High myoglobin level as an independent risk factor for death in elderly patients with critical COVID-19 infection: a retrospective case-control study.

AIM: This study aimed to discover risk factors for death in patients with critical COVID-19 infection in order to identify patients with a higher risk of death at an early stage. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with critical COVID-19 infection from April 2022 to June 2022. Data were collected from the electronic medical records. Propensity matching scores were used to reduce the effect of confounding factors, such as patient baseline variables. Independent risk factors affecting patient prognosis were assessed using univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Restricted cubic spline curves were used to assess the relationship between independent and dependent variables. RESULTS: The data of 132 patients with critical COVID-19 infection were included in the study. Of the 132 patients, 79 survived and 53 died. Among laboratory indicators, patients who died had higher proportions of abnormalities in procalcitonin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, cardiac troponin I, and myoglobin. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses suggested that abnormal AST (OR = 4.98, P = 0.02), creatinine (OR = 7.93, P = 0.021), and myoglobin (OR = 103.08, P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for death. After correction for AST and creatinine, a linear relationship between myoglobin and risk of death in patients was found using restricted cubic splines. CONCLUSION: High myoglobin level is an independent risk factor for death and is therefore a prognostic marker in elderly patients with severe COVID-19 infection.

Hemoadsorption therapy for myoglobin removal in rhabdomyolysis: consensus of the hemoadsorption in rhabdomyolysis task force.

BACKGROUND: Rhabdomyolysis describes a syndrome characterized by muscle necrosis and the subsequent release of creatine kinase and myoglobin into the circulation. Myoglobin elimination with extracorporeal hemoadsorption has been shown to effectively remove myoglobin from the circulation. Our aim was to provide best practice consensus statements developed by the Hemoadsorption in Rhabdomyolysis Task Force (HRTF) regarding the use of hemadsorption for myoglobin elimination. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed until 11th of January 2023, after which the Rhabdomyolysis RTF was assembled comprising international experts from 6 European countries. Online conferences were held between 18th April - 4th September 2023, during which 37 consensus questions were formulated and using the Delphi process, HRTF members voted online on an anonymised platform. In cases of 75 to 90% agreement a second round of voting was performed. RESULTS: Using the Delphi process on the 37 questions, strong consensus (> 90% agreement) was achieved in 12, consensus (75 to 90% agreement) in 10, majority (50 to 74%) agreement in 13 and no consensus (< 50% agreement) in 2 cases. The HRTF formulated the following recommendations: (1) Myoglobin contributes to the development of acute kidney injury; (2) Patients with myoglobin levels of > 10,000 ng/ml should be considered for extracorporeal myoglobin removal by hemoadsorption; (3) Hemoadsorption should ideally be started within 24 h of admission; (4) If myoglobin cannot be measured then hemoadsorption may be indicated based on clinical picture and creatinine kinase levels; (5) Cartridges should be replaced every 8-12 h until myoglobin levels < 10,000 ng/ml; (6) In patients with acute kidney injury, hemoadsorption can be discontinued before dialysis is terminated and should be maintained until the myoglobin concentration values are consistently < 5000 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: The current consensus of the HRTF support that adjuvant hemoadsorption therapy in severe rhabdomyolysis is both feasible and safe and may be an effective method to reduce elevated circulating levels of myoglobin.

Biomarkers and prediction of anthracyclic cardiotoxicity in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy with doxorubicin may lead to left ventricular dysfunction. There is a controversial recommendation that biomarkers can predict ventricular dysfunction, which is one of the most feared manifestations of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of biomarkers such as Troponin I, type B natriuretic peptide, creatine phosphokinase fraction MB, and myoglobin in predicting cardiotoxicity in a cohort of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy with anthracycline. METHODS: This is an observational, prospective, longitudinal, unicentric study, which included 40 women with breast cancer, whose therapeutic proposal included treatment with doxorubicin. The protocol had a clinical follow-up of 12 months. Biomarkers such as Troponin I, type B natriuretic peptide, creatine phosphokinase fraction MB, and myoglobin were measured pre-chemotherapy and after the first, third, fourth, and sixth cycles of chemotherapy. RESULTS: There was a progressive increase in type B natriuretic peptide and myoglobin values in all chemotherapy cycles. Although creatine phosphokinase fraction MB showed a sustained increase, this increase was not statistically significant. Troponin, type B natriuretic peptide, myoglobin, and creatine phosphokinase fraction MB were the cardiotoxicity markers with the earliest changes, with a significant increase after the first chemotherapy session. However, they were not able to predict cardiotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Troponin I, type B natriuretic peptide, myoglobin, and creatine phosphokinase fraction MB are elevated during chemotherapy with doxorubicin, but they were not able to predict cardiotoxicity according to established clinical and echocardiographic criteria. The incidence of subclinical cardiotoxicity resulting from the administration of doxorubicin was 12.5%.

