The effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on overt visual attention.

Three experiments (a, b, c) combined to provide a well-powered examination of the effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on visual attention using an eye tracker and a space-shooter video game where a colored flashing light predicted an attacking spaceship. In each, group "control" received no pre-exposure to the light, group "same" received pre-exposure in the same context as conditioning, and group "different" received pre-exposure in a different context. Experiments differed in visual details regarding the game (1a vs. 1b and 1c) or minor details in the setup of the eye tracker (1a and 1b vs. 1c). Overall, pre-exposure retarded acquisition of keyboard responding. That effect was enhanced, rather than attenuated, by a context change. Separating participants by sign and goal trackers showed the context change enhanced the pre-exposure effect in goal trackers and reduced it in sign trackers. Visual attention to the light declined during pre-exposure and did not recover with either conditioning or a context switch. Visual attention to the light decreased during conditioning. Visual goal tracking toward where the spaceship would appear was also retarded with pre-exposure. Unlike the keyboard responding, a context change led to more normal goal-tracking acquisition. Results are discussed in terms of theories of attention and the potential effects of demand characteristics on the task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

¿Es la vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto una enfermedad endémica de los países mediterráneos? Revisión de las publicaciones mundiales y descripción de un nuevo caso / Is juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum a endemic disease in Mediterranean countries? Review of the world publications and description of a new case

Introcucción y objetivos: La vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto fue descrita porel dermatólogo gerundense Joaquín Piñol Aguadé en1973.Los objetivos de este artículo son realizar una revisiónde las publicaciones mundiales y aportar un caso clínico de esta enfermedad a caballo entre urológica y/odermatológica.Material y método: Se realiza una revisión sobrela vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto entre 1973y 2019 y se aporta un nuevo caso clínico. La identificación de artículos en Medline se llevó a cabo con érminos MeSH en inglés “juvenile gangrenous vasculitisscrotum” y en Google con “vasculitis gangrenosa juvenildel escroto”. En los artículos se ha estudiado 10 variables clínico-epidemiológicas: año, fuente, autores, nº decasos, edad, faringoamigdalitis previa, biopsia de lalesión, tratamiento, días hasta curación, ciudad y país.Los resultados de las variables se analizaron con estadísticas descriptivas. Se describe un nuevo caso clínico.Resultados: Hemos encontrado 26 referencias mundiales que correspondían a 24 publicaciones y 2 comunicaciones a congresos con un total de 29 pacientes. La edad media de los pacientes fue 23,6 años.Los tratamientos empleados fueron exéresis de la lesión(23%), cefalosporinas y/o corticoides i.v (15,3%), tetraciclinas, ciprofloxacino o amoxicilina-clavulánico orales(15,3%), cura local y corticoides orales (11,5%) y mupirocina o tetraciclinas tópicas (7,6%). La curación seprodujo en una media de 21 días. Las ciudades conmás casos aportados fueron Barcelona con 11 (37,9%)y Pontevedra con 2 (6,8%). Por países España aporta22 casos (75,8%) y Chile, Argentina, Portugal, Italia,Túnez, Turquía, Gran Bretaña los 7 casos restantes(24,1%).Conclusiones: La vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil delescroto es una entidad benigna de curso autolimitado.El proceso viene precedido de faringoamigdalitis encerca de la mitad de los pacientes. Los resultados del...(AU)

Introduction and Objectives:Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum was described by the Girona dermatologist Joaquín Piñol Aguadé in 1973. The objectives of this article are to review the worldpublications and provide a clinical case of this diseasebetween urological and/or dermatological.Material and methods: A review of juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum between 1973 and 2019is carried out and a new clinical case is contributed.The identification of articles in Medline was carried outwith MeSH terms “juvenile gangrenous vasculitis scrotum” and in Google with “juvenile gangrenous vasculitisscrotum”. Ten clinical-epidemiological variables werestudied in the articles: year, source, authors, number ofcases, age, previous pharyngo-tonsillitis, biopsy of thelesion, treatment, days to healing, city and country. Theresults of the variables were analyzed with descriptivestatistics. A new clinical case is described.Results: We found 26 world references, 18 of themSpanish, corresponding to 24 publications and 2 conference papers with a total of 29 patients. The meanage of the patients was 23.6 years. The treatments usedwere exeresis of the lesion (23%), cephalosporins and/or corticoids i.v. (15.3%), tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin ororal amoxicillin-clavulanate (15.3%), local cure and oralcorticoids (11.5%) and mupirocin or topical tetracyclines(7.6%). Healing took place in an average of 21 days.The cities with the most cases reported were Barcelona with 11 (37.9%) and Pontevedra with 2 (6.8%). Bycountry, Spain contributed 22 cases (75.8%) and Chile,Argentina, Portugal, Italy, Tunisia, Turkey and Great Britain the remaining 7 cases (24.1%).Conclusions: Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of thescrotum is a benign entity with a self-limiting course. Theprocess is preceded by pharyngo-tonsillitis in about half...(AU)

