percepção positiva da visão, percepção positiva da audição e ausência de fragilidade com a adesão a terapia farmacológica.AU

[Proposal for an epidemiological observatory in the Brazilian Unified National Health System]. / Proposta de um observatório epidemiológico do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Following the creation of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), the Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) was established in 1991, aimed at organizing information systems and databases in health. Online data access and viewing is free and open, using tables and graphs of aggregate data and access to raw data. However, the current form of data access does not fully meet the demands by health system administrators and other users for a flexible, user-friendly tool that allows dealing with various relevant health issues in the knowledge search and decision-making. We propose an ancillary system capable of generating monthly summary reports that are easy to access and understand, with an emphasis on viewing information through graphs and maps.

Factors associated with frailty in a community-dwelling population of older adults / Fatores associados à fragilidade em uma população de idosos da comunidade

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze if demographic and socioeconomic factors and factors related to health and health services are associated with frailty in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with 339 older adults (60 years old or more) living in Juiz de Fora, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015. A household survey was carried out and frailty was evaluated using the Edmonton Frail Scale. For the analysis of the factors associated with outcome, a theoretical model of determination was constructed with three hierarchical blocks: block 1 with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, block 2 with the health of the older adult (divided into three sub-levels: 2.1 self-reported health variables, 2.2 self-perceived health variables, and 2.3 geriatric syndromes), and block 3 with characteristics related to health services. The variables were adjusted in relation to each other within each block; those with significance level ≤ 0.20 were included in the Poisson regression model and adjusted to a higher level, considering a level of significance of 5%. RESULTS The prevalence of frailty among older adults was 35.7% (95%CI 30.7-40.9). Of the total, 42.2% did not present frailty; 22.1% were apparently vulnerable. Among the frail ones, 52.9% presented mild frailty, 32.2% moderate frailty, and 14.9% severe frailty. Frailty was associated with difficulty walking, need for an auxiliary device to walk, presence of caregiver, depressive disorders, and functional dependence to perform instrumental activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS Frailty is frequent among the older population and it is associated with health variables of the three sub-levels that make up block 2 of the theoretical hierarchical model of determination: self-reported health variables, self-perceived health variables, and geriatric syndromes.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar se fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos e fatores referentes à saúde e aos serviços de saúde estão associados à fragilidade em idosos comunitários. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com 339 idosos (60 anos ou mais) residentes em Juiz de Fora, MG, em 2015. Foi realizado inquérito domiciliar e a fragilidade foi avaliada por meio da Escala de Fragilidade de Edmonton. Para a análise dos fatores associados ao desfecho, foi construído um modelo teórico de determinação com três blocos hierarquizados: bloco 1, com características demográficas e socioeconômicas; bloco 2, saúde do idoso (dividido em três subníveis: 2.1 variáveis de saúde referidas; 2.2 variáveis de saúde autopercebidas e 2.3 síndromes geriátricas); e o bloco 3, com características referentes aos serviços de saúde. As variáveis foram ajustadas entre si dentro de cada bloco; aquelas com nível de significância ≤ 0,20 foram incluídas no modelo de regressão de Poisson e ajustadas ao nível superior ao seu, considerando o nível de 5% de significância. RESULTADOS A prevalência de fragilidade entre os idosos foi de 35,7% (IC95% 30,7-40,9). 42,2% não apresentaram fragilidade; 22,1% eram aparentemente vulneráveis. Entre os frágeis, 52,9% apresentaram fragilidade leve, 32,2% fragilidade moderada e 14,9% fragilidade grave. Fragilidade associou-se com dificuldade para andar, necessidade de dispositivo auxiliar para locomoção, presença de cuidador, transtornos depressivos e dependência funcional para realização das atividades instrumentais de vida diária. CONCLUSÕES A fragilidade é frequente entre a população idosa e está associada a variáveis de saúde dos 3 subníveis que compõe o bloco 2 do modelo teórico hierárquico de determinação: variáveis de saúde referidas; variáveis de saúde autopercebidas e síndromes geriátricas.