Investigating skeletal muscle biomarkers for the early detection of Australian myotoxic snake envenoming: an animal model pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Myotoxicity is an important toxidrome that can occur with envenoming from multiple Australian snake types. Early antivenom administration is an important strategy to reduce the incidence and severity of myotoxicity. The current gold standard biomarker, serum creatine kinase activity, does not rise early enough to facilitate early antivenom administration. Several other skeletal muscle biomarkers have shown promise in other animal models and scenarios. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive values of six skeletal muscle biomarkers in a rat model of Australian snake myotoxicity. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised and administered either Pseudechis porphyriacus (red-bellied black snake) or Notechis scutatus (tiger snake) venom, or normal saline via intramuscular injection. Blood samples were collected. Assays were performed for serum creatine kinase skeletal muscle troponin-I concentration, skeletal muscle troponin-C concentration, myoglobin activity, skeletal muscle myosin light chain-1 concentration, and creatine kinase-MM activity. Serum markers were plotted against time, with comparison of area under the concentration (or activity)-time curve. The predictive values of six skeletal muscle biomarkers were examined using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: There was no difference in area under the serum creatine kinase activity-time curve between venom and control groups. Serum creatine kinase-MM activity rose early in the venom treated rats, which had a significantly greater area under the serum activity-time curve. No difference in area under the serum concentration-time curve was demonstrated for the other biomarkers. Creatine kinase-MM activity had a superior predictive values than creatine kinase activity at 0-4 hours and 0-10 hours after venom administration, as indicated by area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (95 per cent confidence intervals) of 0.91 (0.78-1.00) and 0.88 (0.73-1.00) versus 0.79 (0.63-0.95) and 0.66 (0.51-0.80). DISCUSSION: The limitations of serum creatine kinase activity in early detection of myotoxicity were demonstrated in this rat model. CONCLUSION: Serum creatine kinase-MM activity was superior for early detection of Australian myotoxic snake envenoming.

Correlation Between Early Serum Myoglobin Levels and the Incidence and Prognosis of Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness (ICU-AW) in Septic Shock Patients: A Comparative Study.

Intensive Care Unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is a common complication that significantly impedes patient recovery. In the study, we investigated the correlation between early serum myoglobin levels in patients with septic shock due to pneumonia, and the incidence of ICU-AW, duration of mechanical ventilation, and prognosis. Patients were classified based on the development of ICU-AW within the first 10 days of ICU admission. We measured serum myoglobin levels upon ICU entry, and analyzed demographic data, APACHE II scores, use of mechanical ventilation, and clinical outcomes, including mortality and duration of mechanical ventilation. The results indicated significantly elevated serum myoglobin levels in the ICU-AW group, correlated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and increased mortality. ROC analysis revealed myoglobin as a promising biomarker for predicting ICU-AW, with an area under the curve of 0.843 (95% CI: 0.819~0.867), demonstrating a sensitivity of 76.00% and specificity of 82.30%. These findings underscored serum myoglobin as a predictive biomarker for early ICU-AW in septic shock patients, highlighting its potential to guide clinical decision-making.

The 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquakes: analysis of pediatric victims with crush syndrome and acute kidney Injury.