[Is juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum an endemic disease of mediterranean countries? Review of global publications and description of a new case.] / ¿Es la vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto una enfermedad endémica de los países mediterráneos? Revisión de las publicaciones mundiales y descripción de un nuevo caso.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum was described by the Girona dermatologist Joaquín Piñol Aguadéin 1973. The objectives of this article are to review the world publications and provide a clinical case of this disease between urological and/or dermatological. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum between 1973 and 2019 is carried out and a new clinical case is contributed. The identification of articles in Medline was carried outwith MeSH terms "juvenile gangrenous vasculitis scrotum" and in Google with "juvenile gangrenous vasculitisscrotum". Ten clinical-epidemiological variables were studied in the articles: year, source, authors, number of cases, age, previous pharyngo-tonsillitis, biopsy of the lesion, treatment, days to healing, city and country. The results of the variables were analyzed with descriptive statistics. A new clinical case is described. RESULTS: We found 26 world references, 18 of them Spanish, corresponding to 24 publications and 2 conference papers with a total of 29 patients. The meanage of the patients was 23.6 years. The treatments used were exeresis of the lesion (23%), cephalosporins and/or corticoids i.v. (15.3%), tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin or oral amoxicillin-clavulanate (15.3%), local cure and oral corticoids (11.5%) and mupirocin or topical tetracyclines (7.6%). Healing took place in an average of 21 days. The cities with the most cases reported were Barcelona with 11 (37.9%) and Pontevedra with 2 (6.8%). By country, Spain contributed 22 cases (75.8%) and Chile, Argentina, Portugal, Italy, Tunisia, Turkey and Great Britainthe remaining 7 cases (24.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum is a benign entity with a self-limiting course. The process is preceded by pharyngo-tonsillitis in about half of the patients. The results of the study confirm the endemic nature of the disease in Mediterranean countries, including Spain.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto fue descrita por el dermatólogo gerundense Joaquín Piñol Aguadé en1973. Los objetivos de este artículo son realizar una revisión de las publicaciones mundiales y aportar un caso clínico de esta enfermedad a caballo entre urológica y/o dermatológica.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una revisión sobre la vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto entre 1973 y 2019 y se aporta un nuevo caso clínico. La identificación de artículos en Medline se llevó a cabo con términos MeSH en inglés "juvenile gangrenous vasculitis scrotum" y en Google con "vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto". En los artículos se ha estudiado 10 variables clínico-epidemiológicas: año, fuente, autores, nº decasos, edad, faringoamigdalitis previa, biopsia de la lesión, tratamiento, días hasta curación, ciudad y país. Los resultados de las variables se analizaron con estadísticas descriptivas. Se describe un nuevo caso clínico.RESULTADOS: Hemos encontrado 26 referencias mundiales que correspondían a 24 publicaciones y 2 comunicaciones a congresos con un total de 29 pacientes. La edad media de los pacientes fue 23,6 años. Los tratamientos empleados fueron exéresis de la lesión (23%), cefalosporinas y/o corticoides i.v (15,3%), tetraciclinas, ciprofloxacino o amoxicilina-clavulánico orales (15,3%), cura local y corticoides orales (11,5%) y mupirocinao tetraciclinas tópicas (7,6%). La curación se produjo en una media de 21 días. Las ciudades con más casos aportados fueron Barcelona con 11 (37,9%) y Pontevedra con 2 (6,8%). Por países España aporta 22 casos (75,8%) y Chile, Argentina, Portugal, Italia, Túnez, Turquía, Gran Bretaña los 7 casos restantes (24,1%).CONCLUSIONES: La vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto es una entidad benigna de curso autolimitado. El proceso viene precedido de faringoamigdalitis en cerca de la mitad de los pacientes. Los resultados del trabajo confirman el carácter endémico de la enfermedad en los países mediterráneos entre los que destaca España.

Conditioned anticipatory outcome searching in humans.