BACKGROUND: On February 6th, 2023, two consecutive earthquakes struck southeastern Türkiye with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6, respectively. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and laboratory findings, as well as management of pediatric victims with Crush Syndrome (CS) and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). METHODS: The study included pediatric earthquake victims who were presented to Mersin University Hospital. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: Among 649 patients, Crush injury (CI), CS and AKI was observed in 157, 59, and 17 patients, respectively. White blood cell count (12,870 [IQR: 9910-18700] vs. 10,545 [IQR: 8355-14057] /µL, P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (51.27 [IQR: 14.80-88.78] vs. 4.59 [1.04-18.25] mg/L, P < 0.001) and myoglobin levels (443.00 [IQR: 198.5-1759.35] vs. 17 [11.8-30.43] ng/ml) were higher in patients with CS, while their sodium (IQR: 134 [131-137] vs. 136 [134-138] mEq/L, P < 0.001) levels were lower compared to non-CS patients. An increase in myoglobin levels was identified as an independent risk factor for developing CS (OR = 1.017 [1.006-1.027]). Intravenous fluid replacement was administered to the patients with CS at a dose of 4000 cc/m2/day. Hypokalemia was observed in 51.9% of the CS patients on the third day. All patients with AKI showed improvement and no deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatremia and increase in inflammation markers associated with CS may be observed. An increase in myoglobin levels was identified as a risk factor for CS. Hypokalemia may be seen as a complication of vigorous fluid therapy during hospitalization.

Crioterapia compresiva como estrategia de recuperación muscular no farmacológica y sin efectos adversos en baloncesto / Compressive cryotherapy as a non-pharmacological muscle recovery strategy with no adverse effects in basketball

INTRODUCCIÓN: Tanto la inmersión en agua fría como las prendas de compresión han sido usadas rutinariamente para acelerar la recuperación después del ejercicio, sin embargo, hay una falta de conocimiento del uso de ambas técnicas de forma simultánea. Pressurice Compressport, es una herramienta simple, no farmacológica y carente de efectos secundarios que permite aplicar la crioterapia compresiva (CC). OBJETIVO: Investigar el efecto crónico del Pressurice Compressport, tras cada partido, y sesión de entrenamiento, sobre los marcadores de daño muscular, la fuerza muscular y la fatiga. MÉTODOS: Un diseño de cohorte prospectivo. En 24 jugadores de baloncesto masculinos divididos en dos grupos, recuperación (RP) (n = 12) y control (GC) (n = 12). Los marcadores séricos del metabolismo muscular, la fuerza de cuádriceps (FC) y los valores de esfuerzo percibido (RPE) por escala de Borg CR10, se midieron en 3 momentos del estudio: a) día 1, (T1); b) día 28 (T2) y c) día 56 (T3). La CC se aplicó inmediatamente después de cada partido y entrenamiento. RESULTADOS: Se observó una disminución progresiva de todos los marcadores de daño muscular al final de la pretemporada en el grupo RP. Por el contrario, en el GC aumentaron y fueron significativas para la creatina quinasa (CK) (T1 vs. T3 p < 0,05). El curso temporal de la mioglobina (Mb) en el grupo RP (p > 0,05), siguió un patrón diferente al GC (p < 0,05). En RP los RPE disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,05) en todos los puntos del estudio. La FC fue mayor en el RP que en el GC, además se obtuvieron ganancias a lo largo de la pretemporada en RP y una disminución en GC. CONCLUSIÓN: La CC es potencialmente capaz de promover la recuperación del daño muscular asociada con la competición y el entrenamiento, con reducciones en los marcadores del daño muscular, mejoras de la fuerza muscular y disminución significativa RPE

INTRODUCTION: Both cold water immersion and compression garments have been routinely used to speed recovery after exercise, however, there is a lack of knowledge of applying both techniques simultaneously. Pressurice Compressport, which is a simple tool, non-pharmacological and free of side effects that allows the application of compressive cryotherapy (CC). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chronic effect of Pressurice Compressport, after each match and training session, on the markers of muscle damage, muscle strength and fatigue. METHODS: A prospective cohort design. In 24 male basketball players divided into two groups, recovery (RP) (n = 12) and control (GC) (n = 12). Serum markers of muscle metabolism, quadriceps strength (FC) and perceived effort values (RPE) by Borg CR10 scale were measured at 3 times in the study: a) day 1, (T1); b) day 28 (T2) and c) day 56 (T3). The CC was applied immediately after each match and training. Results: A progressive decrease in all markers of muscle damage was observed at the end of the pre-season in the RP group. On the contrary, in the GC they increased significantly for creatine kinase (CK) (T1 vs. T3 p < 0.05). The time course of myoglobin (Mb) in the RP group (p > 0.05) followed a pattern different from that of GC (p < 0.05). In RP, the RPE significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in all points of the study. The HR was higher in the RPE than in the GC, in addition gains were obtained throughout the pre-season in RPE and a decrease in GC. CONCLUSION: CC is potentially capable of promoting recovery from muscle damage associated with competition and training, with reductions in markers of muscle damage, improvements in muscle strength and significant decrease in RPE