Two experiments used eye tracking to examine visual searching for expected outcomes in humans during an associative-learning task. In both, participants learned to press keys on a keyboard to activate weapons to repel invading spaceships in the presence of predictive "sensors." In both experiments, eye tracking showed that participants came to direct their overt visual attention to the portions of the screen where the spaceship would arrive during the presentation of the sensor in a cue-specific manner. Participants also directed attention to the weapon that was used to repel the spaceship. The same results were observed regardless of whether participants were responding on the keyboard, or not (Experiment 2). Pupil dilations occurred to the appearance of the spaceship from the first trial and occurred to the predictive sensor stimuli on later trials in both experiments, suggesting that they might be conditioned responses. In Experiment 2 participants again looked for the expected outcome, but dilations to the predictive stimuli were shown to be an artifact of responding and not due to conditioning. The discussion involves the implications for investigating attention to predictive stimuli using eye trackers, roles of context in behavior, and the utility of outcome searching and pupil dilations as indexes of learning.

Paciente con fístula enterocutánea e importante deterioro de la integridad cutánea / No disponible

Plan de cuidados individualizado para un paciente de 77 años que desarrolla una fístula enterocutánea de alto débito tras varias cirugías urgentes, debidas a complicaciones en el postoperatorio de una eventroplastia compleja y hemicolectomía derecha urgente por diagnóstico de suboclusión intestinal y eventración paraestomal. El manejo inicial se realizó con terapia de presión negativa. Debido al gran número de fugas e irritación de la piel, se optó por la bolsa de drenaje postquirúrgico Sistema para el manejo de Fístulas y Heridas Coloplast(R). El principal objetivo de los cuidados debe ser la protección de la piel frente al efecto corrosivo del efluente, para favorecer la epitelización, la disminución de la pérdida de la integridad cutánea y mejorar notablemente la calidad de vida percibida por el paciente. Una apropiada selección del material de curas y los cuidados individualizados permiten alcanzar estos objetivos

No disponible

Prolapso de uretra y retención urinaria postembolización prostática. A propósito de un caso / Urethral prolapse and urinary retention post- prostatic embolization. About a case

Introducción y Objetivos: Entre las complicaciones de la embolización prostática figuran el ardor miccional, la infección urinaria, la hematuria, la rectorragia, la retención urinaria, la balanitis y la hemospermia, pero hasta la fecha no se había comunicado el prolapso uretral, una patología exclusiva del sexo femenino en la especie humana, a diferencia de otras especies vertebradas donde sólo afecta a los machos.El objetivo de esta comunicación es presentar el primer caso de prolapso uretral en un varóntras haberle practicado una embolización de las arterias prostáticas como tratamiento de su hiperplasia prostática benigna.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Complications of prostatic embolization include voiding pain, urinary tract infection, hematuria, rectal bleeding, urinary retention, balanitis and hemospermia, but to date no urethral prolapse in man has been reported , being an exclusive pathology of the female sex in the human species, unlike other vertebrate species where it only affects males. The aim of this report is to present the first case of urethral prolapse in a male after having performed an embolization of the prostatic arteries to treat his benign prostatic hyperplasia.(AU)

Instruction-driven processing in human perceptual learning.

We conducted a series of experiments to determine the relative contribution of unsupervised versus controlled mechanisms to the intermixed-blocked effect. In Experiment 1, participants received pre-exposure instructions prompting a search for differences between stimuli, in keeping with past studies, and the intermixed-blocked effect was observed. In the remaining experiments, participants did not receive the aforementioned instructions, but instead were instructed either to simply observe the stimuli (Experiment 2) or in relation to a masking task (Experiment 3). None of the latter experiments produced an intermixed-blocked effect, suggesting that the effect found in Experiment 1 was driven by the instructions to search for differences, consistent with a controlled processing account of the effect. Moreover, we tested a prediction assuming the operation of a search strategy against one assuming the operation of a short-term habituation mechanism and found evidence more consistent with the search strategy hypothesis. We formulate a new account of the intermixed-blocked effect in humans based on an instruction-driven search and discuss how the account could explain many findings in the human literature.

Carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga en mujer con infección por VIH: presentación del primer caso mundial / Neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder in a female with HIV infection: presentation of the first case worldwide

El carcinoma neuroendocrino primario de vejiga es una neoplasia infrecuente que representa el 0,5por ciento de todos los tumores vesicales. La asociación de carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga en un paciente con infección por VIH nunca hasta hoy había sido descrita. Presentamos el primer caso clínico español y mundial de esta desconocida y nunca descrita asociación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 46 años con infección por VIH que desarrolló un carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga urinaria de evolución fatal. Se describe su clínica de presentación, métodos de diagnóstico utilizados y su tratamiento. La paciente debutó con retención urinaria aguda que rápidamente progresó a la instauración de una uropatía obstructiva alta con deterioro de la función renal. El diagnóstico se efectuó mediante TAC, resección transuretral y estudio histopatológico donde la clave del diagnóstico fue el estudio inmunohistoquímico intensamente positivo para la cromogranina A. El tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia le ocasionó una aplasia medular severa, falleciendo por fallo multiórganico a los 26 días de su diagnóstico. A propósito de este caso, se revisa la literatura inglesa en PubMed sobre carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga y sobre tumores vesicales en pacientes con infección VIH, no existiendo ningún caso publicado de carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga en un paciente con infección por VIH. CONCLUSIONES: El carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga es un tumor infrecuente y muy agresivo. Es un tumor que suele presentarse clínicamente en estadios avanzados o metastásicos donde ninguna terapia es eficaz. El tratamiento incluye resección trans-uretral (RTU), cistectomía parcial, cistectomía radical y quimioterapia. El estudio inmunohistoquímico (IHQ) y la tinción con cromogranina A dan la clave para su diagnóstico. Su presentación en pacientes VIH implica muy mal pronóstico. Éste caso es el primer caso mundial publicado de carcinoma neuroendocrino...

The primary neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder is an infrequent neoplasm which represents 0.5 percent of all vesical tumors. The association of neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder in a patient with HIV infection has never been described before today. We present the first clinical case in the Spanish-speaking world and worldwide, of this unknown and never written about association. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical case of a 46-yearoldpatient with HIV infection who developed a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder with a fatal evolution, its clinical presentation, the diagnosis methods used and its treatment, are described. The patient started with a severe urinary retention which rapidly progressed to the establishment of a high obstructive uropathy with deterioration in the renal function. The diagnosis was done using TAC, transurethral resection and histopathological study where the key to diagnosis was the intensely positive immunohistochemical study for the chromogranin A. The adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy led to a severe medular aplasia, with the patient dying due to a multi-organ failure, 26 days after her diagnosis. As a result of this case, English literature on the matter in PubMed about neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder and about vesical tumors in patients with HIV infection was revised, with no published case existing about neuroendocrine carcinome in a patient with HIV. CONCLUSIONS: The neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder is an infrequent and very aggressive tumor. It is a tumor that tends to be clinically present in advanced or metastasic states, where no therapy is efficient. The treatment includes transurethral resection (TUR), partial cystectomy, radical cystectomy and chemotherapy. The immunohistochemical study (IHC), and the stain with chromogranin A are key for its diagnosis. Its presentation in HIV patients implies a very bad prognosis. This case is the first published case worldwide of neuroendocrine...

Absceso renal estafilocócico trasforunculosis cutánea / Staphylococcus renal abscess after cutaneous furunculosis

Los abscesos renales son patologías infrecuentes, pero de alta morbi-mortalidad si no son diagnosticados temprano y tratados precozmente. Su vaga e inespecífica sintomatología: dolor abdominal o lumbar, fiebre o mal estado general hacen que su diagnostico sea a veces tardío. La ecografía y/o la TAC dan el diagnóstico en el 100 por ciento de los casos lo que hace posible su tratamiento temprano. El objetivo de este artículo es poner de relieve que el absceso renal es una causa de urgencia urológica a tener presente en pacientes fundamentalmente del sexo femenino, con síntomas de dolor abdominal o fiebre sin clara focalidad urológica.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 16 años con antecedente reciente de forunculosis cutánea supurada en rodilla derecha, que acudió a urgencias por dolor en flanco derecho y fosa iliaca derecha de 10 días de evolución sin fiebre ni síntomas miccionales. Se nos consultó para su valoración, siendo la ecografía el método diagnóstico que se utilizó para la localización de un absceso renal derecho subcapsular de 44 mm en polo superior, y posteriormente para su drenaje percutáneo al no responder porcompleto al tratamiento antibiótico i.v. El cultivo del material purulento del drenaje percutáneo aisló un Staphyloccocus aureus no meticilin resistente. El tratamiento antibiótico i.v asociado a drenaje percutáneo seguido de cloxacilina oral a su alta, curó a la paciente. A raíz de este caso se revisan las series y revisiones sobre abscesos renales de los últimos 10 años, con un total de 179 pacientes, y las publicaciones sobre abscesos renales por Staphyloccocus aureus con tan sólo 13 casos. CONCLUSIONES: Los abscesos renales han de tenerse en cuenta entre las urgencias urológicas. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento percutáneo es mayormente radiológico, reservándose la cirugía abierta o la nefrectomía para abscesos > de 5 cm o pacientes sépticos...