Acute responses of high-intensity circuit training in women: Low physical fitness levels show higher muscle damage / Respostas agudas de um circuito de treino de alta intensidade em mulheres: Níveis baixos de aptidão física apresentam maior dano muscular

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) elicits large improvements in health and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). HIIE can be applied with calisthenics exercises to improve strength and endurance. The acute effects of high-intensity circuit training (HICT) considering different CRF on myological variables are unknown. The aim was measure acute effects of HICT in young women considering different levels of CRF. Twelve women were allocated in two groups, who achieve 41mLO2•kg-1•min-1 or more= High Physical Fitness (HPF, n=5) and who achieve less than 41mLO2•kg-1•min-1= Low Physical Fitness (LPF,n=7). Protocol: 2x4 sets of 20 seconds at maximum intensity (all-out fashion) interspersed with 10 seconds of passive rest (jumping jacks, squat and thrust using 2kg dumbbells, mountain climber, and burpees). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 15minutes, 30minutes, one hour and 24 hours after. Heart rate, serum myoglobin, lactate, and creatine kinase (CK) concentration were analyzed. The HR achieved 94.1±3.7% of HRmax for LPF and 104.5±20.3% for HPF, p=0.03. The mean of delta lactate was similar between groups. The highest myoglobin has reached at 1h after the exercise protocol, with 50.0±30.2 ng/mL for LPF and 36.9±9.25 ng/mL for HPF. The delta of total CK before and after the exercise protocol shows that the serum CK level in LPF was significantly higher than HPF group (p=0.042). HICT composed by calisthenic protocol produced elevated and similar effects on HRmax, serum lactate and myoglobin in the woman with HPF and LPF. However, LPF group presented higher muscle damage inferred by serum CK concentrations.

O exercício intermitente de alta intensidade(HIIE) melhora a saúde e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória(CRF). HIIE pode ser aplicado com exercícios calistênicos para melhorar a força e resistência. Os efeitos agudos do treinamento de alta intensidade(HICT) considerando diferentes CRF em variáveis miológicas são desconhecidos. O objetivo foi medir os efeitos agudos do HICT em mulheres jovens, considerando diferentes níveis de CRF. Elas foram alocadas pelo nível de VO2máx. em dois grupos, as que atingiram 41mLO2•kg-1•min-1 ou mais= alta aptidão física(HPF,n=5) e menos de 41mLO2•kg-1•min-1= baixo aptidão física(LPF,n=7). Protocolo: 2x4 séries de 20s com intensidade máxima (all-out) intercalados com 10s de repouso passivo (jumping jacks, squat and thrust usando halteres 2kg, mountain climber e burpees). Sangue foi coletado antes, zero, 15, 30min, 1h e 24hs depois. Foram analisadas, freqüência cardíaca, mioglobina sérica, lactato e creatina quinase (CK). A FC alcançou 94,1±3,7% da FCmax para LPF e 104,5±20,3% para HPF, p=0,03. A média do delta lactato foi semelhante entre os grupos. O pico de mioglobina foi 1h após o protocolo de exercício, com 50.0±30.2ng/mL para LPF e 36.9±9.25ng/mL para HPF. O delta de CK total antes e depois do protocolo de exercício mostra que o nível sérico de CK no LPF foi significativamente maior do que o grupo HPF(p=0,042). O HICT com exercícios calistênicos produziu efeitos elevados e semelhantes sobre FCmax, lactato sérico e mioglobina nas mulheres com alta e baixa aptidão física. No entanto, o grupo LPF apresentou maior dano muscular inferido pelas concentrações séricas de CK.

Changes in serum cardiac myosin light chain 1 levels in children with fulminant myocarditis during continuous blood purification

Summary Objective: To investigate the changes in serum cardiac myosin light chain 1 (CMLC-1) levels in children with fulminant myocarditis (FM) during continuous blood purification (CBP), as well as to analyze its correlation with other laboratory indexes. Method: Twenty-four (24) children with FM who underwent CBP were enrolled. Before and during treatment (48 and 72 hours after treatment, or death), the optical density value of serum CMLC-1 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and then the serum CMLC-1 concentration was calculated. The correlations between CMLC-1 OD value change and laboratory indexes including creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), troponin, myohemoglobin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were analyzed. Results: The serum CMLC-1 concentration significantly increased in the children with FM and decreased obviously during CBP therapy. In the same period, the change of CMLC-1 concentration were positively correlated with creatine kinase-MB (r=0.528), troponin (r=0.726), myohemoglobin (r=0.702), and NT-proBNP levels (r=0.589). Conclusion: The serum CMLC-1 concentration increases significantly in children with FM, but CBP therapy can effectively control this increase.