Renal abscesses are infrequent pathologies, but with a high morbidity-mortality if they are not diagnosed and treated early. Its vague and unspecific symptomatology: abdominal or lumbar pain, fever or poor general state, make its diagnosis late sometimes. The ultrasound and/or TAC provide a 100 percent diagnosis of the cases where its early treatment is possible. The objective of this article is to give importance to the fact that renal abscess is a cause of an urological emergency to keep in mind in patients, particularly females with symptoms of abdominal pain or fever without a clear urological focus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case of a 16-year-old adolescent is presented with a recent history of festered cutaneous furunculosis on the right knee. She went to the emergency room due to pain on the right side and right illiac fosa with 10 days evolution without fever or urinary symptoms. She came to us for its evaluation, an ultrasound was used for diagnosis to locate a right subcapsular renal abscess of 44 mm on the superior pole, and later for its percutaneous drainage when it did not completely responded to I.V. antibiotic treatment. The culture of the purulent material of the percutaneous drainage isolated a resistant non-methicillin Staphyloccocus aureus. The I.V. antibiotic treatment associated to percutaneous drainage followed by oral cloxacillin upon release cured the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Renal abscesses have to be taken into account among the urological emergencies. Their diagnosis and percutaneous treatment is mainly radiological, leaving open surgery or nephrectomy for abscesses > 5cm or with septic patients...

Sobre los nudos en medicina, cirugía y urología: implicaciones clínicas ycomplicaciones / About knots in medicine, surgery and urology: clinical implications and complications

Estudiar el papel de los nudos en otros campos de la ciencia distintos a las Matemáticas o la Topología, tales como las Ciencias Biológicas, la Medicina, la Cirugía y la Urología. Evaluar su utilidad médica tanto clínica como en el acto quirúrgico, sus complicaciones, los procesos patológicos emparentados con los nudos y reseñar posibles aplicaciones futuras de la topología en Medicina. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medline, Dialnet y Google.es sobre las relaciones, implicaciones e importancia de la Topología y los nudos en la práctica médica y quirúrgica habitual, en la patogenia de diversas enfermedades y complicaciones quirúrgicas; así como reseñar otras potenciales aplicaciones médicas de las ciencias topológicas. Para la búsqueda bibliográfica se han utilizado las palabras clave en inglés: “knot, Biology knots, Medicine knots, Surgery knots, catheter knotting” y en castellano: “nudos, quipus, enlaces, trenzas, concatenaciones, y bucles” en combinación con: “Matemáticas, Topología, Biología, Medicina, Cirugía y Urología”. Se obtuvieron un total de 6972 artículos sobre nudos en Medicina desde 1845 a junio de 2014. La revisión de los originales o de los abstracts de PubMed dió lugar a una selección de 65 considerados de mayor interés para la presente revisión. Se consiguieron copias de los artículos originales disponibles o información de los abstracts de PubMed. RESULTADOS: El estudio bibliográfico comprendió desde 1845, fecha en la que se identificó el primer artículo, hasta el 30 de junio de 2014, fecha en la que se cerró el estudio, separados ambos por más de siglo y medio de historia de la medicina.La revisión bibliográfica localizó 6972 artículos desde 1845 al 30 de junio de 2014, de los que se seleccionaron 65, considerados a nuestro juicio los más interesantes para estudiar las relaciones de los nudos con la Biología, Medicina, Cirugía y Urología. Los 65 seleccionados se subdividieron en los siguientes temas: 10...

Study the role of knots in other fields of science other than Mathematics or Topology, such as Biological Sciences, Medicine, Surgery and Urology. Evaluate their medical use, both clinically and in surgery, their complications, the pathological processes related with the knots and to identify possible future applications of the topology in Medicine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bibliographical revision in PubMed/Medline, Dialnet and Google.es about the relationships, implications and importance of the Topology and the knots in medical practice and normal surgery, in the pathogeny of several illness and surgical complications; as well as to identify other potential medical applications of the topological sciences. For the bibliographical search, key words in English have been used: “knot, Biology knots, Medicine knots, Surgeryknots, catheter knotting” and in Spanish: “nudos, quipus, enlaces, trenzas, concatenaciones and bucles” together with “Mathematics, Topology, Biology, Medicine, Surgery and Urology”. A total of 6972 articles were found on knots in Medicine from 1845 to June 2014. The revision of the originals or of the abstracts from PubMed led to a selection of 65, considered to be of greater interest for this revision. Copies were obtained of the original articles available or information of the abstracts from PubMed. RESULTS: The bibliographical study covered from 1845, date on which the first article was identified, to June 30th 2014, date on which the study was closed, these dates covering more than a century and a half of medical history. The bibliographical review found 6972 articles from 1845 to June 30th 2014, from which 65 were chosen, these being the most interesting ones in our opinion to study the relations of knots with Biology, Medicine, Surgery and Urology. The 65 that were chosen were subdivided into the following topics: 10 of general interest about knots, 16 on knots and DNA, 20 on knots in Medicine and Surgery, 9 about series of...

Presentation and validation of "The Learning Game," a tool to study associative learning in humans.

This article presents a 3-D science-fiction-based videogame method to study learning, and two experiments that we used to validate it. In this method, participants are first trained to respond to enemy spaceships (Stimulus 2, or S2) with particular keypresses, followed by transport to a new context (galaxy), where other manipulations can occur. During conditioning, colored flashing lights (Stimulus 1, or S1) can predict S2, and the response attached to S2 from the prior phase comes to be evoked by S1. In Experiment 1 we demonstrated that, in accord with previous findings from animals, conditioning in this procedure was positively related to the ratio of the time between trials to the time within a trial. Experiment 2 demonstrated the phenomena of extinction, timing, and renewal. Responding to S1 was slightly lost with a context change, and diminished over trials in the absence of S2. On early extinction trials, responding during S1 declined after the time that S2 normally occurred. Extinguished responding to S1 recovered robustly with a context change.

[Suprapubic cystostomy catheter knotting. Presentation of the first national case and review of the literature].

OBJECTIVE: This study presents the first Spanish case of a spontaneous knot in the catheter of a suprapubic cystostomy and review the national and international literature. METHODS: The case of an 87-year-old patient who was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. A suprapubic vesical puncture for urinary retention was urgently performed in this patient because of the impossibility of urethral catheterisation. A spontaneous knot in the catheter was detected upon removal; the tightened knot could be removed by gentle and sustained traction without surgery. RESULTS: Knotting or calcification of the catheter was suspected when the catheter remained anchored in the bladder during a removal attempt 5 days after initial catheterisation. Plain pelvis x-ray was taken, but no calcification or knots were observed because the catheter was radiolucent. An ultrasound would have offered more information, but it was not requested. Gentle and sustained traction of the catheter reduced the knot size and allowed catheter removal without complications. Worldwide cases and national publications were reviewed. CONCLUSION: The formation of spontaneous or manipulation-induced knots in urinary cystostomy catheters is an extremely rare complication. The presented case is the first Spanish case of catheter knotting; it is only the 17th reported case worldwide.

Nudo en catéter de cistostomía suprapúbica. Presentación del primer caso nacional y revisión de la literatura / Suprapubic cystostomy catheter knotting. Presentation of the fist national case and review of the literature

OBJETIVO: Presentar el primer caso español de nudo espontáneo en un catéter de cistostomía suprapúbica y revisar la literatura nacional e internacional. MÉTODOS: Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 87 años, diagnosticado de adenocarcinoma de próstata, al que se le colocó de urgencia una punción vesical suprapúbica por retención urinaria ante la imposibilidad de sondaje uretral, produciéndose un nudo espontáneo en el catéter, detectado a su retirada, que se resolvió mediante tracción suave y sostenida del catéter, sin requerir cirugía. RESULTADOS: Se sospechó anudamiento o calcificación del catéter al intentar retirarlo a los 5 días de su colocación y permanecer éste anclado en la vejiga. Se realizó radiografía simple de pelvis no evidenciando calcificación ni nudo, al ser el catéter radiotransparente. La ecografía habría aportado más información pero no se solicitó. La tracción suave y mantenida del catéter apretó el nudo y permitió su retirada sin complicaciones. Revisamos los casos nacionales sobre nudos en catéteres urinarios y los casos mundiales publicados sobre nudos en catéteres de cistostomía suprapúbica. CONCLUSIÓN: La formación de nudos espontáneos en catéteres urinarios de cistostomía es una complicación extremadamente rara, pero mecánicamente posible. Nuestro caso, tras revisar la literatura es el primer caso español y el 17 mundial publicado(AU)

OBJECTIVE: This study presents the first Spanish case of a spontaneous knot in the catheter of a suprapubic cystostomy and review the national and international literature. METHODS: The case of an 87-year-old patient who was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. A suprapubic vesical puncture for urinary retention was urgently performed in this patient because of the impossibility of urethral catheterisation. A spontaneous knot in the catheter was detected upon removal; the tightened knot could be removed by gentle and sustained traction without surgery. RESULTS: Knotting or calcification of the catheter was suspected when the catheter remained anchored in the bladder during a removal attempt 5 days after initial catheterisation. Plain pelvis x-ray was taken, but no calcification or knots were observed because the catheter was radiolucent. An ultrasound would have offered more information, but it was not requested. Gentle and sustained traction of the catheter reduced the knot size and allowed catheter removal without complications. Worldwide cases and national publications were reviewed. CONCLUSION: The formation of spontaneous or manipulation-induced knots in urinary cystostomy catheters is an extremely rare complication. The presented case is the first Spanish case of catheter knotting; it is only the 17th reported case worldwide(AU)