Influencia de un medio en parámetros sanguineos / Half ironman influence on blood markers

Introducción: El triatlón es un deporte de resistencia en el que se realizan tres modalidades deportivas de forma consecutiva: natación, ciclismo y carrera. Durante un triatlón de media distancia se ha constatado que la pérdida de fuerza muscular se relaciona con la concentración de marcadores sanguíneos de daño muscular. También se ha observado un desequilibrio electrolítico en triatletas durante triatlones de larga distancia. Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar parámetros sanguíneos que determinan deshidratación (masa corporal y osmolalidad), pérdida de electrolitos (cloro, potasio, sodio y calcio) y daño muscular (mioglobina, CK y LDH) en un triatlón de media distancia. Métodos: Se extrajo sangre y se pesó, antes y después de un triatlón de media distancia, a 34 triatletas con una edad de 35,7 ± 6,5 años, cuyo tiempo medio fi nal en meta fue de 5:12:20 ± 00:34:59 horas. Las muestras fueron medidas con analizadores bioquímicos estándar. Resultados: Se observaron incrementos signifi cativos (P < 0,05) entre el pre y el post en la mioglobina (de 32,8 ± 13 a 654,8 ± 451,3 µg · L -1 ); en la CK (de 169,3 ± 86,2 a 564,5 ± 428,9 U · L -1 ); y en la LDH (de 318,4 ± 56,2 a 47,0 ± 78,6 U · L ). También se encontró un aumento significativo (P < 0,05) entre el pre y post en el calcio (de 9,5 ± 0,4 a10,3 ± 0,4 mmol · L ), en el sodio (de 140,6 ± 1,4 a143,0 ± 2,0 mmol · L -1 ) y en la osmolalidad (de 293,9 ± 7,3 a 301 ± 7,0 µg · L ). La masa corporal disminuyó de forma significativa respecto al pre (de 72,8 ± 6,4 a 69,5 ± 6,4 kg; P <0,05). Conclusiones: Una competición de triatlón de media distancia incrementa significativamente los marcadores sanguíneos de daño muscular. Los valores de calcio y sodio, así como las variables que indican deshidratación, también se ven afectados de manera significativa

Introduction: The triathlon is an endurance sport in which 3 consecutive events are performed: swimming, cycling and running. It has been found that the loss of muscle strength is related to the blood markers' concentration of muscle damage during a half-ironman triathlon. It has also been observed that an electrolyte imbalance is produced in triathletes during long distance triathlons. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze blood parameters to determine dehydration (body mass and osmolality), electrolyte loss (chlorine, potassium, sodium and calcium) and muscle damage (myoglobin, CK and LDH) in a half-ironman triathlon. Methods: Before and after the race body weight was measured and blood samples were extracted to 34 triathletes aged 35.7 ± 6.5 years whose average fi nish time was 5:12:20 ± 00:34:59 hours. Standard biochemical analyzers were used to measure the samples. Results: Signifi cant increases (P<0.05) were found from pre-to-post race in myoglobin (from 32.8 ± 13 to 654.8 ± 451.3 μ g · L-1); in CK (from 169.3 ± 86.2 to 564.5 ± 428.9 U · L-1); and in LDH (318.4 ± 56.2 to 479.0 ± 78.6 U · L-1). It was also found a signifi cant increase (P<0.05) from pre-to-post race in the calcium (from 9.5 ± 0.4 to 10.3 ± 0.4 mmol · L-1), sodium (140.6 ± 1.4 vs. 143.0 ± 2.0 mmol · L-1) and the osmolality (from 293.9 ± 7.3 vs. 301 ± 7.0 μ g L-1). Body mass decreased significantly (from 72.8 ± 6.4 to 69.5 ± 6.4 kg; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Significant increases in blood markers of muscle damage occur in a half-ironman triathlon. Dehydration markers, as well as calcium and sodium values, are also aff ected in a significant way

Biochemical study of the effects of cilostazol in rats subjected to acute ischemia and reperfusion of hind limbs

PURPOSE: To investigate whether cilostazol has a protective effect on acute ischemia and reperfusion of hind limbs of rats through study of biochemical variables in blood and urine. METHODS: Forty six animals were randomized and divided into two groups. Group I received a solution of cilostazol (10 mg/Kg) and group II received saline solution 0.9% (SS) by orogastric tube after ligature of the abdominal aorta. After four hours of ischemia the animals were divided into four subgroups: group IA (Cilostazol): two hours of reperfusion. Group IIA (SS): two hours of reperfusion. Group IB (Cilostazol): six hours of reperfusion. Group IIB (SS) six hours of reperfusion. After the reperfusion period, was held to collect urine and blood for biochemical measurements. The biochemical parameters studied were: urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and myoglobin in blood and urea, creatinine, myoglobin in urine. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Cilostazol had no protective effect on ischemic acute reperfusion of hind limbs of rats in this model.

Heart-type Fatty Acid Binding Protein as an Adjunct to Cardiac Troponin-I for the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction

We hypothesized that when used in combination with cardiac troponins, heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) would have greater diagnostic value than conventional markers for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Patients with typical chest pain at a single emergency department were consecutively enrolled. Initial blood samples were drawn for H-FABP, myoglobin, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) measurements. MI was defined by serial cTnI measurements. To evaluate the adjunctive role of biochemical markers, we derived and compared logistic regression models predicting MI in terms of their discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, AUC) and overall fit (Bayesian information criterion, BIC). Seventy-six of 170 patients were diagnosed as having MI. The AUC of cTnI, H-FABP, myoglobin, and CK-MB were 0.863, 0.827, 0.784, and 0.772, respectively. A logistic regression model using cTnI (P = 0.001) and H-FABP (P < 0.001) had the biggest AUC (0.900) and the best fit determined by BIC. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of this model at 30% probability were 81.6%, 80.9%, 4.26, and 0.23, respectively. H-FABP has a better diagnostic value than both myoglobin and CK-MB as an adjunct to cTnI for the early diagnosis of MI.

Heart-type Fatty Acid Binding Protein as an Adjunct to Cardiac Troponin-I for the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction

We hypothesized that when used in combination with cardiac troponins, heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) would have greater diagnostic value than conventional markers for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Patients with typical chest pain at a single emergency department were consecutively enrolled. Initial blood samples were drawn for H-FABP, myoglobin, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) measurements. MI was defined by serial cTnI measurements. To evaluate the adjunctive role of biochemical markers, we derived and compared logistic regression models predicting MI in terms of their discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, AUC) and overall fit (Bayesian information criterion, BIC). Seventy-six of 170 patients were diagnosed as having MI. The AUC of cTnI, H-FABP, myoglobin, and CK-MB were 0.863, 0.827, 0.784, and 0.772, respectively. A logistic regression model using cTnI (P = 0.001) and H-FABP (P < 0.001) had the biggest AUC (0.900) and the best fit determined by BIC. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of this model at 30% probability were 81.6%, 80.9%, 4.26, and 0.23, respectively. H-FABP has a better diagnostic value than both myoglobin and CK-MB as an adjunct to cTnI for the early diagnosis of MI.

Determinación cualitativa de marcadores de necrosis miocárdica desde la fase prehospitalaria del síndrome coronario agudo / Qualitative determination of markers for myocardiac necrosis during pre-hospital admission for acute coronary syndrome