Cálculo gigante enclavado en meato uretral femenino: resolución en área de urgencias / Giant calculus located in the female urethral meatus: resolution in an emergency setting

Objetivo: Comunicar un caso inusual de cálculo uretral femenino gigante enclavado en meato, que debutó por sangrado genital, sin retención urinaria ni síntomas miccionales. El cálculo era visible en el introito. Se efectuó tratamiento resolutivo en el área de urgencias, cursándose el alta a las pocas horas. Métodos: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 82 años, con antecedentes remotos de cirugía vesical, que acudió a urgencias por sangrado genital. Valorada por Ginecología se apreció un gran cálculo uretral que a¬ oraba por el meato, derivándose a Urología. Tras la exploración física se solicitó radiografía simple de pelvis donde se apreció un gran calculo uretral de 6 x 4 cm. Bajo anestesia local se practicó meatotomía inferior con luxación y extracción del cálculo; siendo dada de alta a continuación con sonda vesical hasta la cicatrización de la herida. Resultados: La evolución tras el “parto del cálculo” fue favorable. Se cursó el alta con sonda vesical a las pocas horas de la extracción litiásica. Acudió nuevamente a urgencias 12 horas más tarde por arrancamiento involuntario de la sonda, siendo nuevamente sondada y dada de alta. La evolución posterior fue favorable, retirándose la sonda y conservando la micción espontanea. Conclusiones: El síntoma de sangrado genital femenino, no siempre se corresponde con problemas ginecológicos. La patología de la uretra femenina también puede ser su responsable: carúnculas, prolapsos, divertículos, quistes parauretrales de Skene, estenosis o cálculos como el caso presentado. Casos como éste pueden ser resueltos en la propia área de urgencias con relativa facilidad y sin necesidad de ingreso hospitalario.

Objective: To communicate the unusual case of a giant female urethral calculus located in the meatus, which presented with genital bleeding, without urinary retention or voiding symptoms. The calculus was visible at the introitus. Resolving treatment was performed in the emergency setting, progressing to discharge in a few hours. Methods: The case involved an 82–year-old patient with a remote history of bladder surgery who came to the emergency room with genital bleeding. On evaluation by the Gynecology staff, a large urethral calculus was found in the meatus, and a referral was made to the Urology department. After a physical examination, simple radiographs of the pelvis were ordered, in which a large urethral calculus (6 × 4 cm) was identified. Under local anesthesia, an inferior meatotomy was performed with luxation and extraction of the calculus; the patient was discharged with a catheter that was left in place until the wound healed. Results: The evolution after the “birth” of the calculus was favorable. The patient was discharged with a catheter a few hours after extraction of the lith. She returned to the emergency setting 12 hours later after inadvertently pulling out the catheter and was recatheterized and discharged. The patient’s later evolution was favorable; after removing the catheter, she maintained spontaneous voiding. Conclusions: The symptom of female genital bleeding does not always correspond to gynecological problems. Female urethral pathology can also be responsible; caruncles, prolapses, diverticuli, paraurethral cysts of the Skene’s gland, stenosis, or calculi, as in the case presented, can all result in bleeding. Cases like this one can be resolved in the emergency department relatively simply and without necessitating an inpatient admission.

A non-invasive thermal drift compensation technique applied to a spin-valve magnetoresistive current sensor.

A compensation method for the sensitivity drift of a magnetoresistive (MR) Wheatstone bridge current sensor is proposed. The technique was carried out by placing a ruthenium temperature sensor and the MR sensor to be compensated inside a generalized impedance converter circuit (GIC). No internal modification of the sensor bridge arms is required so that the circuit is capable of compensating practical industrial sensors. The method is based on the temperature modulation of the current supplied to the bridge, which improves previous solutions based on constant current compensation. Experimental results are shown using a microfabricated spin-valve MR current sensor. The temperature compensation has been solved in the interval from 0 °C to 70 °C measuring currents from -10 A to +10 A.