Objetivo: medir el valor diagnóstico que tienen la troponina I, mioglobina y creatinfosfocinasa MB (CPK-MB) desde la fase de atención prehospitalaria, en pacientes con dolor torácico. Material y métodos: pacientes consecutivos que solicitaron atención prehospitalaria con ambulancia de terapia intensiva o que se encontraban en las primeras horas de hospitalización por dolor torácico. A todos se les realizó electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones en la ambulancia o en el servicio de urgencias, y se les determinó nivel de creatinfosfocinasa sérica total (como patrón de referencia). Fueron distribuidos en cinco grupos: grupo I, 13 pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST; grupo II, 11 pacientes con angina inestable; grupo III, 14 pacientes con dolor torácico atípico para angina; grupo IV, cinco sujetos sanos; grupo V, cinco pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Se hizo una evaluación cualitativa con un dispositivo automático de interpretación rápida para troponina I, mioglobina y CPK-MB. Resultados: 48 pacientes con edad promedio de 55 + 18 años: 25 hombres (52 %) y 23 mujeres (48 %). La mediana del tiempo de evolución de iniciados los síntomas fue de 3.5 horas (cuartiles 25, 75: 2 a 6). Para la troponina I, mioglobina y CPK-MB, la especificidad fue de 94, 91 y 94 %; la sensibilidad fue de 100 % para los tres marcadores, al igual que el valor predictivo negativo; el valor predictivo positivo fue de 89, 84 y 89 %, y el cociente de probabilidad de 8.7, 5.5 y 8.7, respectivamente. Conclusiones: desde la fase prehospitalaria, la troponina I, mioglobina y CPK-MB tienen alto valor diagnóstico en el síndrome coronario agudo. Su determinación es recomendable como parte del protocolo de diagnóstico y de gran ayuda para decidir la hospitalización y el tratamiento.

OBJECTIVE: We measured the diagnostic value of troponin I (TnI), mioglobin (Miog) and creatine kinase MB (CPK-MB) in patients with thoracic pain during the period of preadmission to the hospital. METHODS: We included patients who requested prehospital attention with intensive therapy ambulance or who were in the first hours of hospitalization for thoracic pain. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was carried out in the ambulance or in the emergency room. The levels of total creatine phosphokinase were determined (as reference pattern). Five study groups were included: group I, 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction without elevation of the ST segment; group II, 11 patients with unstable angina; group III, 14 patients with atypical thoracic pain for angina; group IV, five healthy patients; and group V, five patients with acute myocardial infarction with elevation of the ST segment. A qualitative evaluation was made with an automatic device for quick interpretation of TnI, Miog and CPK-MB. RESULTS: Forty eight patients were studied with an average age of 55+/-18 years, 25 men (52%) and 23 women (48%), average time of symptom evolution was 3.5 h (quartiles 2 and 6 h). Total level of CPK was taken as a reference pattern. Sensitivity of TnI, Miog, and CPK-MB was 100%, specificity was 94, 91 and 94%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 89, 84 and 89%, respectively. Negative predictive value was 100%. Likelihood of probability was 8.7, 5.5 and 8.7, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TnI, Miog and CPK-MB have high diagnostic value in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) from the time of prehospital admission. Determination is advisable as part of the diagnostic protocol, which is of great importance in order to plan the hospitalization and treatment in this group of patients.

Cardioversão elétrica e lesão miocárdica: avaliação pelos novos marcadores de injúria cardíaca / Electrical cardioversion and myocardial injury: evaluation by new cardiac injury markers

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, através da evolução dos novos marcadores bioquímicos de injúria cardíaca, se a cardioversão elétrica (CVE) causa lesão miocárdica. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 76 pacientes (P) submetidos a CVE eletiva de fibrilação atrial ou flutter atrial. Medidas de creatinafosfoquinase (CPK), CKMB-atividade e dosagem de CKMB-massa (M), mioglobina e troponina I cardíaca (cTnI) foram determinadas antes e após 6 e 24 horas da CVE. RESULTADOS: A CVE resultou um sucesso em 58 P (76,3 por cento). A carga cumulativa (CC) foi de até 350 joules (J) em 36 P, de 500 a 650 J em 20 P e de 900 a 960 J em 20 P, com energia média aplicada de 493 J (± 309). A cTnI permaneceu dentro da normalidade nos 76 P. Com o aumento da CC, ocorreu elevação de CPK (> valor de p = 0,007), CKMB-atividade (> valor de p = 0,002), CKMB-M (> valor de p = 0,03) e mioglobina (> valor de p = 0,015). Correlação positiva foi observada entre a CC e picos de CPK (r = 0,660; p < 0,001), CKMB-atividade (r = 0,429; p < 0,0001), CKMB-M (r = 0,265; p = 0,02) e mioglobina (r = 0,684; p < 0,0001). Correlação também positiva ocorreu entre o número de choques e picos de CPK (r = 0,770; p < 0,001), CKMB-atividade (r = 0,642; p < 0,0001), CKMB-M (r = 0,430; p < 0,0001) e mioglobina (r = 0,745; p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A CVE não causa lesão miocárdica detectável pela dosagem da cTnI. Elevações de CPK, CKMB-atividade, CKMB-M e mioglobina são decorrentes de lesão do músculo esquelético, estando correlacionadas positivamente com a CC aplicada ou com o número de choques.