Calidad de vida de los pacientes con colostomía e ileostomía a corto y medio plazo / Quality of life of patients with short and mid-term colostomy and ileostomy

Objetivo: conocer la calidad de vida percibida a corto y medio plazo de los pacientes enterostomizados (colostomías o ileostomías). Material y método: estudio de cohorte prospectivo con enterostomizados del Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro (Madrid). Variables: calidad de vida, sociodemográficas y clínicas. Instrumentos: cumplimentaron el SF-36 y Stoma-QOL (mientras conservaron el estoma) en el preoperatorio, a los 15 días del alta, a los tres y seis meses de la cirugía.Análisis: análisis descriptivo. Variaciones de las puntuaciones de la calidad de vida desde la visita inicial a la final. Resultados: 44 pacientes ostomizados; 68% hombres, con edad media 66años, y 32% mujeres, con edad media 59 años, el 73% casados; 48% jubilados/incapacidad; 57% con estudios medios/superiores; 57% de cirugíaprogramada; 75% padecían cáncer colorrectal; 52% fueron colostomías.Hubo 25% cierre precoz, 36% ostomía temporal y 39% permanente.Los cambios en las puntuaciones globales a lo largo de los cuatro tiempos fueron significativos en el área funcional del SF-36. También resultaron significativos los cambios en las puntuaciones globales del Stoma-QOL al comparar los valores a los 15 días del alta-3 meses de la cirugía.Conclusiones: la percepción de calidad de vida es peor los tres primeros meses de la cirugía, que mejora y se mantiene entre los tres y seis meses posteriores. La percepción de calidad de vida fue mejor en los más jóvenes y en los sujetos con estudios medios o superiores. Los pacientescon estomas permanentes valoraron mejor su percepción de calidad de vida en el área emocional (AU)

Objective: to determine the short- and mid-term quality of life perceived by enterostomized patients (colostomies or ileostomies).Material and method: prospective cohort study with enterostomized patients of the Puerta del Hierro University Hospital (Madrid). Variables: Quality of life, sociodemographic and clinical variables. Instruments:Subjects completed the SF-36 and Stoma-QOL (while they still were stomatized)in the preoperative phase, at 15 days after discharge, and at 3and 6 months after surgery. Analysis: Descriptive analysis. Variations ofquality of life scores between the first visit and the final visit.Results: 44 ostomized patients. 68% men, mean age 66 years, and 32%women, mean age 59 years. 73% were married, 48% were retired/disabled,57% had intermediate/higher studies. 57% had a programmedsurgery. 75% had colorectal cancer. 52% were colostomies. 25% hadearly closure, 36% had a temporary ostomy and 39% had a permanentostomy. Changes in the overall scores over the four points in time assessed were significant in the functional area of the SF-36. The changes in theoverall scores of the Stoma-QOL were also significant when comparingvalues at 15 days after discharge-3 months after surgery.Conclusions: perceived quality of life is worse in the first three monthsafter surgery, and then improves and remains stable between the thirdand sixth month. Perceived quality of life was better in young people and in subjects with intermediate or higher studies. Patients with permanentstomas assessed their perceived quality of life in the emotionaldomain more positively (AU)

Note: Direct sensor resistance-to-frequency conversion with generalized impedance converter.

In this note a squared output signal is generated from an astable circuit. Its frequency has a linear dependence on the resistance value of a resistive temperature sensor. The main circuit to obtain this direct relationship is the generalized impedance converter configured as a capacitor controlled by a sensor resistance. The proposed measurement method allows a direct analog-to-digital interface of information involved in resistive sensors. The converter finds applications in portable low voltage and low power design of instrumentation electronic systems.

The Sunk-Time Effect: An Exploration.

We explored the potential for a sunk-cost effect in the realm of time. Questionnaire studies (Experiments 1-4) obtained a sunk-time effect that was robust to manipulations of prospective value, individual versus group consequences, and the effort or enjoyment inherent in the time. Behavioral experiments (Experiments 5-7) also suggested a sunk-time effect and found support for a personal responsibility by sunk cost interaction on choice behavior. We discuss theoretical implications and a potential connection to animal sunk cost phenomena.

[Unilocular cystic renal carcinoma]. / Carcinoma quístico unilocular.

We report the case of unilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma and its radiological findings. Cystic renal cell carcinomas are among 3 to 7% of kidney cancers and sometimes are difficult to diagnose, as it happened in this case.

Carcinoma quístico unilocular / Unilocular cystic renal carcinoma

Presentamos el caso de un carcinoma quístico unilocular de riñón y sus imágenes radiológicas. Los carcinomas quísticos de riñón representan un escaso porcentaje de las tumoraciones malignas renales (3-7%). La presencia de masas quísticas en el riñón puede plantear dificultad en su diagnóstico diferencial, como ocurrió en nuestro caso, especialmente las uniloculares

We report the case of unilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma and its radiological findings. Cystic renal cell carcinomas are among 3 to 7% of kidney cancers and sometimes are difficult to diagnose, as it happened in this case