A propósito de un caso: la rabdomiolisis / Rhabdomyolysis: report of one case

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Cardiopatía isquémica aguda: ¿dónde estamos?

La atención a los síntomas del paciente y la observación son el punto de partida hacia el diagnóstico. Un paciente con dolor opresivo restrosternal, irradiado o no, acompañado de cortejo vegetativo es una orientación de hacia dónde se dirigirá nuestra investigación, sin olvidar la atipia del dolor e incluso su ausencia en los enfermos graves, mayores o diabéticos que pueden presentar como única manifestación dolor epigástrico o vómitos.Es importante recordar la presentación del infarto como un síncope, mareos o una inquietud no explicable e incluso como estado psicótico. El siguiente paso que se debe realizar, una vez en el centro hospitalario, es repetir el ECG y observar los cambios producidos con el registro realizado en el centro de atención primaria. Hay que tener en cuenta que los marcadores enzimáticos se deben solicitar en función del tiempo que ha transcurrido.En cuanto al tratamiento extrahospitalario es preferible empezarlo cuanto antes. Si se tienen los medios adecuados y un personal adecuadamente entrenado, se debe iniciar tratamiento trombolítico inmediatamente después de haber confirmado el diagnóstico. Si no es así, se debe facilitar el transporte lo más pronto posible hacia el centro hospitalario (AU)

Evaluación de marcadores bioquímicos cardiacos en el Servicio de Urgencias. Utilidad diagnóstica / Evaluation of heart biochemical markers in the emergency room. Utility in diagnosis

Objetivo. Los marcadores bioquímicos de necrosis miocárdica forman parte de los criterios definidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y de los de la Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology para el diagnóstico de IAM. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue realizar una evaluación de los marcadores bioquímicos de necrosis miocárdica solicitados por el servicio de urgencias de nuestro hospital para valorar su utilidad en el diagnóstico de IAM. Material y métodos. Estudiamos un total de 440 pacientes, 302 varones, y 138 mujeres, que ingresaron en el Servicio de Urgencias durante un mes y a los que se les solicitó determinaciones de marcadores bioquímicos cardíacos (mioglobina, CK-MB masa, troponina I) Resultados. Se realizaron un total de 712 determinaciones: 292 mioglobinas (41,0 por ciento), 109 CK-MB) masa (15,3 por ciento) y 311 cTnI (47,7 por ciento). En los pacientes en que se detectó la CK-MB en rango patológico, la cTnI también presentó concentraciones patológicas. Con respecto a la mioglobina, encontramos un 14,2 por ciento de pacientes con valores normales de mioglobina y concentraciones patólogicas de cTnI, debido a que presentaban infartos evolucionados. Conclusiones. La cTnI es el marcador que presentó una mayor utilidad diagnóstica en nuestro estudio, presentando ventajas con respecto a la CK-MB masa en el diagnóstico de IAM. La mioglobina en los pacientes con insuficiencia renal no tiene utilidad diagnóstica, ya que se encontró elevada en un 100 por ciento de los casos. (AU)

Marcadores bioquímicos cardíacos en el diagnóstico del infarto agudo de miocardio / Biochemical cardiac markers infarction, CK-MB mass, myoglobin, troponins

Los marcadores bioquímicos de necrosis miocárdica forman parte de los criterios diagnósticos del infarto agudo de miocardio definidos por la OMS, desempeñando un papel esencial en el diagnóstico en aquellos pacientes que se presentan con síntomas atípicos y/o con trazados electrocardiográficos inespecíficos. El marcador bioquímico ideal debe ser sensible y altamente específico de necrosis miocárdica, de positivización precoz tras el inicio de los síntomas y detectable con una metodología simple que permita su uso en el laboratorio clínico de urgencias, con un tiempo de procesado total inferior a una hora. En la actualidad ningún marcador bioquímico cumple todas y cada una de estas características, hecho que determina que deban utilizarse de forma secuencial y/o combinada. La isoenzima 2 creatina-cinasa medida por inmunoanálisis más prometedores actualmente (AU)